[pt] O desenvolvimento de sistemas de comunicações via satélite requer a introdução de novas tecnologias e novas técnicas, e o uso de freqüências elevadas superiores a 10 GHZ. Para aplicações utilizando freqüências acima de 10 GHz, deve ser considerada predominantemente a atenuação causada pela chuva. Este trabalho apresenta resultados intermediários de uma campanha de medidas realizada no CETUC, na faixa de 12 GHz. Esta campanha foi iniciada em 1987 com a realização de medidas radiométricas em diferentes regiões climáticas do Brasil. Em 1995, foram adquiridos sistemas de recepção de sinais de beacon de satélite. O principal objetivo das medidas é a aquisição das distribuições estatísticas de longo termo da atenuação causadas pela chuva, a serem utilizadas no planejamento e dimensionamento de futuros sistemas de comunicações via satélite. Além das distribuições cumulativas de longo termo, são analisadas: a variabilidade das distribuições ano a ano, as estatísticas de pior mês, as características dinâmicas da atenuação por chuva, a dependência da ocorrência de atenuação com a hora do dia, a distribuição da taxa de precipitação e a previsão da atenuação a partir da taxa de precipitação. / [en] The development of satellite communication systems requires the introduction of new technologies and techniques as well as the use of high frequencies, above 10GHz. Above such frequencies, rainfall induced attenuation effects, which are strongly frequency dependent, become important as the main source of reliability impairment. Thid work presents the intermediate results from a measurements campaign at 12GHz. This campaign began in CETUC in 1987 with radiometric measurements on several different Brazilian climatic regions. In 1995, systems for receiving satellite beacon signal were acquired. The main objective of the satellite beacon measurements is to obtain the long term distributions of rainfall induced attenuation, which will be used to aid the planning and design of future satellite communication systems. Besides the long term distributions of attenuation, the following results will be sought out: year-to-year variability of the attenuation distributions,worst-month statistics, the dynamic characteristics of rainfall induced attenuation, the daily variation of the occurrence of attenuation events, rainfall rate distributions and the possibility of modelling the attenuation as a function of the rainfall rate.

[pt] A implantação dos sistemas de acesso local sem fio, conhecidos como WLL, deve ser precedida por um estudo do comportamento do sinal radioelétrico nos diversos ambientes onde estes sistemas irão operar. Em geral usam- se programas de computadores específicos para se determinar a cobertura de uma estação base dados sua altura, freqüência e informações topográficas do relevo da região. Estes programas foram bem desenvolvidos principalmente para a implantação das redes de comunicação móvel celular na faixa de 900 MHz. Entretanto, os sistemas WLL deverão operar, principalmente nas faixas de 1,9 e 3,5 GHz já reservadas para este serviço. Uma questão que se faz imediatamente é se estes modelos de cobertura, especificamente projetados para trabalhar nas faixas do celular irão se desempenhar satisfatoriamente nestas novas faixas. A resposta a esta pergunta é de fundamental importância no planejamento e implantação dos sistemas WLL. Motivados por esta indagação, este trabalho propõe fazer uma investigação experimental comparativa da propagação de sinais nas faixas de 1,9 e 3,5 GHz e estabelecer se os principais modelos de cobertura estão aptos a serem usados nestas novas faixas de freqüência. Para isto um laboratório de medidas foi montado e cinco regiões com características diferentes foram selecionadas na região da cidade do Rio de Janeiro onde uma extensiva campanha de medições foi realizada. Assim, esta tese apresenta os resultados desta campanha de medidas e todas as observações relevantes para a averiguação da compatibilidade dos modelos existentes e fornece subsídios para a elaboração de um novo modelo caso seja necessário. Várias outras informações importantes no estabelecimento de sistemas WLL foram também obtidas. / [en] The deployment of wireless local loop systems, known as WLL, must be accomplished after a complete study of the behavior of radio waves propagating through the different environment where these systems will operate. Computer programs based on propagation models, specifically developed for the cellular mobile network, are generally used. The base station coverage is dependent upon the transmitter antenna height, the frequency of operation and the region topographic information. However, the proposed WLL systems will operate on the 1.9 and 3,5 GHz bands, set aside for these services. The question to be asked is if these program will behave accordingly on these new operation frequencies. The answer to this question is of fundamental importance to the developers of these new technology. Moved by this query, this work proposes a comparative experimental investigation of 1.9 and 3,5 GHz propagation in order. To do that a measurement laboratory was assembled and five different regions inside Rio de Janeiro city were chosen for an extensive measurement campaign. So, these thesis presents the results of this measurement campaign and try to answer the question compatibility of the existent models and gives the subsides for the elaboration of a new model if necessary. A number of other important information are also obtained.

[pt] Nesta dissertação, é apresentado estudo realizado sobre a variabilidade do sinal, da banda de coerência e do espalhamento de retardos em um ambiente de rádio propagação móvel, por meio de medição em campo de um sinal WiMAX propagado ao longo do canal rádio móvel. A análise da estatística do sinal capturado é comparada com valores teóricos. O sinal WiMAX utilizado possui a tecnologia OFDM-256, como base da sua camada física, e frequência central de 3,410 GHz. A partir dos dados coletados durante as medições, são realizadas as análises da variabilidade do sinal, taxa de cruzamento de nível, tempo médio de desvanecimento, verificada a banda de coerência do canal e calculado o espalhamento de retardos (delay spread), por meio de fórmulas teóricas, em ambientes de LOS e NLOS. O nível do sinal medido é apresentado na forma de distribuição de probabilidade cumulativa, comparado com as distribuições cumulativas teóricas Rayleigh e m-Nakagami, sendo possível verificar a satisfatória adaptação dos dados às distribuições teóricas. São apresentados gráficos com a informação de taxa de cruzamento de nível e tempo médio de desvanecimento de determinadas subportadoras do sinal capturado, bem como os valores teóricos dos parâmetros supracitados, de acordo com as distribuições Rayleigh e m-Nakagami. Novamente, é possível verificar a satisfatória adaptação entre as informações teóricas e os dados medidos em campo. Por fim, é realizada a correlação entre as subportadoras, com o intuito de averiguar a banda de coerência definida, neste trabalho, para um valor de correlação igual a 0,5. De posse dessa informação, o cálculo do parâmetro de espalhamento de retardos é realizado, com base em fórmulas presentes na literatura. / [en] This work presents a study of signal variability, coherence bandwidth and delay spread of a WiMAX signal transmitted through a mobile radio propagation environment. The statistical analysis of the received signal is compared with theoretical distributions. The transmitted WiMAX signal has its physical layer based on OFDM-256 and 3.4 GHz as central frequency. Based on the signal received during the measurements campaign some analysis are done: signal variability; level crossing rate; average fade duration; coherence bandwidth; and delay spread calculation, based on theoretical formulas, in LOS and NLOS environment. The received signal amplitude is plotted as a function of the cumulative probability and compared to the theoretical Rayleigh and m-Nakagami cumulative distributions. It’s possible to notice a good characterization of the measured data based on those two distributions. Some graphs show the level crossing rate and average fade duration of a specific subcarrier of the received signal. In the same graphs are also plotted the theoretical values of Nakagami-m and Rayleigh distributions for those two parameters and we are able to see the good agreement. The correlation between subcarriers is also calculated in order to find out the correlation bandwidth for a correlation of 0.5. Once that the correlation bandwidth is known, the delay spread is calculated based on theoretical formulas.

This thesis describes processing of RSSI parameter and its subsequently use for cal- culating distance of wireless node. This thesis also describes analysis of radio model environment and calibration of key variables needed for localization. There is also sys- tem realized for localization of wireless nodes in sensor network. It uses dynamically calibrated variables for calculations, which describes radio model.

Radio propagation models provide an estimate of the power loss in a communication link caused by the surface of the ground, atmospheric refraction, foliage, and other environmental factors.  Many of the models rely on digital topographic databases to provide information about the terrain, and generally the databases are sparsely sampled relative to the electromagnetic wavelengths used for communication systems.  This work primarily develops a technique to evaluate the effects of that sparsity on the uncertainty of propagation models. That is accomplished by accurately solving the electromagnetic fields over many randomly  rough surfaces which pass through the sparse topographic data points, many possible communication links, all of which fit the underlying data, are represented.  The power variation caused by the different surface realizations is that due to the sparse sampling. Additionally, to verify that this solution technique is a good model, experimental propagation measurements were taken, and compared to the computations. / Master of Science

The detection of high-energy neutrinos in the EeV range requires new detection techniques to cope with the small expected flux. The radio detection method, utilizing Askaryan emission, can be used to detect these neutrinos in polar ice. The propagation of the radio pulses has to be modeled carefully to reconstruct the energy, direction, and flavor of the neutrino from the detected radio signals. This thesis outlines the effect of birefringence in ice, which splits up the radio pulse into two orthogonal polarization components with slightly different propagation speeds. The signatures resulting from birefringence can help to reconstruct the energy and direction of the neutrino. In this thesis, the effect of birefringence is derived from first principles where the only free parameter of the model is the dielectric tensor as a function of depth and direction. The introduced model can propagate full RF waveforms which for the first time allows for the accounting of interference due to changing polarization eigenvectors during propagation. The model is available open-source through the NuRadioMC framework. The predictions of the model are compared to in-situ calibration data from the ARA and ARIANNA experiments and the implications for neutrino detection are discussed. / Detektionen av högenergetiska neutriner inom EeV-intervallet kräver nya detektionsmetoder för att handskas med flödet av neutriner, som förväntas vara mycket lågt. Radiodetektormetoden, som nyttjar Askaryanemission, kan användas för att detektera dessa neutriner i polarisarna. Radiopulsernas propagering måste modelleras noggrant för att rekonstruera energin, riktningen och smaken av neutrinon från detektorns radiosignaler. Denna avhandling beskriver effekten av dubbelbrytning i is, vilket delar upp radiopulsen i två ortogonala polarisationskomponenter med något annorlunda propageringshastigheter. De signaturer som uppstår av dubbelbrytning kan hjälpa till att rekonstruera energin och riktningen hos neutrinon. I denna avhandling härleds effekterna av dubbelbrytning från grunden, där den enda fria parametern i modellen är den dielektriska tensorn som funktion av djup och riktning. Modellen som introduceras kan propagera fullständiga RF-vågformer, vilket för första gången möjliggör hänsynstagandet av interferensen som orsakas av förändrade polarisationsegenvektorer som uppstår under propageringen. Modellen är tillgänglig som öppen källkod via NuRadioMC-ramverket. Modellens förutsägelser jämförs med in-situ kalibreringsdata från experimenten ARA och ARIANNA, och vilka implikationer som modellen har för neutrinodetektion diskuteras.

This research solves current RF propagation modeling gaps by modifying a single-frequency electromagnetic propagation analysis technique for use on communication signals and propagation channels. This research extended the Methods of Ordered Multiple Interactions (MOMI) algorithm to communication signal propagation studies through the use of Fourier decomposition thereby allowing the analysis and prediction of communication signals propagating over rough surfaces. Current methods of predicting and analyzing communication signal propagation rely on either using only a single frequency instead of a band of frequencies, stochastic techniques that model the environmental effect on the propagated signal, or on empirical models based of large amounts of measured situational data. None of these methods fully capture the actual effect that an environment imparts on a communication signal as it propagates. This research also modifies the Physical Optics (PO) algorithm utilizing Fourier decomposition to compare the Extended MOMI algorithm to. Both algorithms are applied to propagation scenarios utilizing frequencies in the 1-GHz and 5-GHz bands against a series of signal bandwidths and surface roughnesses. The results are analyzed singularly for Extended-MOMI and against Extended-Physical Optics to better understand the benefits associated with using the Extended-MOMI, the limits of the narrowband approximation, the errors incurred when utilizing a simpler or faster propagation algorithm, and to generally characterize these rough surface propagation channels. This research also defines and explores which metrics provide the best characterization and utility for communication signal propagation with the additional insights of amplitude-frequency-phase relationships the new algorithm provides. / Doctor of Philosophy / Communication signal propagation, defined as the propagation of signals that have non-zero bandwidths from one point to another, has significant importance in communication signal design, system design, and deployment as well as in spectrum planning applications. Current methods of predicting and analyzing communication signal propagation rely on either using only a single frequency instead of a band of frequencies, stochastic techniques that model the environmental effect on the propagated signal, or on empirical models based of large amounts of measured situational data. None of these methods fully capture the actual effect that an environment imparts on a communication signal as it propagates. A technique that accurately models the environmental effect on propagating communication signals would result in knowledge about a communication signal strength and shape as it passes through the propagation space. Analyzing communication signals with single frequency propagation algorithms requires assuming all the frequencies that make up the communication signal propagate exactly the same way, an assumption known as the narrowband approximation. It is not known when the narrowband approximation breaks down in various circumstances. Consequently a more rigorous approach needed to be identified to enable a more accurate and complete analysis of communication signals, which is the objective of the research. This research solves these modeling gaps by modifying a single-frequency electromagnetic propagation analysis technique, the Method of Ordered Multiple Interactions, for use on communication signals and propagation channels. The new algorithm, Extended-MOMI, allows for an examination of communication signal propagation over rough surfaces. This new algorithm incorporates all of the information needed for communication signal propagation analysis; something that is missing from current methods. This technique enables tailored communication signal propagation studies as well as an investigations into when the narrowband assumption is valid and when simpler and faster algorithms could be utilized for a now known increase in error. This research also explores which metrics are best utilized with the additional signal information the new algorithm enables.

[pt] O projeto de sistemas fixos de acesso sem fio em banda larga operando em ambientes abertos em frequências entre 10 e 66 GHz requer um planejamento criterioso devido à necessidade de maximizar a utilização da largura de banda disponível, maximizar a capacidade da rede, garantir requisitos mínimos de disponibilidade e minimizar os custos em um tipo de ambiente e em uma faixa de frequências em que as ondas eletromagnéticas são sujeitas a fenômenos específicos durante a propagação. Este trabalho apresenta os aspectos envolvidos no planejamento de sistemas deste tipo que utilizam topologia ponto-multiponto e atendem à recomendação IEEE 802.16. São apresentados modelos para previsão de cobertura, cálculo da atenuação diferencial por chuvas e previsão da atenuação por chuvas considerando a não-homogeneidade das chuvas em duas dimensões horizontalmente. Os efeitos das interferências no desempenho dos sistemas são analisados em conjunto com alguns exemplos de planejamento das células. Os aspectos importantes para o planejamento da capacidade são descritos e técnicas que permitem maximizar a capacidade são apresentadas. Com o objetivo de organizar todas as informações para ajudar em situações reais uma metodologia de planejamento é proposta incluindo considerações técnicas, mercadológicas e financeiras. / [en] The development of outdoor fixed broadband wireless access (BWA) systems operating at 10-66 GHz frequency requires a carefully planning in order to maximizing the use of the bandwidth, maximizing network capacity, assuring minimum requirements of availability and minimizing costs in an environment and in a frequency band where the propagation of electromagnetic waves are subjected to specific issues. This work presents the aspects related to the development of this kind of system in a point-to- multipoint architecture standardized by the IEEE 802.16 recommendation. Models to predict coverage, estimate differential rain attenuation and predict rain attenuation considering the un-homogeneity of the rain in horizontal plane. The effects of interference in the system performance are discussed with some examples of cell planning. The main aspects of capacity planning are described and techniques to maximize capacity are presented. In order to helping the planners in practical situations the information are organized in a proposal of planning methodology that includes technical, business and marketing issues.

[pt] Com o advento da TV digital no Brasil, a necessidade de reuso dos canais para diferentes entidades, e a importância das emissoras oferecerem a melhor qualidade de serviço para seus usuários, dentre outros fatores, criam um ambiente propício para o estudo de modelos de predição de cobertura para que tanto as emissoras possam dimensionar corretamente suas estações, como os órgãos reguladores possam distribuir os canais de forma harmoniosa. Este trabalho apresenta medidas de campo realizadas nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte e São Paulo e as compara com valores calculados usando os modelos de Deygout-Assis, CRC-Predict, ITU-R P.526 e ITU-R P.1546. / [en] Since the beginning of Digital TV in Brazil, the need of channel reuse for different broadcasters, the importance to offer a service with good quality, among other issues, created a good environment for studying prediction methods for RF coverage, so that broadcasters can correctly specify its stations and also the government regulators can allocate channels without interference. This work presents field measurements made in Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and São Paulo and compare them with predicted values using the methods of Deygout- Assis, CRC-Predict, ITU-R P.526 e ITU-R P.1546.

Les réseaux véhiculaires sont des systèmes de communication basés sur un échange d'informations de véhicules à infrastructures fixes installées au bord des routes, on parle alors de mode V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure), ou de véhicules à véhicules dit mode V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) ou VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network). L'objectif est de fournir aux conducteurs et aux opérateurs de transport des informations sur le trafic routier permettant d'améliorer l'efficacité des systèmes de transport, la sécurité et le confort des usagers. Depuis leur apparition, les VANET ont connu un très grand essor, de nombreux standards, applications et mécanismes de routage ont été proposés pour répondre aux spécificités de cette nouvelle classe de réseaux. Les défis à relever pour leur conception découlent principalement de la forte mobilité des véhicules, de la diversité spatio-temporelle de la densité du trafic et de la propagation des ondes radio en environnement extérieur défavorable à l'établissement des communications sans fil. La difficulté, aussi bien économique que logistique, de la mise en œuvre réelle des réseaux véhiculaires fait de la simulation le moyen le plus largement utilisé pour la conception et l'évaluation des solutions proposées. Cependant la validité des résultats de simulation dépend fortement de la capacité des modèles utilisés à reproduire le plus fidèlement possible les situations réelles. Deux aspects sont essentiellement importants dans les VANET : la mobilité des véhicules et la propagation des ondes radio. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un nouveau modèle de mobilité et un nouveau modèle de propagation d’ondes radio pour réseaux de véhicules en environnement urbain et suburbain. Pour définir des schémas réalistes, ces deux modèles se basent sur des données statiques et dynamiques réelles sur les caractéristiques topographiques et socio-économiques de l'environnement. Ces données décrivent particulièrement la distribution spatio-temporelle des véhicules et les infrastructures présentes dans l'environnement. Trois cas d'études sont présentés dans la thèse pour la validation des modèles développés ; un environnement théorique, urbain ou suburbain, défini par l'utilisateur, notamment le cas Manhattan très utilisé, et deux environnements réels qui représentent des agglomérations de taille moyenne. Une autre contribution de cette thèse est l'étude de la connectivité radio et des performances des protocoles de routage dans les VANET. A partir de graphes dynamiques de connexions représentant la variation des liens radio entre véhicules en déplacement, nous avons analysé et déterminé les propriétés de la topologie des liaisons radio des réseaux véhiculaires. Pour étudier les protocoles de routage, nous avons utilisé le modèle de mobilité et le modèle de propagation radio que nous avons développés en association avec le simulateur de réseaux ns-2. Nous avons comparé les performances des protocoles de routage les plus répandus et déterminé les mécanismes de routage les plus adaptés aux réseaux véhiculaires. / Vehicular networks are communication systems based on information exchange either between vehicles and roadside fixed infrastructure, which is called V2I (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure) mode, or from vehicle to vehicle V2V (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) mode also known as VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network). The objective of these networks is to provide drivers and transport authorities the most timely information on road traffic in order to improve the efficiency of transportation systems, users safety and comfort.Since their appearance, the VANET have been greatly developed; many standards, applications and routing mechanisms have been proposed to address the specifics of this new class of networks. The challenges arise mainly from the high vehicles mobility, the spatiotemporal diversity of traffic density and, the radio waves propagation in external environment unfavorable to wireless communications establishment.The difficulty, both economic and logistical, of a real implementation of vehicular networks makes the simulation widely used to conceive and assess the proposed solutions. The validity of simulation results depends strongly on the ability of the models to reproduce as faithfully as possible the real situations. Two aspects are mainly important in the VANET: the simulation of vehicles mobility and radio wave propagation.We propose in this thesis a new mobility model and a new radio propagation model for vehicular networks in urban and suburban environment. To be realistic, these two models are based on real static and dynamic data describing the topographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the environment. These data concern particularly the spatiotemporal vehicles distribution and the description of the infrastructures present in the environment. Three case studies are presented in the thesis to validate the models, a theoretical user-defined urban or suburban environment (the Manhattan case very often used) and two real environments from mean size cities.Another contribution of this thesis is the study of radio connectivity and performance of routing protocols in the VANET. From dynamic graphs representing the variation of the radio links between vehicles in motion, we have analyzed and determined the topology properties of vehicular networks. To study routing protocols, we used the mobility model and the radio propagation model in association with the network simulator ns-2. We have compared the performance of the widespread routing protocols and determined the most adapted routing mechanisms to vehicular networks.