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Det mest kända och omtalade sjukdomsutbrottet av cryptosporidium är den som inträffade i Milwaukee år 2003 då ca 400 000 personer insjuknade.[1]Cryptosporidium-utbrottet i Östersund vid årsskiftet 2010/11 har i sig klassificerats som Europas största utbrott av vattenburen smitta i modern tid. Dricksvatten är ett utav våra viktigaste livsmedel där vatten även är ett utav EU:s mest reglerade områden. Ändå har vattenrelaterade sjukdomsutbrott av den omfattning som den i Östersund kunnat ske. Detta ifrågasätter såväl den svenska, som den EU-rättsliga vattenrättsregleringen, dagens reningsteknik samt vattenproducenternas och myndigheternas kontroll och tillsynsansvar.

Water is one of our most important natural resources and access to clean water is a matter forboth current and future generations. During the past decades, overexploitation, pollution, andclimate change has led to serious consequences in the water section around the world. Not onlywater but also sanitation are cornerstones of sustainable development. Ensuring accessibilityand sustainable management of those two for mankind is also one of the UN:s global sustainability goals (goal number six). The EU Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) is oneof the legal tools mainly used to ensure the conservation of water resources. In Sweden, wehave sixteen (16) national environmental goals, several of which concern small sewers. Swedenhas since the year 2000 adopted the WFD. The directive aims to take joint responsibility withinthe Union for the long-term and sustainable use of water resources. In Sweden is the overallgoal for water management to achieve good water status by the year 2027. Good status meansboth good ecological and good chemical status. Good status is to be achieved for both inlandand coastal waters. How WFD has been implemented in the various parts that together worksto achieve the goal of good water quality in the EU and Sweden is shown, (among other things),by the environmental quality standards. The environmental quality standards have been developed for example water. The environmental quality standards for water (example lakes) andgroundwater where the purpose to ensure Sweden´s water quality. The environmental qualitystandards govern environmental work in, for example, supervision of so-called water activitiesand environmental hazardous activities. It is up to the municipalities to ensure that the standardsare followed. It is also the municipalities that primarily have the operational supervision regarding compliance with the provisions of the Environmental Code.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur försämrings- och äventyrandeförbudet i 5 kap. 4 § miljöbalken har påverkat bedömningen vid tillståndsprövning för gruvverksamhet. För att besvara syftet har rättsdogmatisk metod använts vilket innebär att lag, förarbeten, praxis och doktrin har analyserats. Det finns idag en intressekonflikt mellan å ena sidan gruvnäring och å andra sidan behovet av vatten med god kvalitet. Detta har gjort lagstiftningen till en nyckelaktör i arbetet mot en hållbar utveckling. Försämrings- och äventyrandeförbudet som föreskrivs i EU:s ramvattendirektiv finns sedan 2019 uttryckligen i svensk lagstiftning. Miljökvalitetsnormer för vatten har därmed fått en förstärkt rättslig ställning och betydelse vid tillståndsprövning för gruvverksamhet. I uppsatsen beskrivs bakgrunden och syftet med implementeringen av förbudsregeln samt hur bestämmelsen beaktas vid tillståndsprövning för gruvverksamhet. I dagsläget finns inget som tyder på att bestämmelsen förbjuder gruvverksamheter, däremot kan det antas en dyrare, längre och mer omfattande tillståndsprocess.

According to the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, macrophytes should be used as indicators in the ecological and environmental monitoring of lakes. In the member state Sweden the Environmental Protection Agency has elaborated assessment criteria for determining lake status based on macrophytes. The main focus of this thesis is to evaluate the efficiency of the assessment criteria for macrophytes. In addition the concordance between the ecological status classes of the four quality factors included was analysed. The assessment criteria for macrophytes are based on the total phosphorus preference of the respective species. The focus is thus mainly on the nutrient level of the investigated lakes and the environmental problem monitored is eutrophication. Macrophytes are one of the five biological quality factors used for lakes. The others are phytoplankton, diatoms, benthic fauna and fish. The two latter were included in this thesis. In addition to the biological factors the chemical factor, nutrients in lakes, i.e. the total phosphorus, was included. The macrophyte composition was investigated in two eutrophic Uppland lakes: Lake Trehörningen and Lake Edasjön. Since the assessment criteria were launched in 2007 there have been problems reported regarding the outcome of the methods. The results are sometimes inconclusive for eutrophicated lakes and especially for lakes with naturally high levels of nutrients. In this study the macrophyte species composition was compared with the nutrient level of different lakes. Some species were found in equal shares in oligotrophic lakes as in eutrophic, e.g. Nymphaea candida and Nuphar lutea. Hence they were considered less suitable as elements in the method evaluated. A couple of species were present in predominantly oligotrophic (e.g. Lobelia dortmanna) or eutrophic (e.g. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae) lakes, respectively. They were regarded as better indicators since they ”preferred” lakes either poor or rich in nutrients. It is important to point out that all the other biological quality factors used, except for macrophytes, are multimetric. I conclude that more parameters are needed for evaluation of macrophytes in lakes. Tentatively, the degree of coverage of the plants and algae, the presence and degree of coverage of invasive nonnative species, lake lowerings and the consequent composition and abundance change, all should be tested as additional parameters.  A high level of concordance was verified for the status classifications of the four quality factors in lakes of oligotrophy as well as in lakes of eutrophy, i.e. no particular  pattern based on trophy level was found. The macrophyte inventories of the two Uppland lakes both resulted in a moderate ecological status for macrophytes.