No description available.

In the present work, two numerical tools are under scrutiny. Both were made to study the atmospheric re-entry of a spacecraft: DEBRISK computes the trajectory and the survivability of the spacecraft as well as its fragments, and ELECTRA calculates the trajectory of the spacecraft and its fragments, as well as the associated on-ground risk of human casualty. However, they differ in some of their functionalities and their physical models, leading to a difference in the trajectories, thus in the impact points locations for the same spacecraft. This work has multiple purposes. First, the influence of several simulation parameters are studied in both tools in order to determine a correction law for the trajectory of the spacecraft in ELECTRA, making it imitate the DEBRISK trajectory. To do so, a large dataset is built then manipulated, and a verification process is realised to quantify the accuracy of the correction law. Successive iterations of the method show a decent improvement in the ELECTRA trajectory, yet uncertainties around the correction and the low applicability of the law lead to try a new promising method based on a live data reading of the flight parameters from DEBRISK to ELECTRA. Finally, the influence of the shielding of the buildings on the human casualty risk computation, symbolised by a protection coefficient in ELECTRA is studied. Results show that considering this, protection coefficients can multiply up by five the risk of casualty. A technical documentation was written for potential future works on the same subject. / I detta arbete studeras två numeriska verktyg som utformats för att studera det atmosfäriska återinträdet av en rymdfarkost: DEBRISK beräknar rymdfarkostens bana och överlevnadsförmåga såväl som dess fragment, och ELECTRA beräknar rymdfarkostens bana och dess fragment, samt tillhörande risk för olycksfall på marken. De skiljer sig åt i vissa av sina funktioner och sina fysiska modeller, vilket leder till skillnader i banorna, alltså i nedslagspunkterna för samma rymdfarkost. Detta arbete har flera syften. Först studeras påverkan av flera simuleringsparametrar i båda verktygen för att bestämma en korrigeringslag för rymdfarkostens bana i ELECTRA, vilket gör att den imiterar DEBRISK-banan. För att göra detta byggs en stor datamängd som sedan manipuleras, och en verifieringsprocess realiseras för att kvantifiera korrigeringslagens korrekthet. Successiva iterationer av metoden visar en viss förbättring av ELECTRA-banan, men osäkerhet kring korrigeringen och den låga tillämpligheten av lagen leder till att en ny lovande metod, baserad på en direkt dataavläsning av flygparametrarna från DEBRISK till ELECTRA, provats. Slutligen studeras inverkan av avskärmningen av byggnaderna på riskberäkningen av mänskliga olyckor, symboliserad med en skyddskoefficient i ELECTRA. Resultaten visar att med tanke på detta kan skyddskoefficienter multiplicera upp med en faktor fem risken för olyckor. En teknisk dokumentation skrevs för potentiella framtida arbeten om samma ämne.

This study investigated the economic returns from higher education for re-entry women. Re-entry women are continually concerned with whether or not returning to college and acquiring a degree will result in increased earnings. While sufficient evidence exists to show that earnings increase as years of education increase, this study concluded that this may not hold true for re-entry women. As a result of prior work experience, these women may have relatively high earnings among the occupations that do not require college degrees only to acquire entry-level positions upon completion of the college degree. There may be little or no difference between the salaries of these two work levels. This study was directed by the major research question -- "Does the age at the time females obtain four-year degrees affect their subsequent earnings?" and used path analysis to test a model of the direct and indirect effects of age at the time the degree is received on earnings while holding constant the effects of other variables. These analyses included and accounted for labor market, human capital and socioeconomic variables, prior earnings, race, prior work experience, college major and occupation, all of which may affect earnings. The findings did not support the null hypothesis that earnings for re-entry women will increase after the receipt of the college degree. The findings also indicated that earnings before the degree had a significant effect on earnings after the degree. / Ph. D.

Intro: Justice-involved persons with a mental illness are dually stigmatized, possessing two heavily stigmatized characteristics (i.e., mental illness and criminal history). Consequently, they are impacted by several barriers to re-entry, which are exacerbated in rural communities due to the lack of existing infrastructural supports. Thus, rural residents bear the responsibility to supply the conditions, resources, and opportunities necessary to increase re-entry success (e.g., employment, social support). As a result, it is critical to explore factors that contribute to and/or could reduce stigmatization among rural residents. Prior research suggests that different dimensions of familiarity and emotions evoked during contact with criminal justice involved persons with a mental illness may act as the operating mechanism through which familiarity impacts stigma. Aims: Thus, the present study employs an inductive approach to qualitatively examine the intersectionality of gradients of familiarity (e.g., intimacy and quality of contact), emotions (e.g., fear, disgust, sympathy), desire to social distance, government support, and perceptions regarding risk to reoffend for justice-involved persons with a mental illness. Methods: 47 rural residents participated in a semi-structured qualitative interview. Results: A thematic analysis revealed that negative quality interactions with mental illness and negative emotionality (e.g., fear, anger) were associated with increased stigmatizing beliefs and increased desire for social distance from persons with a mental illness. However, level of intimacy was not consistently associated with stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs. Further, many residents endorsed perceptions supporting re-entry (e.g., willingness to hire, government support). Implications: The findings provide insight into re-framing re-entry in rural communities and capitalizing on existing perceptions that are supportive of re-entry efforts.

No / Ex-offenders re-enter their communities with limited pre-release preparation for the continuity of access to health care once outside prison. Once released, these individuals become hard to reach, do not consider health a priority and consequently use services to address their health and social care needs in a crisis-led way. Nevertheless, how nurses can best support these health-excluded group of individuals in the community remains vague and requires discussion. It is argued that current dominant discourses around equity of care are contradicted in the provision of health and social care services to ex-offenders in the community. Effective engagement with community interventions may be achieved if ex-offenders maintain contact with frontline providers who can support both their structural and health needs. Nurses are uniquely positioned to initiate and sustain contact with ex-offenders, intervening at points of greatest need in the community to address the socially significant health and social care issues that plague them. The use of nurses in the provision of health and social care interventions to ex-offenders is a strategy, which could increase equity in access to health care, reduce reoffending and improve both the health and life chances of these individuals.

In this licentiate thesis studies how a systematic work of implementing a supported housing develops from idea to practice with the purpose to analyze collaboration and its impact on the development of the implementation. The study followed how the four organizations created a collaboration to implement a supported housing.; the social services in Kalmar municipality, the Swedish Prison and Probation Service in the form of the local probation service in Kalmar, the association KRIS (Kriminellas Revansch I Samhället, [Criminals' Revenge In Society]) in Kalmar and Kalmarhem AB a housing company,  The starting point for the study consists of a process evaluation of an implementation process, how collaboration established between the organizations, how collaboration as a way of working affects the process and finally the split-up of the project. The study conducted in two parts: partly during the years 2006-2008 when implementation studied, partly during the years 2014-2015 when the split-up of the project studied. The methods used was interviews, participatory observations and document studies. The empirical evidence collected during the two periods forms the basis for the analysis. The results indicate that collaboration created between the actors of the implementation is of crucial importance. That is, how the actors confronted and solved the problems that arose during the implementation and that both time and various forms of resources are required to create a comprehensive collaboration.  The concluding part of the study describes how a split-up of collaboration takes place. The change can attributed to a new arrangement with clear operational management in accordance with the impact of New Public Management [NPM]. A consequence for the supported housing, in line with this logic, was a separation and division of clients and contractors and division between businesses in accordance with a competitive mindset. At the time of writing, the supported housing remains, albeit in a different form. One explanation is that during the implementation, a close and sustainable collaboration was developed that could withstand some of the threats created through changed forms of governance. This indicates that the collaboration that developed between the four organizations can still provide some space if it is able to find forms that can fit into new control logics.

No description available.

Afin de déterminer l’état dans lequel les fragments arrivent au sol et leurs points d’impact, une compréhension fine des phénomènes physiques intervenant lors de la rentrée atmosphérique des débris spatiaux, ainsi qu’un effort important de modélisation sont nécessaires. Il s’agit en particulier d’analyser et de modéliser des phénomènes physiques peu pris en compte jusqu’à présent par les approches existantes et connues. Durant cette thèse une modélisation des interactions entre fragments en régime continu hypersonique et supersonique pour des écoulements de gaz parfait et de gaz réel a été proposée. Ceci a permis de montrer l’influence significative de ce phénomène sur la dynamique et la survie d’une sphère située dans la couche de choc générée par un premier fragment. D’autre part, un modèle pour l’estimation des coefficients aérodynamiques de force et de moment ainsi que le coefficient de flux de chaleur en régime hypersonique du moléculaire libre au continu est proposé. En complément des régimes hypersonique et supersonique, un modèle préliminaire pour le calcul des coefficients aérodynamiques en régime transsonique a été développé. Un modèle de conduction thermique adapté à la rentrée des débris spatiaux a été développé. Les influences du modèle de conduction, de l’épaisseur de paroi et de la prise en compte de la dépendance en température de la conductivité thermique et de la capacité calorifique sur la distribution de température dans la paroi ont été montrées. D’autre part, une étude expérimentale sur l’oxydation de l’alliage de titane TA6V a été menée au laboratoire PROMES-CNRS d’Odeillo sous plasma d’air. Les premiers résultats confirment la nécessité de tenir compte de l’oxydation de la paroi en particulier dans un environnement à haute température où l’oxygène est dissocié comme c’est le cas pour les rentrées atmosphériques terrestres de débris spatiaux. Par ailleurs, un modèle de dégradation thermique de la paroi par fusion (ablation) a été mis en place. Ces modèles ont été implantés dans le code MUSIC/FAST de l’ONERA. Celui-ci, initialement conçu pour l’analyse pré-mission de la rentrée de véhicules ou de capsules, a été évalué, consolidé et amélioré pour son application à la rentrée des débris spatiaux.Les coefficients aérodynamiques et aérothermodynamiques calculés par le code ont été confrontés aux données issues de la littérature pour différentes géométries. Enfin, la rentrée atmosphérique d’un réservoir sphérique a été simulée permettant d’évaluer l’influence de différents paramètres (pente, propriétés des matériaux, propriétés de la paroi interne du réservoir, épaisseur de la paroi) sur la trajectoire du fragment et son état lors de son impact au sol. / In order to determine the conditions in which fragments reach the Earth as well as their impact point locations,a deep comprehension of the physical phenomena occurring during the atmospheric re-entry of space debris is necessary, as well as an important effort in the development of models. Especially, it is important to analyse and develop models for the physical phenomena neglected in the existing and known approaches. During this thesis, some effort was put into the development of a fragment interaction model in continuum hypersonic and supersonic regime, in perfect and real gas at equilibrium. It was critical to understand the significant influenceof this phenomenon on the dynamics and survival of a sphere situated in the shock wave generated by a primary fragment. On the other hand, a model allowing the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients estimation anda model to evaluate the heat flux coefficient in hypersonic regime from free-molecular to continuum flow have been proposed. Subsequently, a first model to compute the aerodynamic coefficients in transonic regime has beendeveloped. A thermal conduction model adapted to the study of atmospheric re-entry of space debris has been developed. The significant influence of the conduction model, the wall thickness and the thermal dependence of material properties such as thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity on the wall thermal distribution have been shown. A first wall ablation model by melting has been set up. On the other hand, an experimental study on the oxidation of the TA6V titanium alloy has been conducted at PROMES-CNRS laboratory, Odeillo,in plasma air environment. The results confirm the necessity to take into account the wall oxidation, especially in a high temperature environment where oxygen is dissociated, as encountered in Earth atmospheric re-entry of space debris. A model for the thermal degradation of the wall by melting (ablation) has been developed. These models have been implemented in the ONERA code named MUSIC/FAST. This one, initially designed for spacecraftre-entry pre-mission analysis, has been evaluated, consolidated and improved for space debris atmosphericre-entry applications. For validation purpose, the aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics coefficients computed by the code have been compared to the ones found in literature, for various geometries. Finally, the atmosphericre-entry of a spherical tank has been simulated allowing the evaluation of the influence of different parameters(angle of climb, material properties, internal wall properties and wall thickness) on the fragment trajectory andits state when it reaches the ground.

Urodele amphibians have the remarkable ability to re-grow lost body parts. This regenerative response after injury in urodeles involves dedifferentiation of fully differentiated cells into proliferative cells. One well-studied example of this is the dedifferentiation of multinucleated muscle cells into mononucleate cells resembling their precursors, the myoblasts. To form these mononucleate cells the differentiated myotubes in vivo must re-enter and complete the cell cycle; they again proliferate and produce progeny. A key question is what factors induce the myotubes to re-enter the cell cycle and proliferate. Early events of cell cycle re-entry can be studied in the A1 cell line, a myogenic cell line isolated from the Notophthalmus viridescens hindlimb, which traverses cell cycle until G2 in response to serum. In particular, it was found that thrombin cleavage induces a factor in serum of all animals tested so far to promote S phase re-entry in A1 myotubes. We have used this S phase re-entry of the A1 cell line to purify the serum activity and developed a 5-step purification protocol that enriches the activity almost 2 000 fold over the starting material, or 40 000 fold over serum. To conveniently produce and test potential candidates for their ability to induce S phase re-entry in A1 myotubes, we also developed an overexpression- and purification system for emerging candidates. Candidates were then tested for this activity with or without prior incubation with thrombin. We identified Bmp proteins as the first pure molecules that were found in fractions across the purification of the activity and that could also induce cell cycle re-entry in a dose-dependent manner when recombinantly added to the A1 myotubes. Furthermore, this response could be blocked in a dose-dependent manner by the known bmp-inhibitor noggin. Finally, we showed that inhibition of Bmp signaling in vivo causes defects in axolotl tail regeneration.

No description available.