Submitted by KARINE CUSTÓDIO GARCIA null (kak_garcia@hotmail.com) on 2016-12-21T11:55:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação repositorio.pdf: 3376488 bytes, checksum: 8bc9d4cb78c9af3b01d3dc21a7312a4d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-22T12:00:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_kc_me_arafcf.pdf: 3376488 bytes, checksum: 8bc9d4cb78c9af3b01d3dc21a7312a4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:00:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_kc_me_arafcf.pdf: 3376488 bytes, checksum: 8bc9d4cb78c9af3b01d3dc21a7312a4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As infecções do trato urinário (ITU) são afecções comuns, que podem resultar em níveis significantes de morbidade. Os agentes etiológicos associados a ITU são bactérias Gram-negativas e Gram-positivas, além do fungo comensal Candida albicans. Além dos parâmetros clássicos associados à infecção, as ITU proporcionam o aumento na formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, o que também acarreta injúria tecidual, bem como, também ocorre um alto índice de micro-organismos resistentes aos fármacos disponíveis na clínica médica, o que demanda na prospecção por novas abordagens terapêuticas complementares. No Brasil, a espécie Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. é conhecida como “berry brasileira” ou grumixama, e existem poucos relatos na literatura demonstrando sua atividade biológica. Este fator associados à escassez de estudos sobre a espécie brasileira E. brasiliensis, despertou o interesse em novos estudos relacionados à sua ação sobre microrganismos relacionados a ITU e atividade antioxidante. Os extratos utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos a partir da polpa do fruto liofilizado de E. brasiliensis com diferentes solventes, com objetivo de obter dados de sua composição fitoquímica, avaliar suas atividades antioxidantes, antimicrobianas e citotóxicas. Foram utilizados como padrões para os ensaios de atividade antioxidante o ácido elágico, quercetina, ácido gálico, ácido cafeico e trolox. Na caracterização química dos extratos foram determinados, os teores de flavonoides totais, compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas totais e açúcares totais e realizados testes de identificação para taninos; além disso, um perfil cromatográfico por CLAE-UV foi obtido. O extrato etanólico apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus e Candida albicans ATCC18804, enquanto o extrato aquoso demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana apenas frente ao S. aureus. Em relação à atividade antioxidante observou-se que os “padrões” ácido elágico, ácido gálico, ácido cafeico e quercetina foram mais eficientes do que as amostras para todos os ensaios, e entre os extratos de E. brasiliensis, o extrato etanólico demonstrou ter maior eficiência para a capturadas espécies reativas O2•-, ABTS•+, HOCl/OCl- e TauCl; enquanto que o extrato aquoso apresentou maior eficiência para o ensaio de clareamento da crocina na captura do radical ROO• e maior potencial redutor do íon férrico. Para o ensaio do NO•e H2O2 nenhum dos extratos apresentou atividade. Quanto ao potencial citotóxico, os extratos de E. brasiliensis não apresentaram citotoxicidade frente as linhagens celulares de origem não tumoral (macrófagos, linfócitos e células VERO). / The urinary tract infections (UTI) are common disorders, which may result in significant levels of morbidity. The etiological agents associated with UTI are Gram-negative and Gram-positive, plus commensal Candida albicans fungus. In addition to the classics associated with infection parameters, the ITU provide increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which also causes tissue damage, as well as a high rate of resistant microorganisms to drugs available in clinical practice, which requires the prospecting for new medicinal approaches. In Brazil, the specie Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. are known as “brazilian berry” or grumixama, and there are few reports in the literature demonstrating your biologic activity. This factor associated with the lack of studies on the brazilian specie E .brasiliensis stir up interest in new research related to the activities of microorganisms related to ITU and antioxidant activity. The extracts used in this study were obtained from the fruit pulp lyophilized of E. brasiliensis with different solvents in order to get data from their phytochemical composition, evaluate their antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity. For the evaluation of antioxidant activity it was used like standards acid elagic, quercetina, acid gallic, acid cafeico and trolox. In the chemical characterization of the extracts were determined, the contents of total flavonoids, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and total sugars were determined and were performed to tannins; moreover, a profile by HPLC-UV chromatogram was obtained. The ethanol extract showed activity antimicrobial for the strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Candida albicans ATCC18804, while the aqueous extract only demonstrated activity antimicrobial for S. aureus. In relation to the antioxidant activity it is observed that the “standards” ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid and quercetin were more efficient and among extracts of E. brasiliensis ethanolic extract showed greater efficiency for capture of reactive species O2•-, ABTS•+, HOCl/OCl- and TauCl; while the aqueous extract was more efficient for crocina bleaching assay in capturing the radical ROO• and higher potential reducer of ferric ion. For the test of NO• and H2O2 none of the extracts showed activity. As to the cytotoxic potential, E. brasiliensis extracts showed no cytotoxicity on cell lines of non-tumor origin (macrophages, lymphocytes and VERO).

The caudal solitary complex (cSC) is a cardiorespiratory integrative center in the dorsal medulla oblongata that plays a vital role in the central CO2-chemoreceptive network. Neurons in this area respond to hypercapnic acidosis (HA) by a depolarization of the membrane potential and increase in firing rate, however a definitive mechanism for this response remains unknown. Likewise, CO2-chemoreceptive neurons in the cSC respond to hyperoxia in a similar fashion, but via a free radical mediated mechanism. It remains unknown if the response to increased pO2 is merely an increase in redox signaling, or if it’s the result of a pathological state of redox stress. Importantly, free radical production is known to be stimulated by increasing pO2, and can be exacerbated downstream by the addition of CO2 and its subsequent acidosis. Conditions of hyperoxia in combination with HA can therefore become detrimental in several scenarios, including O2 toxicity seizures in divers and stranded submariners, as well as in cases of ischemia-reperfusion injury and sleep apneas. As such, we sought to not only determine how O2 and CO2 interact to affect cellular excitability in the cSC, but also if these cells exhibited increases in redox signaling and/or stress. We employed sharp-electrode intracellular electrophysiology to study whole-cell electrical responses to varied combinations of hyperoxia (0.4 0.95/1.95 ATA O2) and HA (0.05 0.1 ATA CO2). Additionally, we used fluorescence microscopy under similar conditions to study changes in the production rates of various free radicals, including superoxide (˙O2-), nitric oxide (˙NO), and a downstream aggregate pool of CO2/H+-dependent reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Finally, we used several colorimetric assays to measure markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress, including malondialdehyde, 3-nitrotyrosine, and protein carbonyls. Our hypothesis for these experiments was that hyperoxia and HA alone could produce effects, but would be more pronounced when used together. As such, we saw that ~89% of cells tested that were sensitive to both hyperoxia and HA showed larger firing rate responses to HA during an increased background O2 (0.9 and/or 1.9 ATA) after showing a smaller response or no response to HA during control levels O2 (0.4 ATA). Additionally, we noted that the rate of ˙O2- fluorescence increased in response to hyperoxia, but only during pharmacological inhibition of its reactions with ˙NO and SOD. Likewise, the rate of ˙NO fluorescence increased during hyperoxia compared to control O2, but only during pharmacological scavenging of ˙O2-. Downstream, our aggregate pool of RONS showed increased rates of fluorescence during both hyperoxia alone and HA in control O2, however the most prominent increases were seen during hypercapnic hyperoxia. Finally, no significant effects were seen when probing for markers of redox stress in response to hyperoxia and hypercapnic hyperoxia. Overall, these results suggest that the increased excitability seen in cSC neurons during hypercapnic hyperoxia is the result of physiological redox signaling rather than pathological redox stress. Further research needs to be done to determine how this redox mechanism is specifically resulting in increased cellular excitability.

In all organisms are rising a reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by the effects of various stress factors and these species have a negative impact on the organism. Due to this species plants have built up an efficient antioxidant system, that helps them to resist negative effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this work was researched the effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium benzoate on the production of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, reactive nitrogen species and malondialdehyde, contained in the root and above-ground part of maize (Zea mays L.). By use of the fluorescence microscopy there were obtained images of cross-cut of root from which was determined the intensity of fluorescence of individual parts of the root and was examined the effect of the intensity of fluorescence markers of oxidative stress in dependence on the type of the fluorescence filter used.

<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije predstavljalo je ispitivanje uticaja vodnog stresa izazvanog&nbsp; sa polietilen glikolom (PEG)&nbsp; 6000 na biohemijske osobine klonova topole. Reznice tri klona topole (M-1, B-229 i PE19/66) su hidroponski gajene i izložene 100 mOsm i 200 mOsm PEG 6000&nbsp; tokom &scaron;est dana. Nakon tretmana u kontrolnim i stresiranim<br />biljkama su&nbsp; ispitane promene aktivnosti antioksidantnih enzima,&nbsp; aktivnost dva<br />enzimska markera polifenolnog metabolizma, fenolni profil, antioksidantna aktivnost, kao i sadržaj prolina i glicin betaina&nbsp; (GB). Takođe, ispitan je biohemijski odgovor kulture tkiva klona M-1 na vodni stres izazvan sa PEG 6000.</p><p>U oba eksperimenta uočeno je da je akumulacija prolina i GB u uslovima vodnog stresa izazvanog sa PEG 6000&nbsp;najvažnija strategija u otpornosti na stres i prevazilaženju vodnog deficita, tako da se&nbsp;ovi parametri mogu definisati kao najbolji indikatori otpornosti topole na su&scaron;u.</p><p>Rezultati ovog istraživanjaupotpunjavaju saznanja o povezanosti oksidativnog stresa uzrokovanog vodnim stresom sa antioksidantnim odgovorom, nivoom o&scaron;tećenja lipida i proteina, uključivanjem osmolita kao i promenama u polifenolnom profilu. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati su značajni za odabir klonova topola tolerantnih na vodni stres&nbsp; i&nbsp; za<br />po&scaron;umljavanje su&scaron;nih stani&scaron;ta, kojih će biti sve vi&scaron;e usled negativnog uticaja klimatskih promena.</p> / <p>The aim of presented doctoral thesis was investigation of the impact of water deficit caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 on biochemical features of poplar clones.&nbsp; During six days, cuttings of three poplar clones (M-1, B-229 and PE 19/66) were grown in hydroponics and subjected to 100 and 200 mOsm PEG 6000. Changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, polyphenol characterization, two enzymatic markers of polyphenol metabolism, antioxidant capacity, as well as proline and glycine betaine content were investigated in stressed plants. Furthermore,&nbsp; assessment of&nbsp; biochemical response of poplar clone M-1 tissue culture to water stress induced by PEG 6000 was performed.</p><p>In both experiments, the most important strategy for stress resistance and overcoming water deficiency was accumulation of proline and glycine betaine so these parameters can be defined as the best indicators of poplar resistance to drought.</p><p>The results of this study complete&nbsp; the findings on the oxidative stress caused by water stress&nbsp; and their relationship with the antioxidant response, the level of lipid andprotein damage, accumulation of the osmolites and changes in the polyphenol profile. Also, the obtained results may be important for the selection of poplar clones resistant to water stress and for afforestation in arid sites, which appeared to be more numerous due to the effects of&nbsp; global climate change.</p>

Les plasmas froids sont des gaz partiellement ionisés, très riches d’un point de vue physico-chimique. Cette propriété se retrouve dans des plasmas froids aujourd’hui générés à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante et a été mise à profit depuis une quinzaine d’années environ pour des applications biomédicales (hématologie, dermatologie, cancérologie, odontologie etc…). L’efficacité de ces plasmas froids dans le domaine de la médecine a été prouvée par de nombreuses études. Cependant, les phénomènes biologiques mis en jeu ne sont pas encore bien compris, et il primordial de savoir quels pourraient être les éventuels effets secondaires indésirables de ces milieux ionisés réactifs. Le premier niveau d’interaction des plasmas avec le vivant est celui avec les milieux liquides, qui sont présents en surface des tissus, des cellules in vivo ou en culture. Depuis une décennie, une attention particulière a donc été portée aux interactions des plasmas avec les liquides, pour apporter un niveau de compréhension supplémentaire. La compréhension de ces interactions a constitué l’axe de ce travail. Différents réacteurs à plasmas froids (générés à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante) ont été développés, notamment afin de contrôler les interactions du plasma avec l’air ambiant qui peuvent être problématiques pour les applications visées. La nature du gaz servant à initier le plasma a été modifiée, pour connaître son influence sur la réactivité chimique de la phase gaz. Pour cela, des mesures de spectroscopie d’émission optique (SEO) ont été nécessaires. Par ailleurs, de nouveaux capteurs électrochimiques et des approches méthodologiques ont été développés pour identifier et quantifier les espèces réactives de l’oxygène et de l’azote (RONS) produites dans des milieux liquides physiologiques, exposés à ces gaz ionisés. Les analyses électrochimiques ont été combinées à de la spectroscopie d’absorption UV-visible ainsi qu’à d’autres méthodes de chimie (pH-métrie/conductimétrie). Un des objectifs visés est d’établir une corrélation entre les espèces réactives générées dans la phase gaz et dans la phase liquide. Enfin, des expérimentations nous ont permis d’analyser la production des RONS dans des liquides in situ en temps réel. Les mesures de SEO montrent qu’il existe de nombreuses espèces chimiques excitées au sein des différents plasmas (NO°, HO°, O, N2+ (FNS) etc…). Les analyses de la phase liquide ont révélé la présence d’espèces stables de l’oxygène et de l’azote (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-), directement reliées aux espèces détectées dans les plasmas. De plus, les diverses méthodologies d’analyse chimique mises en place ont permis la détection et la quantification de RONS tels que l’anion peroxynitrite ONOO-. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus devrait permettre d’appréhender de façon plus fine les effets induits par différents plasmas froids dans des milieux liquides physiologiques afin d’établir un lien avec les études menées sur des cellules en culture et sur la peau dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche financé par l’ANR, Agence Nationale de la recherche. / Cold plasmas are partially ionized gases, very rich in a physico-chemical point of view. This property characterizes cold plasmas today generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature and was used since about fifteen years approximately for biomedical applications (haematology, dermatology, cancer research, odontology etc.). The efficiency of these cold plasmas in the field of the medicine was proved by numerous studies. However, the involved biological phenomena are not still well included, and it is essential to know what could be the possible unwanted side effects of these reactive ionized gases. The first level of interaction of plasmas with living matter is the one with the liquid phase, which is present on the tissue surface, in vivo cells or in culture. For a decade, a particular attention was thus worn in the interactions of plasmas with liquids, to bring a level of additional understanding. The understanding of these interactions constituted the axis of this work. Various cold plasmas reactors (generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature) were developed, in order to control the interactions of these plasmas with the ambient air which can be problematic for the aimed applications. The nature of the gas used to initiate the plasma was modified, to know its influence on the chemical reactivity of the gas phase. For that purpose, measurements of optical emissive spectroscopy (OES) were necessary. Besides, new electrochemical sensors and methodological approaches were developed in order to identify and quantify the reactive nitrogen and oxygen (RONS) produced in physiological liquid media, exposed to these ionized gases. The electrochemical analyses were combined UV-visible absorption spectroscopy as well as other methods of chemistry (pH-metry/conductimetry). One of the aimed objectives is to establish a correlation between the reactive species generated in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. Finally, experiments allowed us to analyze the production of RONS in liquids in situ and in real time. OES measurements showed that there are numerous chemical species generated in various plasmas (NO°, HO°, O, N2+ (FNS) etc.). The analyses of the liquid phase revealed the presence of stable oxygen and nitrogen species (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-), directly correlated with the species detected in plasmas. Furthermore, the diverse methodologies of chemical analysis allowed the detection and quantification of RONS such as the peroxynitrite anion ONOO-. The obtained results should allow to arrest in a finer way the effects led by various cold plasmas in physiological liquid media to establish links with the studies led on cultured cells and on skin within the framework of a research program financed by the ANR, National Agency of the Research.