Orientador: Anesio dos Santos Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T23:01:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_MarcelodeOliveira_M.pdf: 6975091 bytes, checksum: bd7eb8f741f3071d5da7890e3d6936e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os índices clássicos de desempenho, utilizados na análise do suporte de potência reativa série e perfil de tensão, são a soma das perdas de potência ativa e reativa série que ocorrem no sistema de transmissão, sob determinadas condições de carga. A minimização das perdas ativas, ou das perdas reativas, altera significantemente o suporte de potência reativa exigido pelo sistema de transmissão para o atendimento da carga. Neste trabalho, é analisado o papel da minimização dos índices de desempenho e seus efeitos sobre o perfil das magnitudes de tensão e sobre o suporte de potência reativa correspondente. Também é proposto um índice alternativo, soma das potências aparentes nos circuitos série do sistema, cuja minimização apresenta um ponto de operação mais interessante em relação ao perfil das tensões e às perdas nos sistemas. Os pontos de operação, obtidos por meio da minimização das perdas de potência ativa, da minimização das perdas de potência reativa e da minimização das perdas de potência aparente, nos elementos série, são analisados e comparados. Esta análise é realizada tendo em perspectiva o suporte de potência reativa exigido pelo sistema nos pontos de operação obtidos com as respectivas minimizações. Além disto, também é analisada a aproximação quadrática das perdas de potência aparente série. Para as experimentações numéricas, que possibilitam o estudo deste trabalho, foi utilizado um algoritmo de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo, baseado no método do gradiente reduzido, com técnicas de projeção e busca unidimensional / Abstract: The classic performance indexes, used on reactive power supply and voltage profile analysis, are the sum of active and series reactive power losses that occur on transmission systems, under determined load conditions. The minimization of active or reactive losses, changes significantly the reactive power supply required from the transmission system to support the load. In this paper work it's analysed the role of performance indexes minimization and their effects on the voltage profile magnitude and on corresponding reactive power supplies. It is also proposed an alternative index, the sum of apparent power on series circuits of the system, which the minimization presents a more interesting operation point in relation to the voltage profile and system power losses. The operation points, gotten from active, reactive and apparent power losses minimization, on series elements, are analyzed and compared. This analysis is carried out aiming the reactive power supplies demanded from the system on the operation points obtained with the respective minimization. Besides it is also analyzed the square approximation of series apparent power losses. For the numeric experimentations, that made possible this study, it was used an optimum reactive power flow algorithm, based on reduced gradient method, with projection techniques and line search / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Anesio dos Santos Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_Rodrigo_M.pdf: 2688812 bytes, checksum: 631d43c73253b12c2f09a2aeee262597 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo (FPOR) é representado por um modelo matemático que visa a obtenção do estado operativo ótimo de um sistema elétrico de potência sujeito ao atendimento de um conjunto de restrições lineares/não lineares, sem garantia de convexidade, ao passo que otimiza um critério de performance. Soluções do FPOR podem ser utilizadas principalmente no planejamento da operação do sistema. A técnica de pontos interiores aplicada as restrições de desigualdade canalizadas é utilizada como estratégia na solução do problema de FPOR visando a redução das expressões que compõem o modelo e redução da dimensão da matriz. Com a modelagem utilizada obtém-se uma nova estratégia de atualização do parâmetro de barreira. É proposto um novo modelo de FPOR através da relaxação total das restrições em magnitudes de tensão em barras de carga (FPORR), fundamentado no vínculo implícito entre as variáveis do problema. O FPORR apresenta algumas vantagens de convergência e factibilidade em comparação com o FPOR. Resultados e análises são apresentados através de estudos de casos aplicados nas redes de teste do IEEE até o sistema de 162 barras, para comprovar a hipótese de relaxação / Abstract: The Reactive Optimal Power Flow (ROPF) is represented for a mathematic model that has being seeking obtainment the optimal operative status of an electric power system, subject to supplying a set of linear/nonlinear constraints, no guarantee of convexity, and optimize a rule of performance. ROPF solutions can be used mainly in power system planning. Interior point technique applied to canalized inequality constraints is useful as strategy of ROPF problem solution to reduce the expression of the model and to reduce the matrix dimension. About the modeling can obtain a new strategy of updating the barrier function parameter. It is proposed a new ROPF model through the relaxation of all load bus voltage constraints (RROPF), based on implicit entails on variables of the problem. RROPF presents some convergence advantages and feasibility in comparison with ROPF. Results and analyses are obtained through the case studies applied to the IEEE test nets for systems up to 162 buses / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Edson Bim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanekiyo_MarcoTadashi_M.pdf: 2199502 bytes, checksum: 0f0e07fdf7f52de94709720bdddef861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é o de implementar o controle de velocidade e de potência reativa de um motor de indução duplamente alimentado com orientação de fluxo de estator, mediante o ajuste das componentes de eixo direto e em quadratura das correntes de rotor, sendo o estator conectado à rede elétrica trifásica. Para isto foram utilizados quatro controladores PI: dois deles têm a função de gerar as referências dessas correntes a partir dos erros da potência reativa e da velocidade, e os outros dois, a de gerar as referências das tensões de eixo direto e em quadratura, a partir dos erros dessas mesmas correntes. Resultados experimentais do motor operando com fator de potência adiantado, unitário e atrasado são apresentados para validar a proposta. O sistema de controle, implementado por um DSP TMS320F2812, é responsável pela leitura das tensões e correntes de estator, da velocidade e da estimação da posição do eixo, pelas transformações de variáveis, pela implementação dos controladores PI, pela determinação da magnitude e posição do fluxo de estator e pela implementação da modulação do vetor espacial / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to present the implementation of the speed control and reactive power of a doubly fed induction motor with stator flux orientation, by adjusting of the direct and quadrature-axis rotor current components, being the stator fed by a triphasic network. With this aim, four PI controllers are used: two of them have the function of generating the direct and quadrature references of the rotor current from the direct and quadrature rotor voltage errors and the others two, of generating the direct and quadrature references of the rotor voltage from the direct and quadrature rotor current errors. Experimental results of the motor operating with leading, lagging and unity power factor are presented to validate the proposal. The control algorithm is implemented with a digital signal processor and it has the following functions: lecture of the voltages and currents of rotor, lecture of speed and estimation of rotor position, transformations of variables, implementation of the PI controllers, calculus of magnitude and position of stator flux and space vector modulation / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

In this dissertation, the generalized averaging method models for inverters, reactive power control methods for photovoltaic inverters, and a noise immunity improvement for hybrid position observers for brushless dc motor drives are studied. Models of inverters and other converters based on averaging have been widely used in numerous simulation applications. Generalized averaging can be applied to model both average and switching behavior of converters while retaining the faster run times associated with average-value models. Herein, generalized average models for single- and three-phase pulse width modulation inverters are proposed. The modulation signal for the proposed model could be either a sinusoidal waveform without high order harmonics or a sinusoidal waveform with third-harmonic injection. And this generalized average models also can apply for modeling three-phase pulse width modulation inverters with varying modulation signal frequency in the reference frame. These models are based on a quasi-Fourier series representation of the switching functions that includes fundamental and switching frequency components as well as sideband components of the switching frequency. The proposed models are demonstrated both in simulation and experimentally and are found to accurately portray both the fundamental and the switching behavior of the inverter. In particular, the use of sideband components allows accurate representation of the variation in switching ripple magnitude that occurs in the steady state. The generalized average models are found to have simulation run times that are significantly faster than those associated with detailed models. Therefore, the proposed generalized average models are suitable for simulation applications in which both accuracy (including the switching behavior) and fast run times are required (e.g., long simulation times, systems with multiple converters, and repeated simulations). Variations in the output power of intermittent renewable sources can cause significant fluctuations of distribution system voltage magnitudes. Reactive power control methods that employ the reactive power capability of photovoltaic three-phase inverters to mitigate these fluctuations are proposed. These control methods cause the three-phase inverters to substitute reactive output power for real output power when fluctuations in the solar power are experienced, allowing the fluctuations to be controlled. Performance metrics for assessing the ability of these controllers to perform this mitigation are defined. The controllers are examined using the IEEE 123-bus feeder distribution system, and it is found that the controllers can effectively mitigate voltage magnitude fluctuations and that the appropriate choice of controller depends on the performance metrics of interest. Finally, a noise immunity improvement for hybrid position observers for brushless dc motor drives is proposed. A finite state machine is used to detect Hall-effect sensor transitions to determine if these transitions are true transitions or the result of momentary glitches. This filter causes a delay in the detection of the Hall-effect sensors that is compensated in the proposed observer. The proposed observer is compared in simulations with the original hybrid position observer under both non-noisy and noisy conditions for both constant and variable speed operation, and it has good performance even under high noise and variable speed conditions.

This dissertation focuses on daily volt/var control in distribution networks with feeder capacitors, substation capacitors and transformers equipped with on-load tap changers. A hybrid approach is proposed to solve the daily volt/var control problem. To reduce the computational requirements of the problem, this approach combines two methods, namely heuristic and optimal scheduling for the substation and feeder sub-problems respectively. The feeder capacitor dispatch schedule is determined based on a heuristic reactive power setpoint method. At this stage the objective is to minimize the reactive power flow through the substation bus in every time-interval. And as such, mathematical modeling of the distribution network components is adapted to suit time-varying conditions. Furthermore, an optimization model to determine a proper dispatch schedule of the substation devices is formulated. The objective of this model is to minimize the daily total energy loss and voltage deviations. Additionally, the reference voltage of the substation secondary bus and the transformer tap position limits are modified to adapt to given load profiles. The optimization model is solved with a discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm, which incorporates Newton’s method to determine the power-flow solution. The proposed method is applied to a time-varying distribution system and evaluated under different operational scenarios. It is also compared to on-line volt/var control with various settings. Simulation results show that the proposed approach minimizes both the voltage deviations and the total energy loss, while on-line control prioritizes one objective over the other depending on the specified settings. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / Unrestricted

This master’s thesis is focusing on compensation of reactive power, especially on creating demonstrative model of static var compensation unit (SVC). Main topic of thesis is to apply this device for fast balancing dynamic conversions of recieved reactive power. In theoretical part is described suitable method for determination of instantaneous power. Next, there is basic description of all means used for compensation of reactive power and detailed description of the SVC compensator. Practical part includes design of compensation unit and control program in LabVIEW. The pq theory is implemented for detection instantaneous power. The results of validating functionality of compensator are presented in the last part of thesis.

Offshore wind is rapidly growing and optimised grid connections are crucial for its success. Generally, costs and losses are higher for HVDC at short distances due to the converters, while HVAC costs and losses increase more rapidly with distance due to the ac cables. Hence, there is a breaking point over which HVDC becomes beneficial, which is important knowledge for grid connection design. Recent research and practice indicate increasing distances for the breaking point, enabled by the introduction of offshore reactive compensation substations (RCS) for HVAC. In the study, steady-state models of HVAC and modular-multilevel converter (MMC) based VSC HVDC systems up to 260 km have been simulated in the Matlab/Simulink based program EeFarm-II. For base case assumptions, the average loss breaking point is 80 km and the levelised cost breaking point is 229 km. The resulting breaking point with respect to levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is 205 km and with respect to net present value (NPV) 186 km, agreeing with the trend of increasing breaking points. Given the range of distances in literature, it is of interest to also investigate how the breaking point depends on assumptions on technical, practical and economic parameters. For the NPV breaking point: lifetime and interest rate have no impact, availability and cost of RCSs have low impact, electricity price has moderate impact, operation and maintenance (O&M) cost has high impact while investment cost and lead time have very high impact. This could be taken into consideration in offshore projects and in future research.

The electricity demand increases rapidly, and in order to mitigate climate change the power production needs to be renewable and free from green house gas emissions. When solar and wind power are introduced in the system, voltage instability might become a problem. This study aims to investigate voltage stability and the effects of reactive power compensation. It is done by performing power flow analysis on a simulated power system model in Jämtland, Sweden, with a large share of wind power and a relatively small share of sun power. The simulations are made in MATPOWER (MATLAB). The results reveal that the voltage levels in this study remain stable, with the reactive power being the limiting factor. The use of passive reactive power compensators, like shunt reactors, does not keep reactive power levels in the system within set limits. This study shows that in order to achieve that, active reactive power compensators are required. / Efterfrågan av elektricitet ökar snabbt, och för att kunna mildra klimatförändringarna behöver kraftproduktionen vara förnybar och fri från växtusgasutsläpp. När sol- och vindkraft introduceras kan spänningsstabilitet bli ett problem. Denna studie ämnar att undersöka spänningsstabilitet och effekterna av reaktiv effekt-kompensering. Det görs genom att utföra belastningsfördelningsberäkningar på en simulerad kraftsystem-modell i Jämtland i Sverige, med en stor andel vindkraft och en relativt liten andel solkraft. Simuleringarna görs i MATPOWER (MATLAB). Resultaten visar att spänningsnivåerna i denna studie hålls stabila, där reaktiv effekt är den begränsande faktorn. Användning av passiva reaktiv effekt-kompensatorer så som shuntreaktorer, håller inte de reaktiva effektnivåerna inom önskade gränser. Denna studie visar att, för att kunna uppnå det, så krävs det aktiv reaktiv effekt-kompensering. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

The study started with the requirement that a photovoltaic (PV) power source should be integrated with other supplementary power sources whether it operates in a stand-alone or grid-connected mode. First, fuel cells for a backup of varying PV power were compared in detail with batteries and were found to have more operational benefits. Next, maximizing performance of a grid-connected PV-fuel cell hybrid system by use of a two-loop controller was discussed. One loop is a neural network controller for maximum power point tracking, which extracts maximum available solar power from PV arrays under varying conditions of insolation, temperature, and system load. A real/reactive power controller (RRPC) is the other loop. The RRPC meets the system's requirement for real and reactive powers by controlling incoming fuel to fuel cell stacks as well as switching control signals to a power conditioning subsystem. The RRPC is able to achieve more versatile control of real/reactive powers than the conventional power sources since the hybrid power plant does not contain any rotating mass. Results of time-domain simulations prove not only effectiveness of the proposed computer models of the two-loop controller, but also their applicability for use in transient stability analysis of the hybrid power plant. Finally, environmental evaluation of the proposed hybrid plant was made in terms of plant's land requirement and lifetime CO2 emissions, and then compared with that of the conventional fossil-fuel power generating forms. / Ph. D.

This dissertation aims to present a detailed analysis of the grid voltage disturbance in frequency domain for the current control design in the grid-tie inverter applications and to propose current control techniques in order to minimize its impact and maximize feasibility of the power conditioning system in distributed generations. Because the grid voltage is constantly changing, the inverter must be able to response to it. If the inverter is unable to respond properly, then the grid voltage power comes back to the system and damages the fuel cell power conditioning systems. A closed-loop dynamic model for the current control loop of the grid-tie inverter has been developed. The model explains the structure of the inverter admittance terms. The disturbance of the grid voltages has been analyzed in frequency domain. The admittance compensator has been proposed to prevent the grid voltage effect. The proposed lead-lag current control with admittance compensator transfers current properly without system failure. In order to get rid of the steady-state error of the feedback current, a proportional-resonant controller (PR) has been adopted. A PR control with admittance compensation provides great performance from zero power to full power operation. In addition, active and reactive power flow controller has been proposed based on the PR controller with admittance compensation. The proposed active and reactive power flow control scheme shows a wide range power flow control from pure leading power to pure lagging power. Finally, the proposed controller scheme has been verified its feasibility in three phase grid-tie inverter applications. First of all, a half-bridge grid-tie inverter has been designed with PR controller and admittance compensation. Then three individual grid-tie inverters has been combined and produced three phase current to the three phase grid in either balanced condition or unbalanced condition. The proposed control scheme can be applied not only single phase grid-tie inverter application, but also three phase grid-tie inverter application. This research can be applicable to the photovoltaic PCS as well. This technology makes renewable energy source more plausible for distributed generations. / Ph. D.