Pasteurella multocida serotype A:3 is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen which is one of the causative agents of shipping fever in cattle. In this study, ompH and two fragments of plpE gene (plpEN and plpEC) were cloned from the genomic DNA of P. multocida P-1062 (ATCC 15743, serotype A:3) and plpEN-ompH and plpEC-ompH fusions were constructed. In vitro expression of the genes was shown in HEK-293 cells. Later, full-length plpE gene was cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified. Three DNA vaccine formulations, namely pCMV-ompH, pCMV-plpEN-ompH and pCMV-plpEC-ompH and five recombinant protein based vaccines, PlpEN-OmpH, PlpEC-OmpH, OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE were generated. Recombinant proteins were formulated with at least one of the adjuvants: alum, CpG, alum-CpG, oil based and oil based-CpG. BALB/c mice were immunized with these vaccine formulations and their sera were used for the evaluation of antibody and serum IFN-&gamma / titers. Protective capacities of the vaccines were also evaluated via challenge of mice with 10 LD50 of P. multocida A:3. DNA vaccines induced immune responses, but did not provide protection. All protein vaccine formulations increased antibody levels and CpG containing formulations enhanced serum IFN-&gamma / titers. 100 &micro / g of PlpEC-OmpH protein adsorbed on alum adjuvant conferred 40% protection while no protection was obtained with PlpEN-OmpH. Next, the effects of CpG, or its alum and oil based combinations as adjuvants were investigated on PlpEC-OmpH mediated protection. The vaccine formulation composed of PlpEC-OmpH and oil based-CpG adjuvant conferred 100% protection. Finally, the mice were vaccinated with recombinant OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE formulated with oil based-CpG adjuvant. OmpH, PlpEC and PlpE formulations provided 50%, 60% and 100% protection, respectively. These findings implicated that recombinant PlpE and PlpEC-OmpH fusion proteins when formulated with oil based-CpG adjuvant are potent acellular vaccine formulation candidates against shipping fever.

Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular paralysis in dogs and abortions in cattle. N. caninum is responsible for losses of several million dollars to the dairy and beef industries in several parts of the world. The key players in the host immune response to N. caninum include CD4+ T cells, the Th1 cytokines IL-12, Interferon gamma and IgG2a isotype antibodies. There are currently no chemotherapeutic agents that are effective against adult cattle neosporosis. A commercially available, inactivated vaccine induces the undesirable Th2 type of immunity against N. caninum. Therefore, two approaches towards vaccine development against N. caninum that were designed to induce potent cell mediated immunity have been explored in this dissertation. The first approach consisted of the development of a bivalent recombinant vaccine for both brucellosis and neosporosis, while the second approach involved gamma irradiation of N. caninum tachyzoites for use as an attenuated vaccine against N. caninum. Since N. caninum research has been conducted with several strains of mice and the different strains of mice vary in their susceptibility to infection with N. caninum, there is a need to develop a standard lab animal model for N. caninum. A gerbil and a C57BL/6 mouse model for N. caninum vaccine testing have been developed. It was found that the LD50 of N. caninum tachyzoites in gerbils was 9.3 x105 tachyzoites per gerbil delivered intra-peritoneally, (i.p) while for C57BL/6 mice the LD50 was 1.5 x107 tachyzoites per mouse delivered i.p. Vertical transmission rates in C57BL/6 mice infected with N. caninum tachyzoites during mid-gestation were determined and found to be in the range of 96-100%. Putative protective antigens of N. caninum that included MIC1, MIC3, GRA2, GRA6 and SRS2 were expressed in B. abortus strain RB51 to create recombinant vaccine strains. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with either the recombinant strains or the irradiated tachyzoites. Antigen specific IgG2a and IgG1 responses and high levels of interferon gamma and IL-10 were induced by vaccination. Mice vaccinated with irradiated tachyzoites, RB51-MIC1 and RB51-GRA6 were completely protected against lethal challenge, while the mice vaccinated with RB51-SRS2, RB51-GRA2 and RB51-MIC3 were partially protected. To determine the efficacy of the vaccines in preventing vertical transmission of N. caninum, mice were vaccinated and bred after administration of a booster dose four weeks after the primary vaccination. Antigen specific IgG1 and IgG2a and significant levels of IFN-ã and IL-10 were detected in vaccinated, pregnant mice. Pregnant mice were challenged with 5 x 106 N. caninum tachyzoites between days 11-13 of pregnancy. Brain tissue was collected from pups three weeks after birth and examined for the presence of N. caninum by a semi-nested PCR. Protection against vertical transmission elicited by the RB51-GRA6, RB51-MIC3, irradiated tachyzoite, RB51-GRA2, RB51-MIC1 and RB51-SRS2 vaccinated groups were 43%, 38%, 34%, 34%, 18%, and 7% respectively. Since not all the antigens that were highly protective against acute disease were not very effective in preventing vertical transmission, the role of the selected antigens in preventing acute disease and vertical transmission appear to differ. Only GRA6 was found to be effective in protecting against an acute lethal challenge as well as preventing vertical transmission 43% of the time. In summary, two animal models for the testing of N. caninum vaccines were developed. N. caninum protective antigens were successfully expressed in B. abortus strain RB51. The irradiated tachyzoite and recombinant RB51-Neospora vaccines were highly effective in protecting against acute neosporosis and partially protective against vertical transmission. Therefore, both these approaches show great promise as practical and effective means to achieve the goal of successful prophylaxis against N. caninum induced abortions and reduce the chances of vertical transmission. / Ph. D.

O Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical (AMA-1) tem sido sugerido como candidato a compor uma vacina contra estágios assexuados sanguíneos de Plasmodium. Recentemente nosso grupo identificou o domínio II (DII) de AMA-1 de Plasmodium vivax (PvAMA-1) como uma região altamente reconhecida por anticorpos IgG de indivíduos brasileiros infectados por P. vivax. No presente estudo avaliamos as propriedades imunogênicas da proteína recombinante DII, produzida a partir de Escherichia coli. Grupos de 6 camundongos fêmeas BALB/c foram imunizados quatro vezes com 10 µg dessa proteína na presença de diferentes formulações de adjuvantes [Adjuvante Completo/Incompleto de Freund (ACF/AIF), MPL-TDM, TiterMax, Hidróxido de Alumínio (Alum), Quil A, QS-21 e CpG-ODN 1826], individualmente, ou em combinação (Alum + QS-21 ou Alum + CpG-ODN 1826)). Nosso objetivo foi avaliar comparativamente a resposta de anticorpos (IgM, IgG e isotipos de IgG), induzida pelos diferentes esquemas de imunizações, visando futuros estudos pré-clínicos em primatas não humanos. Os títulos de anticorpos IgG contra (o ectodomínio) PvAMA-1 foram determinados por ELISA, duas semanas após cada imunização. A presença de IgM e dos isotipos de IgG também foi avaliada após o final do esquema de imunizações. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a proteína recombinante DII foi altamente imunogênica em camundongos BALB/c quando administrada na presença dos adjuvantes testados. Altos títulos de IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b foram observados na maioria dos grupos (com exceção do adjuvante Alum), sugerindo uma resposta mista Th1/Th2. Finalmente, demonstramos que anticorpos monoclonais e policlonais anti-DII reconheceram a proteína nativa expressa na superfície de merozoítas de P. vivax, por imunofluorescência. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram que a proteína recombinante o domínio II de PvAMA-1 (DII) foi imunogênico em camundongos BALB/c quando administrado na presença das diferentes formulações de adjuvantes testadas, sugerindo que esse antígeno possa ser utilizado como uma vacina de subunidade contra a malária vivax. / The Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) has been considered a malaria vaccine candidate against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium. Recently, we identified the domain II (DII) of Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1) as a region highly recognized by IgG antibodies from Brazilian individuals infected by P. vivax. In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic properties of a bacterial recombinant PvAMA-1 DII. Groups of 6 female BALB/c were immunized four times with 10 µg of recombinant protein in the presence of different adjuvant formulations [Complete/Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA/IFA), MPL-TDM, TiterMax, Aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Quil A, QS-21, CpG-ODN 1826] separately or in combination (Alum + QS-21 or Alum + CpG-ODN 1826). Our goal was to compare the antibody response (IgM, IgG and IgG subclass) induced by different protocols of immunization aiming at future pre-clinical studies in non-human primates. The IgG antibody titers against PvAMA-1 were determined by ELISA two weeks after each immunizing dose. The presence of IgM and IgG subclass were evaluated after the end of immunizations schedule. We found that the recombinant DII was highly immunogenic in BALB/c mice when administered in the presence of all adjuvant tested. High titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b were observed in all groups (except for Alum adjuvant), suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Finally, we demonstrated that monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against DII recognized the native protein expressed on the P. vivax merozoite surface parasites by immunofluorescence. Together, our data demonstrated that the recombinant PvAMA-1(DII) was immunogenic in mice when administered in different adjuvant formulations, suggesting that this protein can be used as part of a sub-unit vaccine against malaria vivax.

O avanço no desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra o Plasmodium vivax exige a identificação de antígenos capazes de induzir uma resposta imune protetora contra a malária. O presente estudo avalia o potencial da proteína-3 da superfície de merozoítos de P. vivax (PvMSP-3), como candidata a vacina. As proteínas recombinantes representando a região C-terminal da MSP-3α e diferentes regiões (N e C-terminal e proteína inteira) da MSP-3β de P. vivax foram utilizadas como antígeno. A imunogenicidade destas proteínas recombinantes foi avaliada em camundongos BALB/c, utilizando adjuvantes agonistas de TLR (flagelina FliC de Salmonella Typhimurium e CpG ODN) ou adjuvantes convencionais, tais como hidróxido de alumínio, saponinas, TiterMax Gold e adjuvante incompleto de Freund. Os títulos de anticorpos IgG foram determinados por ELISA utilizando soros de camundongos coletados duas semanas após cada dose de imunização. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a MSP-3α e a MSP-3β foram capazes de induzir altos títulos de anticorpos em camundongos na presença de diferentes adjuvantes, incluindo agonistas de TLR. Dentre as formulações testadas, aquelas contendo os adjuvantes CPG ODN 1826, Quil A, TiterMax e adjuvante incompleto de Freund foram mais imunogênicas e, portanto, mais promissoras para os ensaios pré-clínicos em primatas não-humanos. Usando camundongos TLR-4 KO, nós demonstramos que a proteína MSP-3β tem uma propriedade adjuvante intrínseca que é independente do TLR4 e que a contaminação por LPS na proteína purificada não desempenha qualquer papel no nosso sistema. / The advance in the development of a vaccine against Plasmodium vivax requires the identification of immunodominant antigens able to induce a protective immune response against malaria. The present study evaluates the potential of the Merozoite Surface Protein 3 of P. vivax (PvMSP-3) as vaccine candidate. Recombinant proteins representing the C-terminal region of MSP-3α and different regions of MSP-3β (N and C-terminal and full-length protein) of P. vivax were used as antigen. The immunogenicity of these recombinants was evaluated in BALB/c mice using as adjuvant TLR agonists (FliC flagellin of Salmonella Typhimurium and CpG motif-containing DNA) or conventional adjuvants such as Aluminum hidroxide, Saponins, TiterMax Gold and Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant. The IgG antibodies were determined by ELISA in sera from mice two weeks after each immunizing dose. Our results demonstrated that MSP-3α and MSP-3β were able to induce high antibody titres in mice in the presence of different adjuvants, including TLR agonists. Among the tested formulations, the adjuvants CPG ODN 1826, Quil A, TiterMax and Incomplete Freund\'s Adjuvant were more immunogenic, therefore more promising for pre-clinical trials in non-human primates. Using TLR-4 KO mice, we demonstrated that the MSP-3β protein has an intrinsic adjuvant property that is independent of TLR4 and that contaminating LPS in the purified protein did not play any role in our system.

A malária é um problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo. Em 2016, o número de casos estimado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde foi de 216 milhões. Plasmodium falciparum é a espécie mais prevalente e responsável pelo maior número de mortes no mundo, sobretudo no continente africano. Por outro lado, o Plasmodium vivax é conhecido por sua ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo a espécie que predomina nas Américas, incluindo o Brasil. Nos últimos 20 anos, nosso grupo tem gerado e caracterizado diversas proteínas recombinantes baseadas em antígenos imunodominantes de P. vivax que podem servir como base para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra malária. Entre os antígenos de merozoítas, uma das principais proteínas em estudo pelo nosso grupo é o Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical de P. vivax (PvAMA-1), caracterizado previamente como altamente imunogênico em infecções naturais e em camundongos imunizados, na presença de diferentes adjuvantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da diversidade antigênica dessa proteína no reconhecimento por anticorpos específicos e na indução de imunidade contra o parasita. Para isso, foram geradas seis novas proteínas representando diferentes alelos descritos na natureza: PvAMA-1-Belem, PvAMA-1-Sal-I, PvAMA-1-Chesson-I, PvAMA-1-SK0814-apical, PvAMA-1-Indonesia-XIX e PvAMA-1-PNG_62_MU. As proteínas recombinantes foram expressas em leveduras Pichia pastoris e purificadas em duas etapas cromatográficas. Em seguida, as imunizações em camundongos C57BL/6 foram realizadas com as proteínas administradas de forma isolada, ou em combinação, na presença do adjuvante agonista de TLR3 (Poly I:C). Por ELISA, observamos que todas as formulações foram capazes de induzir anticorpos IgG contra as proteínas homólogas e heterólogas, o que sugere que a diversidade antigênica entre as formas alélicas não compromete o reconhecimento. Os dados gerados no presente trabalho sugerem que uma formulação contendo mistura de diferentes alelos representando a proteína AMA-1 pode ser explorada para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina de ampla cobertura contra o P. vivax. / Malaria is a public health problem in Brazil and throughout the world. In 2016, the World Health Organization estimated there were 216 million cases of malaria. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species and is responsible for the largest number of deaths, especially in the African continent. However, Plasmodium vivax is known for its wide geographic distribution, being the species that prevails in the Americas, including Brazil. In the last 20 years, our group has generated and characterized several recombinant proteins based on immunodominant antigens of P. vivax that can serve as a basis for the development of a malaria vaccine. Among the merozoite antigens, one of the main proteins studied by our group is P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (PvAMA-1), previously characterized as highly immunogenic in natural infections and immunized mice, in the presence of different adjuvants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of antigenic diversity of this protein in the recognition of specific antibodies and the induction of immunity against the parasite. For this, six new proteins were generated representing different alleles described in nature: PvAMA-1-Belem, PvAMA-1-Sal-i, PvAMA-1-Chesson-i, PvAMA-1-SK0814-apical, PvAMA-1-Indonesia-XIX, and PvAMA-1-PNG_62_MU. Recombinant proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast and purified by two chromatographic stages. Then, C57BL/6 mice were immunized with these proteins administered in isolation or in combination, in the presence of the TLR3 agonist adjuvant, Poly I:C. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we observed that all formulations induced IgG antibodies against homologous and heterologous proteins. This indicates that antigenic diversity between allele forms does not compromise recognition. This finding suggests that a formulation containing a mixture of different alleles representing the PvAMA-1 protein can be exploited for developing of a wide coverage vaccine against P. vivax.

O Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical (AMA-1) tem sido sugerido como candidato a compor uma vacina contra estágios assexuados sanguíneos de Plasmodium. Recentemente nosso grupo identificou o domínio II (DII) de AMA-1 de Plasmodium vivax (PvAMA-1) como uma região altamente reconhecida por anticorpos IgG de indivíduos brasileiros infectados por P. vivax. No presente estudo avaliamos as propriedades imunogênicas da proteína recombinante DII, produzida a partir de Escherichia coli. Grupos de 6 camundongos fêmeas BALB/c foram imunizados quatro vezes com 10 µg dessa proteína na presença de diferentes formulações de adjuvantes [Adjuvante Completo/Incompleto de Freund (ACF/AIF), MPL-TDM, TiterMax, Hidróxido de Alumínio (Alum), Quil A, QS-21 e CpG-ODN 1826], individualmente, ou em combinação (Alum + QS-21 ou Alum + CpG-ODN 1826)). Nosso objetivo foi avaliar comparativamente a resposta de anticorpos (IgM, IgG e isotipos de IgG), induzida pelos diferentes esquemas de imunizações, visando futuros estudos pré-clínicos em primatas não humanos. Os títulos de anticorpos IgG contra (o ectodomínio) PvAMA-1 foram determinados por ELISA, duas semanas após cada imunização. A presença de IgM e dos isotipos de IgG também foi avaliada após o final do esquema de imunizações. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a proteína recombinante DII foi altamente imunogênica em camundongos BALB/c quando administrada na presença dos adjuvantes testados. Altos títulos de IgG1, IgG2a e IgG2b foram observados na maioria dos grupos (com exceção do adjuvante Alum), sugerindo uma resposta mista Th1/Th2. Finalmente, demonstramos que anticorpos monoclonais e policlonais anti-DII reconheceram a proteína nativa expressa na superfície de merozoítas de P. vivax, por imunofluorescência. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram que a proteína recombinante o domínio II de PvAMA-1 (DII) foi imunogênico em camundongos BALB/c quando administrado na presença das diferentes formulações de adjuvantes testadas, sugerindo que esse antígeno possa ser utilizado como uma vacina de subunidade contra a malária vivax. / The Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1) has been considered a malaria vaccine candidate against asexual blood stages of Plasmodium. Recently, we identified the domain II (DII) of Plasmodium vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1) as a region highly recognized by IgG antibodies from Brazilian individuals infected by P. vivax. In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenic properties of a bacterial recombinant PvAMA-1 DII. Groups of 6 female BALB/c were immunized four times with 10 µg of recombinant protein in the presence of different adjuvant formulations [Complete/Incomplete Freunds Adjuvant (CFA/IFA), MPL-TDM, TiterMax, Aluminum hydroxide (Alum), Quil A, QS-21, CpG-ODN 1826] separately or in combination (Alum + QS-21 or Alum + CpG-ODN 1826). Our goal was to compare the antibody response (IgM, IgG and IgG subclass) induced by different protocols of immunization aiming at future pre-clinical studies in non-human primates. The IgG antibody titers against PvAMA-1 were determined by ELISA two weeks after each immunizing dose. The presence of IgM and IgG subclass were evaluated after the end of immunizations schedule. We found that the recombinant DII was highly immunogenic in BALB/c mice when administered in the presence of all adjuvant tested. High titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b were observed in all groups (except for Alum adjuvant), suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Finally, we demonstrated that monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against DII recognized the native protein expressed on the P. vivax merozoite surface parasites by immunofluorescence. Together, our data demonstrated that the recombinant PvAMA-1(DII) was immunogenic in mice when administered in different adjuvant formulations, suggesting that this protein can be used as part of a sub-unit vaccine against malaria vivax.

A malária é uma das prioridades da pesquisa mundial na área de desenvolvimento de vacinas. Apesar da contínua e crescente atividade de pesquisa nessa área, ainda não existe uma vacina capaz de impedir a infecção pelo Plasmodium spp. Devido ao complexo ciclo de vida deste agente, uma formulação vacinal eficaz para a indução de uma resposta imune protetora deverá conter uma combinação de regiões imunodominantes de antígenos do parasita. Portanto, este trabalho visou caracterizar a resposta imune humoral induzida pela imunização experimental de camundongos com o Antígeno 1 de Membrana Apical (AMA-1), região C-terminal da Proteína 1 da Superfície do Merozoíto e a Proteína 3β da Superfície do Merozoíto de P. vivax, administradas isoladamente ou em combinação. As proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade e por cromatografia de troca iônica, posteriormente foram analisadas por RP-HPLC confirmando o elevado nível de pureza das amostras. A imunogenicidade dessas formulações foi avaliada em duas linhagens de camundongos BALB/c e C57BL/6, e na presença de dois adjuvantes Quil A e Poly I:C. Os títulos de anticorpos IgG foram determinados por ELISA. Os camundongos C57BL/6 imunizados com a combinação dos antígenos, emulsificados em Quil A ou Poly I:C apresentaram altos títulos de anticorpos (log10>4), assim como os camundongos imunizados com os antígenos administrados individualmente. Em contraste, os camundongos BALB/c imunizados com a combinação dos antígenos apresentaram títulos de anticorpos mais baixos contra a proteína MSP119 ou contra as proteínas MSP119 e AMA-1 quando administradas na presença dos adjuvantes Quil A e Poly I:C, respectivamente. Interessantemente, observamos um aumento significativo nos títulos de anticorpos dos camundongos C57BL/6 imunizados com a combinação dos antígenos emulsificados em Poly I:C contra a proteína MSP3β. A razão entre as subclasses de IgG mostraram um perfil de reposta mista Th1/Th2, em todos os grupos testados. Os anticorpos específicos mantiveram-se elevados por 6 meses após a última imunização, mostrando que a resposta imune induzida pelas imunizações experimentais foi duradoura. Nossos dados, em conjunto, demonstram que a combinação de antígenos pode ser uma estratégia promissora de vacinação contra a malária. / Malaria is one of the priorities of global research in the area of vaccine development. In spite of the continuing and growing research activity in this area, there is still no vaccine to prevent infection by Plasmodium spp. Due to the complex life cycle of this agent, an effective vaccine formulation to elicit protective immune responses should contain a combination of immunodominant regions of parasite antigens. Therefore, this study aimed at characterizing the humoral immune response induced by experimental immunization of mice with Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1), C-terminal region of the Merozoite Surface Protein 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 3β of P. vivax, provided either alone or as a combination. The recombinant proteins were purified by affinity and ion exchange chromatography, subsequently were analyzed by RP-HPLC to confirm the high purity of the samples. The immunogenicity of these formulations was evaluated in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, administered in the presence of two different adjuvants, Quil A or Poly I:C. The humoral immune response was measured by IgG antibody titers using ELISA. C57BL/6 mice immunized with the recombinant antigen combination in the presence of Quil A or Poly I:C adjuvants showed high antibody titers (log10>4) similar to mice inject with a single antigen alone. In contrast, BALB/c mice immunized with the recombinant antigen combination had lower antibody titers to MSP119 or to MSP119 and AMA-1 when administered in the presence of Quil A or Poly I:C adjuvants, respectively. Interestingly, we observed a significant increased in the antibody titers of the C57BL/6 mice receiving the combination of antigens against MSP3β protein in Poly I:C. The ratio between the IgG subclasses profile showed a mixed Th1/Th2 response in all groups tested. Specific antibodies were still high six months after the last immunizing dose indicating a long lived immune response. Together, our data show that the combination of antigens may be an effective strategy for immunization against malaria.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao_ivania_deliberalli.pdf: 709384 bytes, checksum: faef8c8ebde38dfcf18e902b5a0410ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A leptospirose é uma doença causada por espiroquetas do gênero Leptospira. É uma zoonose de ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo um problema de saúde pública e veterinária, principalmente em países subdesenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento de clima tropical e subtropical. Em medicina veterinária, a leptospirose é uma doença importante tanto para a clínica quanto para a produção, devido ao risco à saúde pública, perdas reprodutivas e óbitos. A vacinação animal é realizada como medida de prevenção da enfermidade, entretanto, a proteção conferida pelas vacinas comerciais é limitada e não evita a condição de portador. Os antígenos protéicos da membrana externa parecem ser a melhor alternativa para substituir as vacinas atualmente disponíveis, porém, após diversos estudos, nenhum apresentou resultados satisfatórios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar antígenos recombinantes e preparações vacinais, capazes de conferir proteção de amplo espectro, em hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Neste estudo, quatro novas proteínas recombinantes de Leptospira spp foram obtidas e testadas no modelo de leptospirose aguda em hamster para avaliar vacinas experimentais. A análise in silico do genoma de L. interrogans sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagie sorovar Copenhageni cepa FIOCRUZ L1-130 foi realizada para identificar genes alvo potenciais para o desenvolvimento de vacinas de subunidade. Quatro genes foram selecionados para expressão de proteínas recombinantes em sistema de expressão heteróloga em Escherichia coli: lic10260, lic10365, lic11207 e lic11360, que codificam para prováveis lipoproteína de membrana externa. Os genes foram amplificados a partir do DNA genômico de L. borgpeterseni sorogrupo Ballum cepa 4E. Os procedimentos de clonagem resultaram nos vetores recombinantes pAE/lic10260, pAE/lic10365, pAE/lic11207 e pAE/lic11360. As proteínas recombinantes foram eficientemente expressas nesse sistema de expressão e posteriormente, utilizadas na imunização de hamsters que foram subsequentemente desafiados com dose letal de L. borgpeterseni sorovar Ballum 4E. A resposta imune humoral induzida pelas proteínas foi avaliada por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e verificou-se que, pelo menos uma das formulações vacinais para cada proteína produziu resposta humoral significativa estatisticamente (p < 0,05). As proteínas rLIC10260, rLIC10365, rLIC11207 e rLIC11360 mostraram-se imunogênicas, tornando promissora sua utilização como vacinas contra leptospirose. / Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by spirochetes from genus Leptospira. The disease is considered a problem in both public health and veterinary areas, affecting mainly tropical and subtropical developing countries. In veterinarian medicine, leptospirosis is an important disease for both clinic and production sectors due to the public health risks, reproductive failures and death, culminating in considerable economic losses for the area. Animal vaccination is taken as a prevention measure, however the acquired protection by the vaccines is, in most cases, weak and allows the spreading of the disease. The outer membrane antigens seems to be the best alternative to substitute the currently available vaccines, however, after several studies, none of them presented satisfactory results. The aim of the present work was the production and evaluation of four recombinant antigens in order to elicit broad spectrum protection in hamster, the susceptible experimental model (Mesocricetus auratus). An in silico analysis in L. interrogans serogroup icterohaemorrhagie serovar Copenhageni strain FIOCRUZ L1-130 was run in order to identify potential genes for subunit vaccine development. Four genes were selected, amplified, cloned into vectors and expressed in Escherichia coli: lic10260, lic10365, lic11207, lic11360. These gene products are potential outer membrane lipoproteins and were amplified from L. borgpeterseni serugroup Ballum strain 4E. The cloning procedures resulted in the recombinant vectors pAE/LIC10260, pAE/LIC10365, pAE/LIC11207 and pAE/LIC11360 and its purified products were inoculated in hamsters and their humoral response was evaluated per Enzyme-linked Immunossorbent Assay (ELISA). It was possible to verify that at least one of the vaccinal preparations for each protein was able to induce statistically significant humoral response (p < 0.05). The four obtained proteins showed immunogenic response, making them promising recombinant antigens for use against leptospirosis.

abstract: Teleosts have the most primitive adaptive immune system. However, in terms of functionality the teleost immune system is similar to birds and mammals. On the other hand, enteric bacterial pathogens of mammals and birds present conserved regulatory mechanisms that control virulence factors. In this context, deletion of conserved genes that control virulence factors have been successfully used as measure to construct live attenuated bacterial vaccines for mammals and birds. Here, I hypothesize that evolutionary conserved genes, which control virulence factors or are essential for bacterial physiology in Enterobacteriaceae, could be used as universal tools to design live attenuated recombinant bacterial vaccines from fish to mammals. The evolutionary conserved genes that control virulence factors, crp and fur, and the essential gene for the synthesis of the cell wall, asd, were studied in Edwardsiella ictaluri to develop a live recombinant vaccine for fish host. The genus Edwardsiella is one of the most ancient represent of the Enterobacteriaceae family. E. ictaluri, a host restricted pathogen of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), is the causative agent of the enteric septicemia and one of the most important pathogens of this fish aquaculture. Although, crp and fur control different virulence factors in Edwardsiella, in comparison to other enterics, individual deletion of these genes triggered protective immune response at the systemic and mucosal level of the fish. Deletion of asdA gene allowed the creation of a balanced-lethal system to syntheses heterologous antigens. I concluded that crp, fur and asd could be universally used to develop live attenuate recombinant Enterobacteriaceae base vaccines for different hosts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Microbiology 2012

abstract: Vaccines against the arthropod-borne dengue virus (DENV) are still commercially nonexistent. A subunit immunization strategy may be of value, especially if a safe viral vector acts as a biologically active adjuvant. The DENV envelope protein (E), the main target for neutralizing immune responses, has three conformational domains. The immunoglobulin-like and independently folding domain III (DIII) contains epitopes that elicit highly specific neutralizing antibodies. The hepatitis B small surface antigen (HBsAg, S) was used as a scaffold to display DENV 2 DIII on a virus-like particle (VLP). A measles virus (MV) was engineered to vector HBsAg and the hybrid glycoprotein DIII-HBsAg in two different loci (DIII-S). Despite the relatively deleterious effect on replication caused by the insertion of two transcription cassettes, the recombinant virus MVvac2(DIII-S,S)P induced the secretion of DIII-S hybrid VLP with a similar sucrose density as HBsAg particles (1.10-1.12g/ml) and peaked at 48 h post-infection producing 1.3x106 TCID50/ml infectious MV units in vitro. A second recombinant virus, MVvac2(DIII-S)N, was engineered to vector only the hybrid DIII-S. However, it did not induce the secretion of hybrid HBsAg particles in the supernatant of infected cells. The immunogenicity of the recombinant viruses was tested in a MV-susceptible small animal model, the experimental group which received two 105 TCID50 I.P. doses of MVvac2(DIII-S,S)P in a 28 day interval developed a robust immune response against MV (1:1280), HBsAg (787 mIU/ml) and DENV2 (Log10 neutralization index of 1.2) on average. In summary, it is possible to display DENV E DIII on hybrid HBsAg particles vectored by MV that elicit an immune response. This forms the basis for a potential vaccine platform against DENV. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biology 2015