This work aimed to study the incorporation of ceramic residues of tiles crushed in the soilcement mixture in the manufacture of hollow blocks, justified by the amount of these wastes generated by the ceramic tile industry, with potential for recycling. This study aimed to determine a molding energy in laboratory compatible with that of the hydraulic presses of the factory. The DNER-ME 258:1994 test method compacted soils miniature equipment Mini-MCV were used , observing that it is possible to mold bodies of proof in laboratory with ASDM apparent specific dry mass compatible with that of the hollow blocks produced in the factory. Four lots of soil-cement hollow blocks were produced, whose tests allowed to choose the most appropriate mixture, the desired value of ASDM and the number of compatible blows. The ASDM of soil-cement bodies and the blocks were compared, and there was compatibility of values. To study mixtures with the RTA Recycled Tile Aggregate the optimization methodology of the volumes of materials was used in order to fill the gaps in the aggregate with compacted soil-cement. Starting from the gap indices of the aggregate containing cement and the pure aggregate the work began with two soil-cement aggregate mixtures. By projection, other mixtures resulted from these, which, after tests, allowed to select the most adequate. Using this one, hollow blocks were manufactured, whose test results met the standard with regard to strength, but not to water absorption. To reduce the absorption, a waterproofing additive, a stabilizer and an Aloe Vera extract were inserted in the mixture, whose bodies of proof tests registered values within the normative limits in 2 cases. Hollow blocks using the most favorable mix amount were produced, whose tests attended the strength requirements, but not the absorption ones. The results obtained indicate the feasibility of the methods, and that RTA can be used for manufacturing hollow blocks, although this depends on the pressing capability of the factory. / Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a incorporação de resíduos de telhas cerâmicas britados na mistura solo cimento, para fabricação de blocos vazados, justificada pela quantidade desses resíduos gerados pelas indústrias de telhas cerâmicas, com potencial para reciclagem. Neste estudo procurou-se estabelecer uma energia de moldagem em laboratório compatível com a das prensas hidráulicas da fábrica. Utilizou-se o método de ensaio DNER-ME 258:1994 Solos compactados em equipamento miniatura Mini-MCV, observando-se que é possível moldar em laboratório corpos de prova com MEAS - massa específica aparente seca compatível com a dos blocos vazados produzidos na fábrica. Produziu-se 4 lotes de blocos vazados de solo cimento, cujos ensaios permitiram escolher a mistura mais adequada, o valor desejado da MEAS e o número de golpes compatível. Comparou-se as MEAS dos corpos de prova e dos blocos de solo cimento, houve compatibilidade de valores. Para o estudo das misturas com o ART - agregado reciclado de telha utilizou-se a metodologia de otimização dos volumes dos materiais, de forma a preencher os vazios do agregado com solo cimento compactado. A partir dos índices de vazios do agregado com cimento e do agregado puro iniciou-se o trabalho com duas misturas solo cimento agregado. Destas, por projeção resultaram outras misturas, que após ensaios permitiu selecionar a mais adequada. Com esta, fabricou-se blocos vazados cujos resultados dos ensaios atenderam a norma quanto à resistência, mas não quanto à absorção de água. Para reduzir a absorção, inseriu-se na mistura, aditivo impermeabilizante, estabilizante e extrato de Aloe vera, cujos ensaios dos corpos de prova acusaram valores dentro dos limites normativos para 2 casos. Produziu-se blocos vazados com a dosagem mais favorável, que ensaiados, atenderam aos requisitos de resistência, mas não de absorção. Os resultados obtidos indicam a viabilidade dos métodos e que o ART pode ser utilizado na fabricação de blocos vazados, mas depende da capacidade de prensagem da fábrica. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

O presente trabalho avaliou a viabilidade do uso de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) provenientes da geração de dois traços de concretos distintos. Um Concreto Convencional-CC (traço em massa:1:2,94:3,56; a/c:0,61) utilizando cimento CP IV 32 e outro concreto de Alta Resistência-CAR (traço em massa:1:1,11:2; a/c: 0,22; com adição, aditivo e pó xadrez vermelho) utilizando cimento CP V-ARI. Após 28 dias de cura, 3 corpos de prova de cada traço foram submetidos ao ensaio de resistência a compressão axial apresentando em média para CC 21,02 MPa e para CAR 95,09 MPa. Os materiais de ambos os traços foram cominuídos através de um britador de mandíbula ajustado para granulometria menor que 19,1 mm e retido em 4,75 mm. Com isso, foram realizados ensaios de granulometria de cada traço, e misturados em volumes iguais para o beneficiamento do material. Os primeiros ensaios foram realizados no jigue a ar, porém os resultados apresentados foram insatisfatórios. Para o jigue à água ocorreu uma separação visível de 3 estágios (Topo, Meio e Fundo) Utilizando somente as camadas de topo e fundo, os agregados reciclados de concreto (ARC) foram utilizados para confecção de novos concretos. Os resultados apontaram que a aplicação do jigue à água possibilitou um beneficiamento do material para uso como agregado graúdo. Os ensaios de resistência à compressão, os concretos produzidos com a camada de fundo do agregado reciclado superaram os produzidos com agregado natural. Nos ensaios de módulo de elasticidade, os concretos com o agregado natural exibiram resultados melhores do que os reciclados do topo, porém para os concretos produzidos com os agregados do fundo, os módulos se igualaram aos dos concretos com agregado natural. No ensaio de absorção, o concreto reciclado mostrou uma absorção maior que o concreto natural. Para a carbonatação os concretos com agregados reciclados tiveram melhores resultados. As avaliações dos efeitos foram concludentes para o uso do jigue no beneficiamento do agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC). / The present work evaluates the feasibility of using Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) generated by two different concrete mixes, one being aconventional concrete-CC (mix:mass: 1:2, 94:3, 56, w/c: 0,61) using CP IV 32, and another being a high strength concrete - CAR (mix:mass: 1:1, 11:2, w/c: 0.22), with the addition of additive and red pigment) using cement CP V-ARI. After 28 days of curing, three test specimens of each concrete were submitted to the resistance test, presenting 21.02 MPa on average for CC and 95.09 Mpa for CAR. The materials of both mixes were comminuted by jaw crusher, and sieved to a particle size range of -19.1 mm + 4.75 mm. With this, granulometry, tests of each concrete were performed and the concretes were mixed in equal volumes for the application of the material processing. The first tests were performed by air jig, but the results were found to be unsatisfactory A visible separation of 3 stages (Top, Middle and Bottom) was achieved by use of water jig. Using only the top and bottom layers, Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) was added for the creation of new concrete. The results indicate that the application of the water jig made it possible to improve the material for use as a large aggregate. For the compressive strength tests, the concretes produced with the bottom layer of the recycled aggregate surpassed those produced with natural aggregate. In the modulus of elasticity tests, concretes with the natural aggregate presented better results than those recycled from the top. For the concretes produced with the bottom aggregates, the modules matched that of the concrete with natural aggregate. In the absorption test the recycled concrete showed a higher absorption than the natural concrete. For carbonation the recycled had better results. An evaluation of the results concludes in favor of the use of water jig for the recycling of concrete aggregates (RCA).

Neste trabalho, compósitos de PET sob a forma de flake e pós-condensado foram preparados com teores diferenciados de fibra de vidro (0, 20, 30 e 40%). Dois tipos de fibra foram utilizados: uma fibra com tratamento superficial a base de amino-silano e outra com tratamento a base de epóxi-silano. Os compósitos foram extrusados em extrusora mono-rosca, utilizando uma rosca de filete duplo com barreira, e em extrusora dupla-rosca interpenetrante co-rotacional. Após extrusão, os compósitos foram injetados a 120 ºC que, após várias temperaturas testadas, foi a temperatura que conferiu maior grau de cristalinidade do artefato final (acima de 30%). Os compósitos foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e morfológicas. Os resultados mostraram que com a utilização de uma mono-rosca apropriada ao processamento de PET com fibra de vidro foi possível produzir compósitos com boas propriedades, comparáveis aos obtidos em extrusora dupla-rosca. Em relação aos tipos de PET utilizados, verificou-se que a massa molar da matriz polimérica, maior para o PET pós-condensado, teve uma pequena influência no desempenho das propriedades analisadas. Porém foi observado que os resultados foram indiferentes ao tratamento superficial das fibras testadas. Através da determinação do comprimento das fibras por análise óptica, e dos resultados experimentais do módulo de tração dos compósitos, pode-se constatar que nos compósitos injetados as fibras estão orientadas no sentido longitudinal à deformação. Com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura verificou-se que há sempre uma melhor distribuição e dispersão das fibras, com menores vazios à medida que aumenta o teor de fibras, corroborando os resultados mecânicos, sempre crescentes com o teor incorporado. A cristalinidade obtida nos corpos de prova moldados por injeção com o molde a uma temperatura de 120 ºC, aliada à presença da fibra de vidro, leva a um aumento na temperatura de distorção térmica (HDT). As análises de raios-X mostraram que com o aumento da quantidade da fibra, os picos cristalinos característicos do PET perdem definição, o que está associado à característica amorfa da fibra. / In this work, flake and post-condensed PET composites of different glass fiber contents (0, 20, 30 and 40%) were prepared. Tow kinds of fibers were employed: one fiber having an amino silane-based surface treatment and another one having an epoxi silane-based surface treatment. The composites were extruded in a single-screw extruder with a barrier double-flight screw, and in a co-rotating interpenetrating twin-screw extruder. After extrusion the composites were injected at 120°C, this temperature being chosen after several tests indicating that it could promote the highest possible degree of crystallinity of the final product (higher than 30%). The composites were characterized as for mechanical, thermal and morphological features. Data indicate that by using a single-screw extruder proper to the processing of PET and fiber glass the properties of the obtained composites are fairly good, being comparable to those obtained from a twin-screw extruder. As for the types of PET utilized, it could be found that the molar mass of the polymeric matrix, larger for the post-condensed PET had some influence on the performance of the tested properties. On the other hand it could be observed that the surface treatment of the fibers does not influence the obtained data. Based on the optical analysis of the fiber length and the elastic modulus data it is possible to determine that the fibers of the injected composites are oriented longitudinally to the strain direction. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), improvements in the distribution and dispersion of the fibers were always observed, with smaller voids as the fiber content increases, backing higher mechanical data as the incorporated fiber content is increased. Crystallinity resulting from injection-molded test specimens processed at 120°C, together with the presence of the glass fiber leads to a synergism in the heat distortion temperature (HDT). X-rays analyses indicate that at higher fiber content the composites show lower definition of the crystalline peaks, this being associated to the amorphous feature of the fiber.

A exploração dos recursos naturais e a degradação do meio ambiente têm sido fonte de preocupação no âmbito mundial. A busca por soluções alternativas que não causem ou que diminuam os impactos ambientais tornou-se comum na sociedade. Nesse contexto, a pavimentação vem contribuindo significativamente com soluções alternativas para destinação final de diversos tipos de resíduos, principalmente os oriundos da indústria da construção civil que sempre foi uma das maiores geradoras. Os resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) podem ser transformados em agregados reciclados de ótima qualidade e podem ser aplicados em diversos serviços de engenharia. Os agregados reciclados, segundo a NBR 15116 (ABNT, 2004), são separados em misto e de concreto (ARC). No Brasil existem poucas pesquisas com o ARC, no entanto, as que existem e as pesquisas internacionais relatam que uma característica marcante do ARC é a cimentação própria. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar o comportamento mecânico, ao longo do tempo de cura, do agregado reciclado de concreto proveniente da Usina de Reciclagem de São Carlos e de sua mistura com um solo laterítico, a fim de utilizá-los na construção de pavimentos. O estudo envolveu a análise dos resultados de resistência à compressão simples, módulo tangente, módulo de resiliência, deformação permanente e índice de suporte Califórnia (CBR) de corpos-de-prova de ARC e da sua mistura com solo laterítico, moldados em diferentes energias de compactação e ensaiados com tempos de cura variados. Ao final, concluiu-se que o agregado reciclado de concreto (ARC) é uma alternativa para construção de bases de pavimentos, podendo também substituir o agregado natural da mistura solo arenoso laterítico - brita descontínua, muito utilizada nas rodovias do interior de São Paulo. / Natural resources exploitation and the environmental degradation are a worldly problem nowadays. Searching for alternative solutions is something usual in most countries. Pavement systems are now contributing significantly with these alternative solutions by using the waste of construction demolition. This specific kind of waste can turn into mixed recycled aggregate or recycled concrete aggregate. There are just few researches in Brazil about the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), however international researches have shown that this aggregate has a very characteristic and positive mark: self cementation. This research has got the objective of studying the mechanic behavior of the recycled concrete aggregate and its mix with lateritic soil on the construction of base pavements with different analytic basis. The study involved the analysis of the laboratorial tests results of the unconfined compressive strength, tangent modulus, resilient modulus, permanent deformation and California Bearing Ration (CBR) of RCA specimens and its mix with lateritic soil, molded in different compaction energy and tested in different curing times. In conclusion, this kind of recycled aggregate has proved to be a sustainable alternative for the natural aggregate in the construction of many roads in small cities of the State of São Paulo - Brazil.

A cadeia da construção civil é uma grande causadora de impactos ambientais, pois além do alto consumo de recursos naturais gera também grandes quantidades de resíduos. Isto traz elevados custos à sociedade pela necessidade de remoção e destinação dos resíduos, normalmente depositados em aterros. A reciclagem tem sido uma alternativa para redução do volume de resíduos finais. Estudos utilizando agregados reciclados de Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) para a produção de concreto têm sido realizados por vários pesquisadores indicando viabilidade técnica da sua aplicação. No entanto, há dúvidas que dificultam a implementação do uso de resíduos reciclados dada a grande variabilidade das suas propriedades devido à variação de sua constituição que é muito influenciada pela origem dos mesmos. Assim, alguns tratamentos são propostos com a intenção de otimizar o desempenho do concreto produzido com estes agregados reciclados. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a influência dessas variabilidades dos agregados de RCD reciclados nas propriedades do concreto estrutural. Esses agregados foram provenientes das cidades de Macaé e São Paulo, ambos submetidos aos mesmos tipos de tratamento: (a) britagem e (b) britagem e separação densitária (jigue), atendendo a mesma faixa granulométrica de -19+4,8 mm. No programa experimental, foi utilizada a metodologia de dosagem convencional para a avaliação do comportamento mecânico do concreto reciclado. Neste estudo, os agregados foram utilizados sem pré-saturação, o que possibilitou o preenchimento de parte dos poros dos agregados pela pasta de cimento. Tal procedimento contribuiu para uma menor diferença relativa de desempenho do concreto convencional em relação ao produzido com agregados reciclados, principalmente para os concretos com maior relação água/cimento. Foram analisados os resultados de resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral, módulo de elasticidade, absorção de água, índice Binder Intensity e ensaio de ultra-som. Comprovou-se que a porosidade dos agregados é o fator principal de influência no comportamento do concreto. Já a origem dos agregados foi um fator secundário dado que os mesmos apresentavam diferentes porosidades em função da cidade onde foram obtidos. A separação densitária possibilitou a aproximação do comportamento dos agregados de diferentes origens por aproximar a porosidade dos mesmos. / The civil construction industry is a great producer of environment impacts. It also generates great amounts of residues, further the high consumption of natural resources. This fact brings high costs to society due to the need of residues removing and disposal, which typically occurs in landfills. Recycling has been an alternative to reduce the volume of residues. Studies using recycled aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) to produce concrete have been carried out by several researchers, indicating that is technically feasible in terms of application. However, there are questions that turns difficult the implementation of the use of recycled residues, due to the great variability of their properties as a result of the variation of their constitution, which is strongly influenced by their origin. Thus, a few treatments are proposed, aiming at optimizing the performance of these recycled aggregates to produce concrete. The present work aims at assessing the influence of the recycled CDW aggregates on the properties of structural concrete. These aggregates originated from the cities of Macaé and São Paulo, and both were submitted to the same type of treatment: (a) crushing and (b) crushing and density separation (jig), complying with the same granulometric range of -19+4.8 mm. The conventional mix design methodology was used in the experimental program to assess the concrete behavior and the influence of the recycled material. The aggregates were used in this study without being pre-saturated, which allowed filling up part the pores of the aggregates with cement paste. Such procedure contributed for a smaller relative difference on the performance of the conventional concrete and that one produced with recycled aggregates, especially the concrete with a higher water/cement ratio. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, elastic modulus, water absorption, Binder Intensity index and measuring of ultrasonic testing were analyzed. The porosity of the aggregate was proved to be a prevalent factor influencing the behavior of the concrete. The origin of the aggregates was a secondary factor because they had different porosities according to the city where they were obtained. The density separation allowed the reduction of the difference in behavior between the concretes produced with aggregates from different origins by approaching their porosity.

Convaincu de l’intérêt et du potentiel des matériaux naturels et des déchets industriels, cette thèse a contribué à la mise au point de matériaux de stockage de la chaleur (TESM) pour les CSP en Afrique de l’Ouest. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail de recherche a porté sur la valorisation de la latérite du Burkina Faso, des cendres de foyer des centrales à charbon de la société SONICHAR au Niger, des résidus en carbonate de calcium (chaux) de l’industrie de production de l’acétylène au Burkina Faso et l’huile végétale de Jatropha curcas de la société Belwet au Burkina Faso. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de montrer que l’huile de Jatropha curcas peut être considérée comme une alternative viable aux fluides de transfert et aux TESM conventionnels pour les CSP fonctionnant à 210 °C. Les matériaux élaborés à partir des cendres de foyer et de la latérite présentent un caractère réfractaire en raison de la présence de mullite et de spinelle. L’ajout de chaux permet de réduire le point de fusion tout en préservant le caractère réfractaire et conducteur des phases obtenues. En raison de leurs stabilités, et l’absence de conflit d'utilisation, les matériaux obtenus peuvent être utilisés comme TESM dans CSP à des températures allant jusqu’à 900 °C. / Convinced of the interest and potential of natural materials and industrial waste, this thesis has contributed to the development of heat storage materials (TESM) for CSPs in West Africa. More specifically, this research focused on the valorization of laterite from Burkina Faso, the bottom ashes from the coal-fired power plants of SONICHAR in Niger, residues of calcium carbonate (lime) from the acetylene in Burkina Faso and the vegetable oil of Jatropha curcas from the company Belwet in Burkina Faso. The results of this study showed that Jatropha curcas oil can be considered as a viable alternative to conventional HTF and TESM for CSP operating at 210 °C. The materials elaborated from bottom ashes and laterites present a refractory character due to the presence of mullite and spinel. The addition of lime makes it possible to reduce the melting temperature while preserving the refractory and conductive character of the obtained phases. Due to their stabilities, and the absence of conflict of use, the obtained materials can be used as TESM in CSP at temperatures up to 900 °C.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la valorisation de granulats recyclés dans la fabrication de nouveaux liants hydrauliques. Il s’inscrit dans une problématique actuelle de gestion des déchets du BTP, de sauvegarde des ressources naturelles et de réduction des gaz à effets de serre liés à la production de matériaux cimentaires. En quelques chiffres, sur les 260 millions de tonnes de déchets inertes produits annuellement par le secteur du BTP en France, 90 millions sont encore déposés en installations de stockage. C’est ce gisement qu’il convient de réduire pour accentuer la fabrication de granulats recyclés estimée aujourd’hui à 15 millions de tonnes/an. Dans cette perspective, ce travail de recherche a pour double objectif de valoriser des granulats recyclés sous forme de fines (Dmax < 80 µm) comme addition minérale en substitution du ciment pour les mortiers et bétons ou bien comme constituant principal de Liants Hydrauliques Routiers (LHR) pour le traitement des sols en place. Deux matériaux source sont utilisés, à savoir : un béton aux propriétés connues et maitrisées et un granulat issu d’une plateforme de recyclage représentatif d’une filière de production. De ces deux matériaux, des fines sont fabriquées par un protocole couplé de concassage et criblage avec ou sans traitement thermique à haute température puis caractérisées (caractérisation physico-chimique, minéralogique et réactivité hydraulique résiduelle) en vue d’établir une cartographie complète de leur potentiel de valorisation en fonction de leur origine. Le premier objectif intitulé « fabrication d’une addition minérale à base de fines » traite de l’effet de cette addition sur le comportement rhéologique, mécanique et sur les propriétés de durabilité de mortiers. Malgré un verrou normatif lié à l’utilisation de matières non référencées dans les normes des matériaux cimentaires, les résultats de ce travail démontrent la faisabilité d’introduire des fines en substitut d’additions classiques tel que le filler calcaire dans des proportions largement supérieures à celles imposées. Le second objectif intitulé « fabrication de liants hydrauliques routiers à base de fines » traite de la conception de LHR à base de fines pour le traitement des sols en place. C’est à partir d’un sol témoin reconstitué en laboratoire que deux familles de LHR à base de fines traitées et non traitées sont conçues, testées et comparées à des liants hydrauliques routiers commercialisés et enfin optimisées. / This thesis work focuses on the valorization of recycled aggregates as main component for hydraulic binders. This is included in a current issue of waste management, protection of natural resources and environment, reduction of greenhouse gases emissions in cement production. In France, on 260 millions tons of inert wastes produced per year, 90 millions tons are still stored in non-hazardous landfill. This waste deposit has to be reduced to increase the production of recycled aggregates currently estimated at 15 million tons per year. In view of this, this research is aimed to enhance the valorization of recycled aggregates into powder form (Dmax < 80 microns) as a mineral addition in substitution of cement for mortar and concrete or as main constituent of Hydraulic Road Binders (HRB). Two sources of materials are used : a five years old concrete and a recycled aggregates come from a recycling plant. Powders are prepared by crushing and sieving with or without high-temperature heat treatment and characterized (physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations : residual hydraulic reactivity) to evaluate their potential valorization based on their origin.The first objective, entitled “Conception of mineral addition using powder of recycled aggregates”, deals with of the influence of this new materials on rheological, mechanical and durability properties of mortars. The results of this study allow us to evaluate the benefits of incorporating powder obtained by crushing/sieving of recycled aggregates as cement or limestone substitute used in the composition of a mortar. The second objective, entitled "conception of the Hydraulic Road Binders using powders of recycled aggregates", deals with the design of HRB by a comparative approach with HRB manufactured. The characteristics of binders are tested on mortars and on samples of treated soil and the results show that it's possible to produce an HRB rich in powders of recycled aggregates with or without cement which can efficiently stabilize clayey soils.

Abstract The main aim of the European Union’s waste legislation and the corresponding Finnish waste legislation is to reduce the production of waste. Further, the aims of the European Union’s growth strategy are to reduce the production of greenhouse gases, increase the use of renewable energy, and improve energy efficiency. According to the renewed Waste Tax Act, a waste tax has to be paid on all fly ashes that are deposited in landfills in Finland. A large amount of wood- and peat-based fly ashes are formed annually in Finland, and the amount is likely to increase in the future due to the increasing use of renewable energy. Previously, these ashes have mainly been deposited in industrial landfills, but the need to utilize the fly ashes has increased recently due to changes in waste legislation. In this thesis, several issues related to the utilization of wood- and peat-based fly ash were studied, with the general objective of improving the utilization potential of such ashes. As the first stage of this research, the suitability of willow ash for use as a fertilizer was studied. Willow ash would be well suited for use as a fertilizer due to its very high nutrient content. However, cadmium, a heavy metal, was found to be enriched in the ashes of the studied willow species. Due to this, special attention should be paid when choosing willow species for energy production. In the second stage of the research, the possibility of improving the strength development of wood- and peat-based fly ashes, as well as the possibility of stabilizing fly ash containing high amounts of heavy metals via the addition of cement and/or alkali activation, was investigated. Strength development was found to be dependent on the amount of reactive calcium and the ratio between that amount of reactive calcium and the sum of the reactive silicon, aluminum, and sulfur (Ca/(Si + Al + S)). The studied methods performed well in terms of stabilizing barium, copper, lead, and zinc. During the next stage, the effect of different chemical digestion methods, which are regulated by the Finnish waste legislation, on the utilization potential of fly ash was studied. The digestion method had a significant impact on the results of the potassium content analysis, which could affect the possibility of using fly ash as a fertilizer. As the final stage of the research, the co-granulation of ash with sewage sludge and lime was studied. From a technical point of view, the co-granulation was successful, although the compressive strength of the granules was low. Additionally, an insufficient nitrogen content was achieved with a sludge addition of 20-40 weight%. / Tiivistelmä Euroopan unionin jätelainsäädännön ja sitä vastaavan suomalaisen lainsäädännön tavoitteena on ehkäistä jätteiden muodostumista. Euroopan Unionin kasvustrategian tavoitteena on vähentää kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä, lisätä uusiutuvan energian käyttöä ja parantaa energiatehokkuutta. Uudistetun jäteverolain mukaan kaikista kaato-paikoille sijoitetuista lentotuhkista tulee Suomessa maksaa jäteveroa. Suomessa puu- ja turveperäisiä lentotuhkia muodostuu vuosittain suuria määriä ja määrä tulee vielä kasvamaan uusiutuvan energiankäytön lisääntyessä. Aiemmin nämä tuhkat ovat päätyneet pääasiassa läjitykseen teollisuuden kaatopaikoille, mutta muuttuneen jätelainsäädännön seurauksena tarve hyödyntää lentotuhkia on lisääntynyt. Tässä väitöstyössä tutkittiin puu- ja turveperäisten tuhkien hyödyntämiseen liittyviä kysymyksiä. Työn yleistavoitteena oli parantaa tuhkien hyödyntämis-mahdollisuuksia. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin pajutuhkan soveltuvuutta lannoitteeksi. Pajutuhka soveltuisi hyvin lannoitteeksi erittäin hyvien ravinne-pitoisuuksien ansiosta. Raskasmetalleista kadmiumin havaittiin kuitenkin rikastuvan tutkittujen pajulajien tuhkiin. Tähän tulisi kiinnittää erityishuomiota, kun pajulajeja valitaan energiantuotantoa varten. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa selvitettiin mahdollisuutta parantaa turpeen ja puun lentotuhkien lujittumista sekä raskasmetallipitoisen lentotuhkan stabiloimista sementtilisäyksen ja/tai alkaliaktivoinnin avulla. Lujuuden kehitys riippui reaktiivisen kalsiumin määrästä sekä reaktiivisen kalsiumin määrän ja reaktiivisten piin, alumiinin ja rikin määrien summan välisestä suhteesta (Ca/(Si + Al + S)). Tutkitut menetelmät toimivat hyvin bariumin, kuparin, lyijyn ja sinkin stabiloinnissa. Seuraavassa vaiheessa selvitettiin Suomen lainsäädännössä määritettyjen kemiallisten hajotusmenetelmien vaikutusta tuhkan hyödyntämispotentiaaliin. Hajotusmenetelmällä oli suuri merkitys kaliumin pitoisuutta määritettäessä, mikä voi vaikuttaa lentotuhkan hyödynnettävyyteen lannoitteena. Viimeisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin tuhkan yhteisrakeistusta lietteen ja kalkin kanssa. Teknisesti yhteisrakeistus onnistui hyvin, mutta rakeiden puristuslujuus oli alhainen. Lisäksi 20 - 40 paino% lietelisäyksellä ei rakeisiin saatu riittävän korkeaa typpipitoisuutta.

The result of this project is a sustainability assessment questionnaire for the high school setting. The questionnaire fills a gap in the literature pertaining to assessing direct and indirect environmental impacts on high schools.

El siguiente Trabajo de Investigación se realizó con la finalidad de analizar el comportamiento de un Concreto con Agregado Grueso Reciclado, Agregado Fino Natural y adicionando Virutas de Acero con un porcentaje de 8%, 10% y 12% con respecto al Agregado Fino y determinar el aumento de las Resistencias a la Compresión, Flexión y Tracción en cada uno de los casos. El proceso comienza por conseguir los materiales; concreto reciclado producto de residuos de construcción y demolición y Virutas de Acero producto de residuos de procesos mecánicos. Se realizaron ensayos en laboratorio de los agregados y de las virutas para la identificación de sus propiedades y ser utilizados como datos para elaborar el diseño de mezcla correspondiente a cada caso. Teniendo ya los diseños para los 4 casos, se elaboraron en 48 probetas, 12 por cada diseño, en el ensayo de resistencia a Compresión, mientras en el ensayo de resistencia a Flexión, se elaboraron 12 vigas y para el ensayo a resistencia a Tracción se 12 probetas, haciendo un total de 72 especímenes, los cuales serán analizados a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días de curado con la finalidad de determinar el porcentaje óptimo de adición de Virutas de Acero y el Costo de Producción de este, demostrando de esta manera que se puede obtener un concreto eficiente y a un precio económico. / The following research work has been carried out with the purpose of analyzing the behavior of a concrete with coarse recycled aggregate, natural fine aggregate and adding steel chips with a percentage of 8%, 10% and 12% with respect to the aggregate and determining the increase of the resistance to compression, flexion and compression in each of the cases. The process begins by getting the materials; Recycled concrete, product of construction and demolition waste and steel shavings, product of mechanical process residues. Aggregates and Chips were tested in the laboratory for their characterization and used as input data to carry out the Mix design corresponding to each case. Having already the designs for the 4 cases, they were elaborated in 48 specimens, 12 for each design, in the Compression test, while in the Bending test 12 beams were developed and for the Tensile test 12 specimens were developed, making a total of 62 specimens, which will be analyzed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of curing in order to determine the optimal percentage of addition of Steel Shavings and the Cost of Production of this, thus demonstrating that a efficient concrete at an economical price. / Tesis