Os objetivos deste trabalho de mestrado consistem em determinar: (i) como modificar a arquitetura de referência de Internet das Coisas para identificar e priorizar as necessidades dos usuários em um determinado contexto; (ii) como transformar dados sociais subjetivos em uma medida objetiva de impacto social; (iii) como correlacionar informações sociais e dados digitais de forma a medir a satisfação dos usuários com os serviços de Internet das Coisas desenvolvidos; (iv) como validar o sistema total; e (v) se a arquitetura é reconfigurável e pode ser adotada e validada em diferentes casos de uso. O método de desenvolvimento começa de uma extensa investigação bibliográfica sobre projetos, arquiteturas e plataformas de Internet das Coisas desenvolvidas e em desenvolvimento, tecnologia social e teoria de grafos. É proposto um mapa conceitual que serve de base a todo o trabalho. A teoria de grafos fornece um conjunto de métricas que permite identificar as reais necessidades de usuários e comunidades e, então, especificar as aplicações e serviços de Internet das Coisas a serem desenvolvidos. ´E proposta uma função de fitness para avaliar a satisfação de requisitos de uma especificação. A validação do método é feita por meio de um estudo de caso. Para uma cidade hipotética são descritos os serviços educacionais, de saúde e de transporte disponíveis. É identificado o problema de oferecimento de serviços educacionais a comunidades distantes e a necessidade desses serviços se integrarem com as entidades culturais e de saúde. Com isso, ´e especificada a aplicação Aula Móvil. Essa aplicação é completamente descrita por meio dos modelos de domínio, de informação, funcional e de comunicação da arquitetura de referência IoT-A. Para o desenvolvimento do software, é feita uma descrição completa em UML: diagrama de classes e diagramas de sequência. Apesar de se ter adotado um estudo de caso simples, fica demonstrada a viabilidade de se integrar a avaliação de dados estatísticos sociais no ciclo de projeto de aplicações de Internet das Coisas. ´E mostrado também que as aplicações de Internet das Coisas geram impacto social a curto, médio e longo prazos. O método e arquitetura propostos neste trabalho são suficientemente genéricos para serem utilizados em outras aplicações relacionadas a uma cidade e também em outros domínios como os de M2M e da iniciativa Industry 4.0. / The objectives of this master thesis consist in determining: (i) how modify an IoT reference architecture to identify and prioritize end user\'s needs in a given context; (ii) how transform subjective social data in a objective measure of social impact; (iii) how correlate social data and digital data to measure the end users\' satisfaction with the developed IoT services; (iv) how validate the total system; and (v) if the architecture is reconfigurable and can be adopted and validated in di?erent use cases. The development method started with and extensive bibliographic research about IoT projects, architectures and platforms, already developed and under development, social technology and graphs theory. A conceptual map is proposed and is used as a basis for the entire work. The graphs theory provides a set of metrics that allow the identification of end users\' and communities\' needs and, then, to specify the IoT applications and services to be developed. A fitness function is proposed to evaluate the fulfillment of requirements of a specification. The whole method validation is made by means of a case study. To do so, the available educational, health and transport services of a hypothetical city are described. The problem of o?ering educational services to distant communities and the need to integrate such services to the cultural and health entities are identified. As a result, a Mobile Class application is specified. This application is completely described by the domain, informational, functional and communicational models of the IoT-A reference architecture. For the software development, a complete UML description is made: class diagrams and sequence diagrams. In spite of having adopted a simple case study, the feasibility of integrating the social statistical data evaluation in the design cycle of IoT applications is demonstrated. It is also shown that IoT applications generate social impact in the short, medium and large terms. The method and architecture proposed in this work are generic enough to be used in other applications related to a city as is other domains as M2M and from the Industry 4.0 Initiative.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit grundlegenden Effekten bei der Projektion virtueller räumlicher Szenen auf zweidimensionale Bildflächen. Die Motivation dazu ergibt sich aus der Feststellung, dass in aktuellen computergrafischen Visualisierungssystemen die Räumlichkeit der Darstellung in der Regel durch eine Fläche vermittelt wird. Die aktuell benutzten Verfahren stützen sich dabei auf das Konzept der Virtuellen Kamera. Mit dieser sind jedoch auch Nachteile hinsichtlich einer an den Menschen angepassten (wahrnehmungskonformen) Darstellung verbunden. Zur Einführung der für das Verständnis der Arbeit notwendigen Fachtermini werden ausgewählte Grundlagen aus den Bereichen Technische Visualistik, Bildsprache, Computergrafik und Psychologie vorgestellt. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind dabei die Begriffe Abbild (das Ergebnisbild einer Projektion), Wahrnehmungskonformität (ein Indikator für Angepasstheit an die visuelle menschliche Wahrnehmung) und Multiperspektive (eine die Wahrnehmungskonformität förderliche Darstellungsform). Anschließend werden die, im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit relevanten, Vektoren definiert. Im darauf folgenden Kapitel beschreibt die Arbeit zwei wesentliche Herausforderungen für die wahrnehmungskonforme Darstellung virtueller Objekte. Zum einen wird das Proportionsproblem beschrieben. Zum anderen das Orientierungsproblem als neu erkanntes Arbeitsthema eingeführt. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt eine Beschreibung des Grundkonzeptes zur Erstellung wahrnehmungskonformer Abbilder durch gesonderte Behandlung einzelner Szenenobjekte sowie die Vorstellung relevanter wissenschaftlicher Vorarbeiten für diesen Sachverhalt. Weiterhin stehen eine Einordnung der bestehenden Verfahren und ein Exkurs in verwandte Studien der Wahrnehmungspsychologie im Mittelpunkt der Ausführungen. Als ein existierendes Verfahren zur computergrafischen Erzeugung von wahrnehmungskonformen Abbildern wird nachfolgend das Verfahren der Erweiterten Perspektivischen Korrektur (EPK) als Ausgangspunkt für eine Optimierung detailliert vorgestellt. Aus den aufgeworfenen Fragen hinsichtlich des Orientierungsproblems ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer tiefergehenden Analyse. Aus der künstlerischen Praxis sowie wahrnehmungspsychologischen Aspekten heraus wird der Mensch als geeignetes Referenzmodell argumentativ untersetzt. Einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die im Anschluss durchgeführte mehrstufige Studie zur Orientierungswahrnehmung in mono- und multiperspektivischen Abbildern. Aus den in der Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnissen kann schließlich ein Optimierungsansatz für die EPK synthetisiert werden. Das Konzept der so genannten Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK wird ausführlich hergeleitet, die Wirkung analysiert, eine algorithmische Umsetzung erarbeitet und diese mit den bereits bestehenden EPK-Ausprägungen verglichen. Als Vervollständigung der Ausführungen folgen zwei Praxisbeispiele zum Einsatz der EPK und dem Nutzen der vorgestellten Optimierung.

Our society is increasingly demanding situation-aware smarter software (SASS) systems, whose goals change over time and depend on context situations. A system with such properties must sense their dynamic environment and respond to changes quickly, accurately, and reliably, that is, to be context-aware and self-adaptive. The problem addressed in this dissertation is the dynamic management of context information, with the goal of improving the relevance of SASS systems' context-aware capabilities with respect to changes in their requirements and execution environment. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on the investigation of dynamic context management and self-adaptivity to: (i) improve context-awareness and exploit context information to enhance quality of user experience in SASS systems, and (ii) improve the dynamic capabilities of self-adaptivity in SASS systems. Context-awareness and self-adaptivity pose signi cant challenges for the engineering of SASS systems. Regarding context-awareness, the rst challenge addressed in this dissertation is the impossibility of fully specifying environmental entities and the corresponding monitoring requirements at design-time. The second challenge arises from the continuous evolution of monitoring requirements due to changes in the system caused by self-adaptation. As a result, context monitoring strategies must be modeled and managed in such a way that they support the addition and deletion of context types and monitoring conditions at runtime. For this, the user must be integrated into the dynamic context management process. Concerning self-adaptivity, the third challenge is to control the dynamicity of adaptation goals, adaptation mechanisms, and monitoring infrastructures, and the way they a ect each other in the adaptation process. This is to preserve the eff ectiveness of context monitoring requirements and thus self-adaptation. The fourth challenge, related also to self-adaptivity,concerns the assessment of adaptation mechanisms at runtime to prevent undesirable system states as a result of self-adaptation. Given these challenges, to improve context-awareness we made three contributions. First, we proposed the personal context sphere concept to empower users to control the life cycle of personal context information in user-centric SASS systems. Second, we proposed the SmarterContext ontology to model context information and its monitoring requirements supporting changes in these models at runtime. Third, we proposed an effi cient context processing engine to discover implicit contextual facts from context information speci fied in changing context models. To improve self-adaptivity we made three contributions. First, we proposed a framework for the identi cation of adaptation properties and goals, which is useful to evaluate self-adaptivity and to derive monitoring requirements mapped to adaptation goals. Second, we proposed a reference model for designing highly dynamic self-adaptive systems, for which the continuous pertinence between monitoring mechanisms and both changing system goals and context situations is a major concern. Third, we proposed a model with explicit validation and veri cation (V&V) tasks for self-adaptive software, where dynamic context monitoring plays a major role. The seventh contribution of this dissertation, the implementation of Smarter-Context infrastructure, addresses both context-awareness and self-adaptivity. To evaluate our contributions, qualitatively and quantitatively, we conducted several comprehensive literature reviews, a case study on user-centric situation-aware online shopping, and a case study on dynamic governance of service-oriented applications. / Graduate

[pt] O reprocessamento de materiais médicos é um processo essencial para manter a funcionalidade do hospital. O Centro de Material e Esterilização (CME) é a unidade de apoio técnico hospitalar orientado por normas e regulações específicas destinada a reprocessar os materiais, tendo como principal objetivo a prevenção de infecções e entrega de artigos médicos seguros. Contudo, é uma área de pouca visibilidade e com altas variabilidades no processo de esterilização e não são contemplandos com um modelo de tomada de decisão que contemple tanto os requisitos dos modelos assistenciais estabelecidos pelas legislações quanto os aspectos de projeto da gestão e gerência das operações. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa visa elaborar um modelo de referência construído a partir das categorias de projetos de operações a fim de auxiliar o gestor a projetar um CME. O objetivo da pesquisa é atingido através do cumprimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: a) levantamento do referencial teórico; b) levantamento e identificação dos instrumentos normativos e regulatórios; c) condução de uma pesquisa de campo em um CME representativo dos níveis de complexidade; d) análise e síntese da lógica de funcionamento à luz das categorias de operações; e) definição da estrutura do modelo de referência; f) validação do modelo com especialistas; g) refinamento do modelo; e h) aplicação do modelo. A proposição do modelo de referência de requisitos, com base na legislação e aspectos gerenciais da produção, é a principal contribuição da pesquisa. / [en] Reprocessing of medical supplies is an essential process to maintain the hospital s functionality. The Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD) is the hospital technical support unit oriented by specific norms and regulations aimed at reprocessing the materials, having as main objective the prevention of infections and delivery of safe medical articles. However, it is an area of low visibility and with high variability in the sterilization process and there is not a model of decision making that has both the requirements of the assistance models established by the legislations and the design aspects of the management and operations management. In this way, the present research aims to elaborate a reference model based on the project operation categories in order to help the manager to design a CSSD. The research objective is achieved through the following specific objectives: a) survey of the reference theory; b) survey and identification of regulatory instruments; c) field research in a complexity levels representative CSSD; d) analysis and synthesis of the operating logic in the light of the categories of operations; e) definition of the structure of the reference model; f) validation of the model with specialists; g) model refinement; and h) model application. The proposal of the reference model of requirements, based on legislation and production management, is the main contribution of the research.

[pt] A gestão da cadeia de suprimentos (Supply Chain Management - SCM) vem sendo introduzida com o intuito de gerar vantagens competitivas através de uma redução de custos ao longo da cadeia e de um aumento no nível de serviço prestado aos clientes. A tecnologia de informação é um viabilizador para o sucesso da SCM, onde os sistemas (ou aplicativos, ou softwares) têm um papel muito importante. A presente dissertação tem como objetivos propor um modelo de referência que incorpore os principais sistemas de informação (SI) integrados utilizados para SCM e aplicá-lo de forma a analisar os principais macro-processos de negócio de uma empresa de eletroeletrônicos na forma de um estudo de caso sob a perspectiva da distribuição e vendas. Esta análise é feita em conjunto ao mapeamento dos macro-processos de negócios da empresa. A empresa escolhida foi a divisão da Sony Electronics que atua no Brasil como Sony Brasil Indústria e Comércio Ltda, que nesta dissertação é chamada de Sony Brasil. O estudo de caso contou também com dois operadores logísticos e com um grande varejista que fazem parte da cadeia de suprimentos da Sony Brasil. A metodologia científica incluiu: uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura referente ao tema; diversas entrevistas estruturadas e não estruturadas; observações diretas e visitas in loco em diversas instalações pertencentes à cadeia analisada. Esta dissertação é concluída com uma análise crítica da SCM da Sony Brasil sob a perspectiva dos sistemas de informação voltados para as atividades de distribuição e vendas. / [en] Supply Chain Management (SCM) - has been introduced aiming to create competitive advantages through cost reduction alongside the chain and of an increase of service rendered to clients. IT (Information Technology) makes feasible the SCM success, where the systems (or application or softwares) play a very important role. The current dissertation has as objectives to propose a reference pattern which incorporates the main integrated information systems utilized for SCM and employ it in order to form, map and analyse the main macro business processes of an electro-electronical company in the form of a case study, under distribution and sales perspective. This analysis is conducted together with the mapping of the macro business processes of the company. The chosen company was Sony Electronics division, which acts in Brazil as Sony Indústria e Comércio Ltda that in the dissertation is called Sony Brazil. The case study also counted on with two logistic operators and with a big retailer which are both part of Sony Brazil supply chain. The scientific methodology included: bibliographic review of literature relating to the theme; several structured and non-structured interviews and direct observations; and in loco visits, in several facilities belonging to the analysed chain. This dissertation is completed with a critical analysis of Sony Brazil SCM, under the information systems perspective backed to distribution and sales activities.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit grundlegenden Effekten bei der Projektion virtueller räumlicher Szenen auf zweidimensionale Bildflächen. Die Motivation dazu ergibt sich aus der Feststellung, dass in aktuellen computergrafischen Visualisierungssystemen die Räumlichkeit der Darstellung in der Regel durch eine Fläche vermittelt wird. Die aktuell benutzten Verfahren stützen sich dabei auf das Konzept der Virtuellen Kamera. Mit dieser sind jedoch auch Nachteile hinsichtlich einer an den Menschen angepassten (wahrnehmungskonformen) Darstellung verbunden. Zur Einführung der für das Verständnis der Arbeit notwendigen Fachtermini werden ausgewählte Grundlagen aus den Bereichen Technische Visualistik, Bildsprache, Computergrafik und Psychologie vorgestellt. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind dabei die Begriffe Abbild (das Ergebnisbild einer Projektion), Wahrnehmungskonformität (ein Indikator für Angepasstheit an die visuelle menschliche Wahrnehmung) und Multiperspektive (eine die Wahrnehmungskonformität förderliche Darstellungsform). Anschließend werden die, im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit relevanten, Vektoren definiert. Im darauf folgenden Kapitel beschreibt die Arbeit zwei wesentliche Herausforderungen für die wahrnehmungskonforme Darstellung virtueller Objekte. Zum einen wird das Proportionsproblem beschrieben. Zum anderen das Orientierungsproblem als neu erkanntes Arbeitsthema eingeführt. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt eine Beschreibung des Grundkonzeptes zur Erstellung wahrnehmungskonformer Abbilder durch gesonderte Behandlung einzelner Szenenobjekte sowie die Vorstellung relevanter wissenschaftlicher Vorarbeiten für diesen Sachverhalt. Weiterhin stehen eine Einordnung der bestehenden Verfahren und ein Exkurs in verwandte Studien der Wahrnehmungspsychologie im Mittelpunkt der Ausführungen. Als ein existierendes Verfahren zur computergrafischen Erzeugung von wahrnehmungskonformen Abbildern wird nachfolgend das Verfahren der Erweiterten Perspektivischen Korrektur (EPK) als Ausgangspunkt für eine Optimierung detailliert vorgestellt. Aus den aufgeworfenen Fragen hinsichtlich des Orientierungsproblems ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer tiefergehenden Analyse. Aus der künstlerischen Praxis sowie wahrnehmungspsychologischen Aspekten heraus wird der Mensch als geeignetes Referenzmodell argumentativ untersetzt. Einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildet die im Anschluss durchgeführte mehrstufige Studie zur Orientierungswahrnehmung in mono- und multiperspektivischen Abbildern. Aus den in der Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnissen kann schließlich ein Optimierungsansatz für die EPK synthetisiert werden. Das Konzept der so genannten Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK wird ausführlich hergeleitet, die Wirkung analysiert, eine algorithmische Umsetzung erarbeitet und diese mit den bereits bestehenden EPK-Ausprägungen verglichen. Als Vervollständigung der Ausführungen folgen zwei Praxisbeispiele zum Einsatz der EPK und dem Nutzen der vorgestellten Optimierung.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit 1.3 Vorgehensmodell für die Untersuchung 1.4 Thesen 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Ausgewählte Grundlagen 2.1 Begriffe aus der Technischen Visualistik und der Bildsprache 2.2 Begriffe aus der Computergrafik 2.3 Begriffe aus der Psychologie 2.4 Vektoren des Menschmodells 2.5 Zusammenfassung zu den Grundlagen 3 Herausforderungen im Abbildungsprozess 3.1 Proportionsproblem 3.2 Orientierungsproblem 3.3 Ausrichtungsmöglichkeiten der weiteren Untersuchung 3.4 Zusammenfassung zu den Herausforderungen 4 Objektbezogene, wahrnehmungskonforme Abbilder 4.1 Verwandte Arbeiten aus der Computergrafik und Bildwissenschaft 4.2 Einordnung der Ansätze hinsichtlich grundlegender Konzepte 4.3 Verwandte Studien der Psychologie 4.4 Zusammenfassung zu den verwandten Arbeiten 5 Erzeugung von Multiperspektive mittels Erweiterter Perspektivischer Korrektur (EPK) 5.1 Lösungspotentiale der Multiperspektive 5.2 Die Entwicklung der EPK 5.3 Aufbau und Einzelschritte der EPK 5.4 Vorstellung der EPK-Anpassungsmöglichkeiten 5.5 Allgemeine Defizite der Erweiterten Perspektivischen Korrektur 5.6 Zusammenfassung zur EPK 6 Das Menschmodell als Referenzobjekt 6.1 Künstlerische Analysen und Beschreibungen der Proportion von Menschen 6.2 Wahrnehmungspsychologische Betrachtung zur visuellen Menschwahrnehmung 6.3 Beispielhafte Bildanalyse 6.4 Zusammenfassung zum Menschmodell 7 Studie 7.1 Vorbereitung 7.2 Vorevaluation 7.3 Studie 1 (Hörsaalstudie) 7.4 Studie 2 (Laborstudie) 7.5 Probandenvergleich 7.6 Zusammenfassung zur Studie 8 Augpunkt-bezogene EPK 8.1 Konzept der Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK 8.2 Einbeziehung des Offset in den EPK-Algorithmus 8.3 Vergleich zwischen Prozentual-optimierter EPK sowie der Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK 8.4 Einbeziehung weiterer Parameter der Betrachtersituation 8.5 Erster Lösungsansatz 8.6 Zweiter Lösungsansatz 8.7 Analyse der Wirkungsweise 8.8 Vom virtuellen Augpunkt zum EPK-Referenzpunkt 8.9 Zusammenfassung der Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK 8.10 Vergleichsprototyp 8.11 Evaluation der Augpunkt-bezogenen EPK 8.12 Zusammenfassender Vergleich der verschiedenen EPK-Varianten 9 Praxisbeispiele 9.1 EPK-Praxisbeispiel CAD Visualisierung 9.2 EPK-Praxisbeispiel Gesichtsfeldvisualisierung 9.3 Zusammenfassung der Praxisbeispiele 10 Zusammenfassung 10.1 Inhalt 10.2 Ergebnisse der Arbeit 10.3 Ausblick 11 Verzeichnisse 11.1 Stichwortverzeichnis 11.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 11.3 Tabellenverzeichnis 11.4 Verzeichnis der eigenen Veröffentlichungen zur Thematik 12 Quellen 13 Glossar 14 Anhang 14.1 Fragebogen Vorevaluation 14.2 Fragebogen Hörsaalstudie 14.3 Probandeninformationen, Nachbefragung und Arbeitsanweisung Laborstudie 14.4 Probandeninformationen, Nachbefragung und Arbeitsanweisung Evaluation 14.5 Implementierungsbeispiel

This dissertation focuses on the re-use of business process reference models, available in a business process model warehouse, to enable the definition of more comprehensive business requirements. It proposes a business process model warehouse framework to promote the re-use of multiple business process reference models and the flexible visualisation of business process models. The critical success factor for such a framework is that it should contribute to minimise to some extent the causes of inadequate business requirements. The proposed framework is based on an analogy with a data warehouse framework, consisting of the following components: usage of multiple business process reference models as source models, the conceptual design of a process to extract, load and transform multiple business process reference models into a repository, a description of repository functionality for managing enterprise architecture artefacts, and motivation of flexible visualisation of business process models to ensure more comprehensive business requirements. / Computer Science (School of Computing) / M.Sc. (Information Systems)

Nos tempos atuais, cada vez mais as organizações têm executado projetos, seja para solucionar problemas técnicos, seja para promover mudanças e direcionar seus esforços para melhores ou novos negócios. Tradicionalmente, metas de prazo, custo e qualidade, conhecidas como triângulo de ferro, são utilizadas como critérios para medição de sucesso de projetos. Nas últimas três décadas, muitos estudos foram publicados na tentativa de entender os fatores e variáveis que levam a projetos bem sucedidos ou fracassados. Na tentativa de contribuir com esses estudos, esta tese busca analisar as relações entre aspectos organizacionais e aspectos específicos dos projetos (internos) com o sucesso dos projetos executados por organizações brasileiras, avaliado por meio da visão tradicional: conformidade com orçamento (custo); cronograma (tempo); especificações técnicas (requisitos do produto/serviço); e atendimento às demandas dos clientes. Para confirmar ou refutar as proposições de pesquisa estabelecidas, esta pesquisa adotou uma abordagem quantitativa, com um levantamento (survey) junto a 336 (trezentos e trinta e seis) profissionais da área. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um instrumento de pesquisa (questionário) com base na literatura acerca do tema. Os resultados apontam diferenças estatisticamente significativas para quatro variáveis que, quando presentes, influenciam positivamente o sucesso dos projetos nas empresas brasileiras. As variáveis são: recursos necessários para o projeto disponibilizados (pela alta administração); utilização de ferramentas de gerenciamento de projetos; aplicação de atividades de coordenação em projetos; e maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos. A conclusão da pesquisa revela que as proposições de estudo não se confirmaram de forma plena. Não foram encontradas variáveis ou equações explicativas que levassem ao sucesso total dos projetos (atendimento pleno do triângulo de ferro). Os resultados confirmaram apenas diferenças estatisticamente significativas que levam ao sucesso parcial. / In present days, many organizations have been conducing projects even to solve technical problems or even to deliver changes and focus their efforts towards better and new businesses. Time, cost and quality targets, known as \"iron triangle\", have been traditionally used as projects\' success measures. During the last three decades, many studies trying to understand the factors and variables that drive well succeeded or failed projects have been published. Attempting to contribute with these studies, this thesis analyses the relations between organizational and project specific (internal) aspects, with the success of projects developed by brazilian organizations, assessed through a traditional view: achieving budget (cost); scheduling (time); technical specifications (product/service requisites); and accomplishment of clients demands. In order to confirm or deny the propositions established, this research adopted a quantitative approach, through a survey conducted with 336 professionals in the field of projects. Data collection has been supported by a research instrument (questionnaire) based on the subject literature. The results point to significant statistical differences for four variables that positively influence project success when they exist on brazilian companies. Those variables are: required resources effectively available (by high administration); using project management tools; applying project coordination activities; and project management maturity. The conclusion of the research reveals that the propositions of the study were not completely confirmed. Explanatory variables or equations have not been found to justify total project success (completely achieving the \"iron triangle\"). The results confirm only the significant statistical differences that drive to partial success.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’incorporer des éléments de théories de psychologie et d’économie comportementale dans des modèles de choix discret afin d’améliorer la compréhension du choix modal réalisé à l’échelle régionale. Les estimations se basent sur une enquête de type choice experiment présentée en première partie. Une deuxième partie s’intéresse à l’incorporation de variables latentes pour expliquer le choix modal. Après une revue de littérature sur les modèles de choix hybrides, c’est-à-dire des modèles combinant modèle d’équations structurelles et modèle de choix discret, un tel modèle est estimé pour montrer comment l’hétérogénéité d’outputs économiques (ici, la valeur du temps) peut être expliquée à l’aide de variables latentes (ici, le confort perçu dans les transports en commun) et de variables observables (ici, la garantie d’une place assise). La simulation de scénarios montre cependant que le gain économique (diminution de la valeur du temps) est plus élevé lorsque les politiques agissent sur des dimensions palpables que sur des dimensions latentes. S’appuyant sur un modèle de médiation, l’estimation d’un modèle d’équations structurelles montre par ailleurs que l’effet de la conscience environnementale sur les habitudes de choix modal est partiellement médié par l’utilité indirecte retirée de l’usage des transports en commun. Une troisième partie s’intéresse à deux formalisations de l’utilité issues de l’économie comportementale : 1) l’utilité dépendante au rang en situation de risque et 2) l’utilité dépendante à la référence. Dans un premier temps, un modèle d’utilité dépendante au rang est inséré dans des modèles de choix discret et, en particulier, un modèle à classes latentes, afin d’analyser l’hétérogénéité intra- et inter-individuelle lorsque le temps de déplacement n’est pas fiable. La probabilité de survenue d’un retard est sur-évaluée pour les déplacements en train et sous-évaluée pour les déplacements en voiture, en particulier pour les automobilistes, les usagers du train prenant d’avantage en compte l’espérance du temps de déplacement. Dans les modèles prenant en compte l’aversion au risque, les fonctions d’utilité sont convexes, ce qui implique une décroissance,de la valeur du temps. Dans un deuxième temps, une nouvelle famille de modèles de choix discret généralisant le modèle logit multinomial, les modèles de référence, est estimée. Sur mes données, ces modèles permettent une meilleure sélection des variables explicatives que le logit multinomial et l’estimation d’outputs économiques plus robustes, notamment en cas de forte hétérogénéité inobservée. La traduction économique des modèles de référence montre que les meilleurs modèles empiriques sont également les plus compatibles avec le modèle de dépendance à la référence de Tversky et Kahneman. / The objective of this thesis is to incorporate aspects of psychology and behavioral economics theories in discrete choice models to promote a better understanding of mode choice at regional level. Part II examines the inclusion of latent variables to explain mode choice. A literature review of integrated choice and latent variable models – that is, models combining a structural equation model and a discrete choice model – is followed by the estimation of an integrated choice and latent variable model to show how the heterogeneity of economic outputs (here, value of time) can be explained with latent variables (here, perceived comfort in public transport) and observable variables (here, the guarantee of a seat). The simulation of scenarios shows, however, that the economic gain (decrease in value of time) is higher when policies address tangible factors than when they address latent factors. On the basis of a mediation model, the estimation of a structural equation model furthermore implies that the influence of environmental concern on mode choice habits is partially mediated by the indirect utility derived frompublic transport use. Part III examines two utility formulations taken from behavioral economics: 1) rankdependent utility to model risky choices, and 2) reference-dependent utility. Firstly, a rank-dependent utility model is included in discrete choice models and, in particular, a latent-class model, in order to analyze intra- and inter-individual heterogeneity when the travel time is subject to variability. The results show that the probability of a delay is over-estimated for train travel and under-estimated for car travel, especially for car users, as train users are more likely to take into account the expected travel time. In the models that account for risk aversion, the utility functions are convex, which implies a decrease in value of time. Secondly, a new family of discrete choice models generalizing the multinomial logit model, the reference models, is estimated. On my data, these models allow for a better selection of explanatory variables than the multinomial logit model and a more robust estimation of economic outputs, particularly in cases of high unobserved heterogeneity. The economic formulation of reference models shows thatthe best empirical models are also more compatible with Tversky et Kahneman’s reference-dependent model.

Nos tempos atuais, cada vez mais as organizações têm executado projetos, seja para solucionar problemas técnicos, seja para promover mudanças e direcionar seus esforços para melhores ou novos negócios. Tradicionalmente, metas de prazo, custo e qualidade, conhecidas como triângulo de ferro, são utilizadas como critérios para medição de sucesso de projetos. Nas últimas três décadas, muitos estudos foram publicados na tentativa de entender os fatores e variáveis que levam a projetos bem sucedidos ou fracassados. Na tentativa de contribuir com esses estudos, esta tese busca analisar as relações entre aspectos organizacionais e aspectos específicos dos projetos (internos) com o sucesso dos projetos executados por organizações brasileiras, avaliado por meio da visão tradicional: conformidade com orçamento (custo); cronograma (tempo); especificações técnicas (requisitos do produto/serviço); e atendimento às demandas dos clientes. Para confirmar ou refutar as proposições de pesquisa estabelecidas, esta pesquisa adotou uma abordagem quantitativa, com um levantamento (survey) junto a 336 (trezentos e trinta e seis) profissionais da área. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um instrumento de pesquisa (questionário) com base na literatura acerca do tema. Os resultados apontam diferenças estatisticamente significativas para quatro variáveis que, quando presentes, influenciam positivamente o sucesso dos projetos nas empresas brasileiras. As variáveis são: recursos necessários para o projeto disponibilizados (pela alta administração); utilização de ferramentas de gerenciamento de projetos; aplicação de atividades de coordenação em projetos; e maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos. A conclusão da pesquisa revela que as proposições de estudo não se confirmaram de forma plena. Não foram encontradas variáveis ou equações explicativas que levassem ao sucesso total dos projetos (atendimento pleno do triângulo de ferro). Os resultados confirmaram apenas diferenças estatisticamente significativas que levam ao sucesso parcial. / In present days, many organizations have been conducing projects even to solve technical problems or even to deliver changes and focus their efforts towards better and new businesses. Time, cost and quality targets, known as \"iron triangle\", have been traditionally used as projects\' success measures. During the last three decades, many studies trying to understand the factors and variables that drive well succeeded or failed projects have been published. Attempting to contribute with these studies, this thesis analyses the relations between organizational and project specific (internal) aspects, with the success of projects developed by brazilian organizations, assessed through a traditional view: achieving budget (cost); scheduling (time); technical specifications (product/service requisites); and accomplishment of clients demands. In order to confirm or deny the propositions established, this research adopted a quantitative approach, through a survey conducted with 336 professionals in the field of projects. Data collection has been supported by a research instrument (questionnaire) based on the subject literature. The results point to significant statistical differences for four variables that positively influence project success when they exist on brazilian companies. Those variables are: required resources effectively available (by high administration); using project management tools; applying project coordination activities; and project management maturity. The conclusion of the research reveals that the propositions of the study were not completely confirmed. Explanatory variables or equations have not been found to justify total project success (completely achieving the \"iron triangle\"). The results confirm only the significant statistical differences that drive to partial success.