This master thesis elaborates the construction of an integrated framework for the simultaneous initiation of quality management and information security management within micro and small enterprises. Called QISMO, the model collection consists of three parts: (1) a holistic framework as structure dedicated to achieving a shared understanding among key stakeholders concerned about relations and dependencies, (2) a reference process model for visualising the entire process with the activities related, and (3) a lifecycle model for illustrating the process loop and for clarifying specific phases therein. This study offers an analysis of alternative approaches that results in premises and requirements adapted to micro and small enterprises. Furthermore, major barriers to the improvement of quality and information security management of micro and small enterprises are identified in this study. These include miscalculation of risks, lack of competence, and absence of structured processes. Aside from valuable insights for further development of enhanced training programs, the study contributes a comprehensive analysis of standards and good practices within the field of IT governance. Moreover, the study shares a concrete reference process model that is adapted to the preconditions of micro and small enterprises. These preconditions are acquired throughout the study. The proposition is to provide a basis for the further improvement of business processes and the models related to them, both in practice and in research.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Pereira de Souza.pdf: 406500 bytes, checksum: c0c760046438b84d174feed0d03e2124 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-06 / This dissertation is constituent of research line named Text and Discourse in Written and Oral Modalities. Its theme is The Reference Process and the Intertextuality in the Supremo Tribunal Federal and Superior Tribunal de Justiça s sentences. The general goal of this study has as purpose to contribute for a better comprehension of judicial texts, like Superior Court s sentences, to all kind of people, including those ones with no Law knowledge. The specific goals of this study have as purpose to identify and to analyze the nominalization process and the explicit intertextuality in Supremo Tribunal Federal and Superior Tribunal de Justiça s sentences and also to reflect on how those phenomena can give us clues for a better comprehension of those particular texts. The theoretical basis is in the Textual Linguistic and to reach our goals we research the following authors: Koch (2009), Mondada and Dubois (2003), Marcuschi (2007), Marquesi (2007), Lima and Feltes (2013), Roncarati (2010) and Cavalcante and other authors (2010) (in case of the reference process); Koch (2009), Roncarati (2010), Koch and Elias (2011a), Lima and Feltes (2013) and Silva and Custódio Filho (2013) (in case of reference strategies); Guimarães (2009), Koch (2009, 2010), Koch and Elias (2011a, 2011b), Francis (2003), Apothèloz (2003) and Conte (2003) (in case of anaphora); Koch, Bentes and Cavalcante (2008), Koch (2010), Guimarães (2009), Koch and Elias (2011a), Koch and Travaglia (2011), Fairclough (2001, 2008) and Marcuschi (2008) (in case of intertextuality). As result, we can say that there is a kind of recurrence to the same reference strategies and types of intertextuality showed in those texts, as if there was a kind of analysis pattern in the textual construction. Both reference strategies and types of intertextuality can help Portuguese Language speakers to build sense when they have to face and to decipher those judicial texts, like judicial sentences / Esta dissertação insere-se na linha de pesquisa Texto e Discurso nas Modalidades Oral e Escrita e tem, como tema, O processo de referenciação e a intertextualidade em acórdãos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça. O objetivo geral deste estudo é contribuir para uma melhor compreensão de textos jurídicos, do gênero acórdão judicial, pelas pessoas não pertencentes à área do Direito. Os objetivos específicos são identificar e analisar as nominalizações e a intertextualidade explícita em acórdãos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, e refletir sobre o fenômeno da referenciação e da intertextualidade como pistas que facilitem a compreensão dos acórdãos de um modo geral. A fundamentação teórica situa-se na Linguística Textual e, para atingirmos nossos objetivos, buscamos os seguintes autores: Koch (2009), Mondada e Dubois (2003), Marcuschi (2007), Marquesi (2007), Lima e Feltes (2013), Roncarati (2010) e Cavalcante e outros (2010), para o processo de referenciação; Koch (2009), Roncarati (2010), Koch e Elias (2011a), Lima e Feltes (2013) e Silva e Custódio Filho (2013), para as estratégias de referenciação; Guimarães (2009), Koch (2009, 2010), Koch e Elias (2011a, 2011b), Francis (2003), Apothèloz (2003) e Conte (2003), para as anáforas; Koch, Bentes e Cavalcante (2008), Koch (2010), Guimarães (2009), Koch e Elias (2011a), Koch e Travaglia (2011), Fairclough (2001, 2008) e Marcuschi (2008), para a intertextualidade. Os resultados obtidos na análise dos acórdãos apontam para certa recorrência às mesmas estratégias de referenciação e tipo de intertextualidade verificados, criando uma espécie de padrão de construção textual. Tais estratégias de referenciação e tipo de intertextualidade podem vir a auxiliar o usuário da Língua Portuguesa na construção de sentidos de textos jurídicos, do gênero acórdão judicial

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma descrição do processo de referenciação em uma narrativa contada em língua de sinais brasileira (libras), partindo da análise de como o sinalizador introduz e retoma as personagens da narrativa. A descrição é feita com base em trabalhos realizados no âmbito da linguística cognitiva, principalmente na proposta de van Hoek (1997) para a descrição da referenciação, e na proposta de Liddell (2003) para a análise da estrutura dos discursos sinalizados. As línguas sinalizadas, de modo geral e especificamente a libras ainda estão em fase inicial de descrição. A questão da referenciação, que diz respeito ao que está por trás do uso de certas formas de codificação dos referentes em determinados pontos do discurso, já foi amplamente discutida em trabalhos sobre línguas orais. Grande parte das análises, entretanto, tem se baseado na linearidade dessas línguas e, assim, a escolha das formas de codificação é explicada pela distância entre menções do referente. Esse tipo de abordagem, no entanto, não parece ser adequado para a análise de línguas sinalizadas, que são línguas de modalidade visual-gestual. Os discursos, nessas línguas, são organizados espacialmente e a referenciação está fortemente associada à organização do espaço de sinalização pelo sinalizador. O modelo de van Hoek, denominado modelo de pontos de referência, torna-se uma ferramenta interessante para a análise do processo de referenciação em línguas sinalizadas na medida em que se baseia em fatores de natureza cognitiva que não se prendem à linearidade do discurso. A autora propõe que alguns nominais funcionam como pontos de referência conceituais que criam domínios semânticos em que estão inseridos outros nominais. Os fatores que determinam a seleção e a extensão de um ponto de referência são, fundamentalmente, sua proeminência conceitual e sua conectividade conceitual. Para a descrição da estruturação da narrativa, foi utilizado o modelo de Liddell (2003) que, analisando a estrutura do discurso em língua de sinais americana (ASL), chamou a atenção para o papel fundamental que a espacialidade tem nos discursos sinalizados e para a importância de elementos gestuais para a construção dessa espacialidade. A descrição da referenciação neste trabalho é feita a partir de uma narrativa, intitulada O amor é surdo, contada por um surdo adulto fluente em libras. A narrativa foi filmada e transcrita de acordo com o modelo proposto em McCleary, Viotti & Leite (2010), sendo que algumas adaptações e mudanças foram feitas, no decorrer da transcrição, de modo a registrar mais adequadamente todos os detalhes de sinalização. 4 A partir da análise da narrativa, foram levantadas as seguintes formas utilizadas para a referência às personagens: i) sinais; ii) gestos de apontamento; iii) pantomimas e marcas corpóreas, como mudanças na posição do tronco, da cabeça, etc. O nível de elaboração das formas nominais varia de acordo com o grau de proeminência de seu referente. Além disso, foi mostrada a importância da organização espacial para a retomada das personagens ao longo da narrativa, substancialmente estabelecida através da gestualidade no início de cada episódio. / This thesis aims at presenting a description of the reference process in a narrative retold in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), starting with the analysis of how the signer introduces and refers back to the characters in the narrative studied. This description was based on works developed within the Cognitive Linguistics framework, mainly on van Hoek (1997), used for the description of reference, and Liddell (2003), for the analysis of signed discourses. Signed languages particulary Libras are rather understudied, so they are still in an initial description stage. Reference, which regards the use of certain forms for the coding of referents in specific points in the discourse, has already been widely discussed in works on spoken languages. However, most of these analyses have been based on the linearity of these languages and, as a consequence, they have explained the coding form choice in terms of the distance between the mentioning of a referent. This approach does not seem to be appropriate for signed languages, which, being gestural-visual languages, have their discourse spatially organized and their correference relations strongly associated with a signers organization of the signing space. Van Hoeks model, called the Reference Point Model, has proved to be an interesting tool for the analysis of the reference process in signed language, as it is based in cognitive factors that are independent from the linearity of the discourse. The author proposes that some nominals function as conceptual reference points that create semantic domains in which other nominals are embedded. The factors that determine the selection and extension of a point of reference are, crucially, relative conceptual prominence and connectivity. For the description of the narrative structure, Liddell (2003)s model was used. This model, developed on the basis of the analysis of American Sign Language (ASL), highlights the role of spatiality in signed discourses, as well as the importance of gestural elements in the construction of this spatiality. The reference description in this work is made through the analysis of a narrative, called Love is deaf, retold by an adult deaf person, fluent in Libras. This narrative was filmed and transcribed following the model proposed in McCleary, Viotti & Leite (2010). Additional adaptations and changes, however, were made in order to capture more adequately the details that were relevant for the purposes of analysis presented here. The use of the following forms to make reference to the characters have been observed: (i) signs; (ii) pointing gestures; and (iii) pantomimes and gestural marks, such as shifts in the position of the torso, head, etc. The elaboration level of nominal forms varies 6 according to the prominence degree of its referent. This analysis reinforces the importance of the spatial organization for reference to characters throughout the narrative, substantially established by the use of gestures in the beginning of each episode.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma descrição do processo de referenciação em uma narrativa contada em língua de sinais brasileira (libras), partindo da análise de como o sinalizador introduz e retoma as personagens da narrativa. A descrição é feita com base em trabalhos realizados no âmbito da linguística cognitiva, principalmente na proposta de van Hoek (1997) para a descrição da referenciação, e na proposta de Liddell (2003) para a análise da estrutura dos discursos sinalizados. As línguas sinalizadas, de modo geral e especificamente a libras ainda estão em fase inicial de descrição. A questão da referenciação, que diz respeito ao que está por trás do uso de certas formas de codificação dos referentes em determinados pontos do discurso, já foi amplamente discutida em trabalhos sobre línguas orais. Grande parte das análises, entretanto, tem se baseado na linearidade dessas línguas e, assim, a escolha das formas de codificação é explicada pela distância entre menções do referente. Esse tipo de abordagem, no entanto, não parece ser adequado para a análise de línguas sinalizadas, que são línguas de modalidade visual-gestual. Os discursos, nessas línguas, são organizados espacialmente e a referenciação está fortemente associada à organização do espaço de sinalização pelo sinalizador. O modelo de van Hoek, denominado modelo de pontos de referência, torna-se uma ferramenta interessante para a análise do processo de referenciação em línguas sinalizadas na medida em que se baseia em fatores de natureza cognitiva que não se prendem à linearidade do discurso. A autora propõe que alguns nominais funcionam como pontos de referência conceituais que criam domínios semânticos em que estão inseridos outros nominais. Os fatores que determinam a seleção e a extensão de um ponto de referência são, fundamentalmente, sua proeminência conceitual e sua conectividade conceitual. Para a descrição da estruturação da narrativa, foi utilizado o modelo de Liddell (2003) que, analisando a estrutura do discurso em língua de sinais americana (ASL), chamou a atenção para o papel fundamental que a espacialidade tem nos discursos sinalizados e para a importância de elementos gestuais para a construção dessa espacialidade. A descrição da referenciação neste trabalho é feita a partir de uma narrativa, intitulada O amor é surdo, contada por um surdo adulto fluente em libras. A narrativa foi filmada e transcrita de acordo com o modelo proposto em McCleary, Viotti & Leite (2010), sendo que algumas adaptações e mudanças foram feitas, no decorrer da transcrição, de modo a registrar mais adequadamente todos os detalhes de sinalização. 4 A partir da análise da narrativa, foram levantadas as seguintes formas utilizadas para a referência às personagens: i) sinais; ii) gestos de apontamento; iii) pantomimas e marcas corpóreas, como mudanças na posição do tronco, da cabeça, etc. O nível de elaboração das formas nominais varia de acordo com o grau de proeminência de seu referente. Além disso, foi mostrada a importância da organização espacial para a retomada das personagens ao longo da narrativa, substancialmente estabelecida através da gestualidade no início de cada episódio. / This thesis aims at presenting a description of the reference process in a narrative retold in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), starting with the analysis of how the signer introduces and refers back to the characters in the narrative studied. This description was based on works developed within the Cognitive Linguistics framework, mainly on van Hoek (1997), used for the description of reference, and Liddell (2003), for the analysis of signed discourses. Signed languages particulary Libras are rather understudied, so they are still in an initial description stage. Reference, which regards the use of certain forms for the coding of referents in specific points in the discourse, has already been widely discussed in works on spoken languages. However, most of these analyses have been based on the linearity of these languages and, as a consequence, they have explained the coding form choice in terms of the distance between the mentioning of a referent. This approach does not seem to be appropriate for signed languages, which, being gestural-visual languages, have their discourse spatially organized and their correference relations strongly associated with a signers organization of the signing space. Van Hoeks model, called the Reference Point Model, has proved to be an interesting tool for the analysis of the reference process in signed language, as it is based in cognitive factors that are independent from the linearity of the discourse. The author proposes that some nominals function as conceptual reference points that create semantic domains in which other nominals are embedded. The factors that determine the selection and extension of a point of reference are, crucially, relative conceptual prominence and connectivity. For the description of the narrative structure, Liddell (2003)s model was used. This model, developed on the basis of the analysis of American Sign Language (ASL), highlights the role of spatiality in signed discourses, as well as the importance of gestural elements in the construction of this spatiality. The reference description in this work is made through the analysis of a narrative, called Love is deaf, retold by an adult deaf person, fluent in Libras. This narrative was filmed and transcribed following the model proposed in McCleary, Viotti & Leite (2010). Additional adaptations and changes, however, were made in order to capture more adequately the details that were relevant for the purposes of analysis presented here. The use of the following forms to make reference to the characters have been observed: (i) signs; (ii) pointing gestures; and (iii) pantomimes and gestural marks, such as shifts in the position of the torso, head, etc. The elaboration level of nominal forms varies 6 according to the prominence degree of its referent. This analysis reinforces the importance of the spatial organization for reference to characters throughout the narrative, substantially established by the use of gestures in the beginning of each episode.

Process modeling is used in construction to plan and manage the construction process and to support various simulation tasks. A major problem is that due to the one-of-a-kind character of construction projects a lot of work is spent manually developing an overall process schedule for each project. However, the total individual process is typically structured into multiple stages containing a number of recurring similar, but unequal, subprocesses that can be standardized, if appropriately generalized, to generic reusable process patterns. Moreover, not only processes, but also many general construction methods and strategies can be standardized and stored in the form of patterns and configuration rules, which will improve the consistency of modeling and also improve modeling time. The presented work addresses these issues and presents a new approach for the ontology-based process modeling and its combination with the rule-based process configuration. The proposed system supports the generation of process workflows for construction projects that could be later used in discrete-event simulation software or workflow programs. A formal high-level model for construction processes and a methodology for using process patterns in the configuration of complex construction tasks are the main focuses of this work. The base idea of the proposed approach is the development and use of two separate, but interrelated, ontologies and their integration with a general-purpose rule-engine. The first ontology is the Process Pattern Ontology, which is used to store reusable process patterns. The second is the Process Instance Ontology, which has similar taxonomy to the Process Pattern Ontology but is uniquely populated with specific process assertions for each construction case. The developed approach also suggests the application of the process patterns for the configuration of construction processes. This includes the mechanism of the process pattern retrieval, describing the extraction of the required process pattern from the Process Pattern Ontology, the intermediate adaptation step and the configuration step. The configuration step focuses on the integration of the rule-engine with the ontological knowledge-base, as well as on the application of different configuration strategies. With the help of these configuration strategies, realised by means of hierarchical rule sets, first a variation of the process and second a solution for the quick process configuration can be found. As a practical implementation of the proposed methodology a software prototype called Process Configurator is implemented within this work. This prototype realizes the interaction between all components of the ontology-based configuration approach presented in this work and supports the generation of process schedules for construction projects with the help of reusable process patterns and configuration rules. / Prozessmodellierung wird im Bauwesen für die Planung des Bauablaufes genutzt, sowie insbesondere für die Unterstützung unterschiedlicher Simulationsprozesse. Das Hauptproblem ist, dass man wegen des Unikatcharakters der Bauprojekte viel Aufwand und Zeit braucht, um jedes Mal einen Prozessablaufplan des Projektes manuell zu erstellen. Allerdings besteht ein einzelner Gesamtprozess normalerweise aus mehreren Teilen, die ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche Subprozesse beinhalten. Diese Subprozesse können standardisiert, abstrahiert und dann als wiederverwendbare Referenzprozesse generalisiert werden. Außerdem lassen sich nicht nur Prozesse, sondern auch viele Baumethoden und Baustrategien in Form von Konfigurationsregeln formalisieren und speichern. Dies kann die Wiederspruchfreiheit der Modellierung gewährleisten und hat auch das Potential, die Modellierungszeit zu reduzieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, diese Aspekte zu analysieren und einen neuen Ansatz zur Kombinierung der ontologiebasierten Prozessmodellierung mit der regelba-sierten Prozesskonfiguration vorzustellen. Das dargestellte System unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne für die Bauprojekte, die danach mit Hilfe von Simulationssoftware simuliert werden. In dieser Dissertation werden die Entwicklung eines formalen Modells für Bauprozesse und die Methodologie der Nutzung der Referenzprozesse bei der Konfigurierung komplexer Bauaufgaben beschrieben. Die grundlegende Idee des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes ist die Entwicklung und die Verwendung zweier Ontologien. Die erste Ontologie wird als Process Pattern Ontologie bezeichnet und zur Speicherung der wiederverwendbaren Referenzprozesse eingesetzt. Die zweite Ontologie mit der Bezeichnung Process Instance Ontologie speichert die Prozessinstanzen für die spezifischen Bauprojekte. Die beiden Ontologien haben ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche, Strukturen und sind über eine Regel-Engine integriert. Der entwickelte Ansatz beinhaltet ebenfalls die Nutzung der Referenzprozesse im Konfigurationsprozess. Dies umfasst sowohl einen Mechanismus zur Abfrage der Referenzprozesse, welcher das Extrahieren des benötigten Referenzprozesses aus der Ontologie beschreibt, als auch die Anpassung der Referenzprozesse sowie deren Konfiguration mit Regeln. In der Konfiguration liegt der Fokus auf der Integration der Regel-Engine mit der ontologischen Wissensbasis und die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Konfigurationsstrategien. Mittels Konfigurationsstrategien, die mit Hilfe von hierarchischen Regelmengen realisiert werden, kann eine intelligente Lösung für die schnelle Prozesskonfiguration gefunden werden. Als praktische Implementierung der vorgeschlagenen Methodologie wird ein Prototyp, als Process Configurator bezeichnet, entwickelt. Der Process Configurator realisiert die Interaktion zwischen allen Komponenten des Systems und unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne mit Hilfe der Referenzprozesse und Konfigurationsregel.

Process modeling is used in construction to plan and manage the construction process and to support various simulation tasks. A major problem is that due to the one-of-a-kind character of construction projects a lot of work is spent manually developing an overall process schedule for each project. However, the total individual process is typically structured into multiple stages containing a number of recurring similar, but unequal, subprocesses that can be standardized, if appropriately generalized, to generic reusable process patterns. Moreover, not only processes, but also many general construction methods and strategies can be standardized and stored in the form of patterns and configuration rules, which will improve the consistency of modeling and also improve modeling time. The presented work addresses these issues and presents a new approach for the ontology-based process modeling and its combination with the rule-based process configuration. The proposed system supports the generation of process workflows for construction projects that could be later used in discrete-event simulation software or workflow programs. A formal high-level model for construction processes and a methodology for using process patterns in the configuration of complex construction tasks are the main focuses of this work. The base idea of the proposed approach is the development and use of two separate, but interrelated, ontologies and their integration with a general-purpose rule-engine. The first ontology is the Process Pattern Ontology, which is used to store reusable process patterns. The second is the Process Instance Ontology, which has similar taxonomy to the Process Pattern Ontology but is uniquely populated with specific process assertions for each construction case. The developed approach also suggests the application of the process patterns for the configuration of construction processes. This includes the mechanism of the process pattern retrieval, describing the extraction of the required process pattern from the Process Pattern Ontology, the intermediate adaptation step and the configuration step. The configuration step focuses on the integration of the rule-engine with the ontological knowledge-base, as well as on the application of different configuration strategies. With the help of these configuration strategies, realised by means of hierarchical rule sets, first a variation of the process and second a solution for the quick process configuration can be found. As a practical implementation of the proposed methodology a software prototype called Process Configurator is implemented within this work. This prototype realizes the interaction between all components of the ontology-based configuration approach presented in this work and supports the generation of process schedules for construction projects with the help of reusable process patterns and configuration rules.:1. Introduction 13 1.1. Motivation 13 1.2. Problem statement 14 1.3. Hypotheses 15 1.4. Objectives 15 1.5. A new approach of process modeling and configuration 17 1.6. Thesis outline 20 2. Process modeling 22 2.1. Basic issues 22 2.2. Business process modeling 25 2.3. Process modeling techniques 28 2.3.1. Integration Definition IDEF 28 2.3.2. UML 30 2.3.3. EPC 32 2.3.4. BPMN 35 2.3.5. Traditional modeling techniques 37 2.4. Process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.1. Main features of process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.2. Existing approaches in construction industry 44 3. Ontology-based modeling 58 3.1. Knowledge-based models 58 3.2. Ontology 64 3.2.1. Ontology description languages 65 4. Modeling of construction processes and process patterns 78 4.1. Reference modeling 78 4.2. Process pattern 81 4.2.1. Examples 83 4.3. Ontological framework 88 4.3.1. Motivation for using ontologies instead of databases 88 4.3.2. Ontology for process patterns 93 4.3.3. Ontology for process instances 99 5. Configuration of construction processes 103 5.1. Generation and configuration 103 5.2. Process pattern retrieval 104 5.3. Process adaptation 107 5.4. Process configuration 109 5.4.1. Configuration rules 109 5.4.2. Homogenous approach 111 5.4.3. Hybrid approach 115 5.4.4. Types of rules 119 5.4.5. Configuration strategies 122 6. Implementation 128 6.1. System architecture and its components 128 6.2. Process configurator 130 6.2.1. BPMN mapping 136 7. Case study 140 7.1. Case 1 140 7.2. Case 2 146 8. Conclusions and future research 149 8.1. Conclusions 149 8.2. Outlook 150 9. Appendix A. 156 A.1. Process Pattern 156 A.2. Rules overview 158 A.3. Rules implementation 160 10. References 163 / Prozessmodellierung wird im Bauwesen für die Planung des Bauablaufes genutzt, sowie insbesondere für die Unterstützung unterschiedlicher Simulationsprozesse. Das Hauptproblem ist, dass man wegen des Unikatcharakters der Bauprojekte viel Aufwand und Zeit braucht, um jedes Mal einen Prozessablaufplan des Projektes manuell zu erstellen. Allerdings besteht ein einzelner Gesamtprozess normalerweise aus mehreren Teilen, die ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche Subprozesse beinhalten. Diese Subprozesse können standardisiert, abstrahiert und dann als wiederverwendbare Referenzprozesse generalisiert werden. Außerdem lassen sich nicht nur Prozesse, sondern auch viele Baumethoden und Baustrategien in Form von Konfigurationsregeln formalisieren und speichern. Dies kann die Wiederspruchfreiheit der Modellierung gewährleisten und hat auch das Potential, die Modellierungszeit zu reduzieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, diese Aspekte zu analysieren und einen neuen Ansatz zur Kombinierung der ontologiebasierten Prozessmodellierung mit der regelba-sierten Prozesskonfiguration vorzustellen. Das dargestellte System unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne für die Bauprojekte, die danach mit Hilfe von Simulationssoftware simuliert werden. In dieser Dissertation werden die Entwicklung eines formalen Modells für Bauprozesse und die Methodologie der Nutzung der Referenzprozesse bei der Konfigurierung komplexer Bauaufgaben beschrieben. Die grundlegende Idee des vorgeschlagenen Ansatzes ist die Entwicklung und die Verwendung zweier Ontologien. Die erste Ontologie wird als Process Pattern Ontologie bezeichnet und zur Speicherung der wiederverwendbaren Referenzprozesse eingesetzt. Die zweite Ontologie mit der Bezeichnung Process Instance Ontologie speichert die Prozessinstanzen für die spezifischen Bauprojekte. Die beiden Ontologien haben ähnliche, aber nicht gleiche, Strukturen und sind über eine Regel-Engine integriert. Der entwickelte Ansatz beinhaltet ebenfalls die Nutzung der Referenzprozesse im Konfigurationsprozess. Dies umfasst sowohl einen Mechanismus zur Abfrage der Referenzprozesse, welcher das Extrahieren des benötigten Referenzprozesses aus der Ontologie beschreibt, als auch die Anpassung der Referenzprozesse sowie deren Konfiguration mit Regeln. In der Konfiguration liegt der Fokus auf der Integration der Regel-Engine mit der ontologischen Wissensbasis und die Anwendung unterschiedlicher Konfigurationsstrategien. Mittels Konfigurationsstrategien, die mit Hilfe von hierarchischen Regelmengen realisiert werden, kann eine intelligente Lösung für die schnelle Prozesskonfiguration gefunden werden. Als praktische Implementierung der vorgeschlagenen Methodologie wird ein Prototyp, als Process Configurator bezeichnet, entwickelt. Der Process Configurator realisiert die Interaktion zwischen allen Komponenten des Systems und unterstützt die Erstellung der Prozessablaufpläne mit Hilfe der Referenzprozesse und Konfigurationsregel.:1. Introduction 13 1.1. Motivation 13 1.2. Problem statement 14 1.3. Hypotheses 15 1.4. Objectives 15 1.5. A new approach of process modeling and configuration 17 1.6. Thesis outline 20 2. Process modeling 22 2.1. Basic issues 22 2.2. Business process modeling 25 2.3. Process modeling techniques 28 2.3.1. Integration Definition IDEF 28 2.3.2. UML 30 2.3.3. EPC 32 2.3.4. BPMN 35 2.3.5. Traditional modeling techniques 37 2.4. Process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.1. Main features of process modeling in construction industry 41 2.4.2. Existing approaches in construction industry 44 3. Ontology-based modeling 58 3.1. Knowledge-based models 58 3.2. Ontology 64 3.2.1. Ontology description languages 65 4. Modeling of construction processes and process patterns 78 4.1. Reference modeling 78 4.2. Process pattern 81 4.2.1. Examples 83 4.3. Ontological framework 88 4.3.1. Motivation for using ontologies instead of databases 88 4.3.2. Ontology for process patterns 93 4.3.3. Ontology for process instances 99 5. Configuration of construction processes 103 5.1. Generation and configuration 103 5.2. Process pattern retrieval 104 5.3. Process adaptation 107 5.4. Process configuration 109 5.4.1. Configuration rules 109 5.4.2. Homogenous approach 111 5.4.3. Hybrid approach 115 5.4.4. Types of rules 119 5.4.5. Configuration strategies 122 6. Implementation 128 6.1. System architecture and its components 128 6.2. Process configurator 130 6.2.1. BPMN mapping 136 7. Case study 140 7.1. Case 1 140 7.2. Case 2 146 8. Conclusions and future research 149 8.1. Conclusions 149 8.2. Outlook 150 9. Appendix A. 156 A.1. Process Pattern 156 A.2. Rules overview 158 A.3. Rules implementation 160 10. References 163

A definição de zonas de manejo no contexto da agricultura de precisão requer muitas etapas, desde a coleta de dados até a avaliação dos mapas. No entanto, existe diferente número de etapas, ferramentas, métodos, algoritmos e softwares usados, apresentadas pelos pesquisadores. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é propor um modelo de referência para o processo de definição de zonas de manejo em agricultura de precisão. O modelo de referência proposto para o processo de está dividido em algumas etapas observadas na maioria dos trabalhos analisados. A Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) foi utilizada para formalizar o modelo de referência composto dos cinco subprocessos: coleta de dados, seleção de atributos, filtragem de dados, agrupamento e avaliação dos mapas. Adicionalmente são apresentadas as atividades, os fluxos e desvios de cada subprocesso, apresentando os conceitos, pré-requisitos e limitações dos métodos aplicáveis em cada uma das atividades, além de apresentar possíveis variações na execução das atividades, ampliando as opções disponíveis para a definição de zonas de manejo. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo de referência proposto, descrevendo a utilização dos subprocessos e atividades propostas. A BPMN mostrou ser adequada para representar os subprocessos, atividades, fluxos e desvios do processo. O estudo de caso comprovou a aplicabilidade do modelo proposto, através de seu uso em um talhão contendo diferentes grades amostrais, erros de coleta e pares de atributos com forte correlação, enfatizando a importância das atividades propostas. Por fim o modelo de referência proposto foi capaz de gerar um conjunto de mapas de zonas de manejo e indicar o mapa mais adequado aos objetivos da agricultura de precisão. / Management zone delineation in the context of precision agriculture requires many steps, from data collection to management zone maps evaluation. However, there are different numbers of steps shown by researchers, besides tools, methods, algorithms and software used. In this context, the aim of this work is to propose a reference model process for management zone delineation in precision agriculture. The proposed reference model process is divided into some steps observed in most of the works analyzed. Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) was used to formalize the reference model composed of the five subprocesses: data collection, feature selection, data filtering, clustering and maps evaluation. In addition, the model presents activities, flows and gateways for each subprocess, presenting concepts, prerequisites, limitations of the applicable methods for each activity and possible variations to the implementation of the activities, increasing the options available for management zone delineation. A case study is presented to evaluate the applicability of the reference model proposed, describing the use of the subprocesses and activities proposed. The BPMN showed to be adequate to represent subprocess, activities, flows and gateways of the process. The case study demonstrated the applicability of the model proposed through its use in a field with different sample grids, errors from collection and strong correlation between pairs of attributes, emphasizing the importance of the activities proposed. Finally, the model proposed was able to generate a set of management zone maps and to indicate the most appropriate for precision agriculture objectives.

A definição de zonas de manejo no contexto da agricultura de precisão requer muitas etapas, desde a coleta de dados até a avaliação dos mapas. No entanto, existe diferente número de etapas, ferramentas, métodos, algoritmos e softwares usados, apresentadas pelos pesquisadores. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é propor um modelo de referência para o processo de definição de zonas de manejo em agricultura de precisão. O modelo de referência proposto para o processo de está dividido em algumas etapas observadas na maioria dos trabalhos analisados. A Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) foi utilizada para formalizar o modelo de referência composto dos cinco subprocessos: coleta de dados, seleção de atributos, filtragem de dados, agrupamento e avaliação dos mapas. Adicionalmente são apresentadas as atividades, os fluxos e desvios de cada subprocesso, apresentando os conceitos, pré-requisitos e limitações dos métodos aplicáveis em cada uma das atividades, além de apresentar possíveis variações na execução das atividades, ampliando as opções disponíveis para a definição de zonas de manejo. Um estudo de caso é apresentado para avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo de referência proposto, descrevendo a utilização dos subprocessos e atividades propostas. A BPMN mostrou ser adequada para representar os subprocessos, atividades, fluxos e desvios do processo. O estudo de caso comprovou a aplicabilidade do modelo proposto, através de seu uso em um talhão contendo diferentes grades amostrais, erros de coleta e pares de atributos com forte correlação, enfatizando a importância das atividades propostas. Por fim o modelo de referência proposto foi capaz de gerar um conjunto de mapas de zonas de manejo e indicar o mapa mais adequado aos objetivos da agricultura de precisão. / Management zone delineation in the context of precision agriculture requires many steps, from data collection to management zone maps evaluation. However, there are different numbers of steps shown by researchers, besides tools, methods, algorithms and software used. In this context, the aim of this work is to propose a reference model process for management zone delineation in precision agriculture. The proposed reference model process is divided into some steps observed in most of the works analyzed. Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) was used to formalize the reference model composed of the five subprocesses: data collection, feature selection, data filtering, clustering and maps evaluation. In addition, the model presents activities, flows and gateways for each subprocess, presenting concepts, prerequisites, limitations of the applicable methods for each activity and possible variations to the implementation of the activities, increasing the options available for management zone delineation. A case study is presented to evaluate the applicability of the reference model proposed, describing the use of the subprocesses and activities proposed. The BPMN showed to be adequate to represent subprocess, activities, flows and gateways of the process. The case study demonstrated the applicability of the model proposed through its use in a field with different sample grids, errors from collection and strong correlation between pairs of attributes, emphasizing the importance of the activities proposed. Finally, the model proposed was able to generate a set of management zone maps and to indicate the most appropriate for precision agriculture objectives.

The subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) is an ongoing housing and nancial crisis that was triggered by a marked increase in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures in the U.S. It has had major adverse consequences for banks and nancial markets around the globe since it became apparent in 2007. In our research, we examine an originator's (OR's) nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem related to choices regarding deposit inflow rates and marketable securities allocation. Here, the primary aim is to minimize liquidity risk, more speci cally, funding and credit crunch risk. In this regard, we consider two reference processes, namely, the deposit reference process and the residential mortgage loan (RML) reference process. This enables us to specify optimal deposit inflows as well as optimal marketable securities allocation by using actuarial cost methods to establish an ideal level of subprime RML extension. In our research, relationships are established in order to construct a stochastic continuous-time banking model to determine a solution for this optimal control problem which is driven by geometric Brownian motion. In this regard, the main issues to be addressed in this dissertation are discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. In Chapter 2, we investigate uncertain banking behavior. In this regard, we consider continuous-time stochastic models for OR's assets, liabilities, capital, balance sheet as well as its reference processes and give a description of their dynamics for each stochastic model as well as the dynamics of OR's stylized balance sheet. In this chapter, we consider RML and deposit reference processes which will serve as leading indicators in order to establish a desirable level of subprime RMLs to be extended at the end of the risk horizon. Chapter 3 states the main results that pertain to the role of stochastic optimal control in OR's risk management in Theorem 2.5.1 and Corollary 2.5.2. Prior to the stochastic control problem, we discuss an OR's risk factors, the stochastic dynamics of marketable securities as well as the RML nancing spread method regarding an OR. Optimal portfolio choices are made regarding deposit and marketable securities inflow rates given by Theorem 3.4.1 in order to obtain the ideal RML extension level. We construct the stochastic continuoustime model to determine a solution for this optimal control problem to obtain the optimal marketable securities allocation and deposit inflow rate to ensure OR's stability and security. According to this, a spread method of RML financing is imposed with an existence condition given by Lemma 3.3.2. A numerical example is given in Section 3.5 to illustrates the main issues raised in our research. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The subprime mortgage crisis (SMC) is an ongoing housing and nancial crisis that was triggered by a marked increase in mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures in the U.S. It has had major adverse consequences for banks and nancial markets around the globe since it became apparent in 2007. In our research, we examine an originator's (OR's) nonlinear stochastic optimal control problem related to choices regarding deposit inflow rates and marketable securities allocation. Here, the primary aim is to minimize liquidity risk, more speci cally, funding and credit crunch risk. In this regard, we consider two reference processes, namely, the deposit reference process and the residential mortgage loan (RML) reference process. This enables us to specify optimal deposit inflows as well as optimal marketable securities allocation by using actuarial cost methods to establish an ideal level of subprime RML extension. In our research, relationships are established in order to construct a stochastic continuous-time banking model to determine a solution for this optimal control problem which is driven by geometric Brownian motion. In this regard, the main issues to be addressed in this dissertation are discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. In Chapter 2, we investigate uncertain banking behavior. In this regard, we consider continuous-time stochastic models for OR's assets, liabilities, capital, balance sheet as well as its reference processes and give a description of their dynamics for each stochastic model as well as the dynamics of OR's stylized balance sheet. In this chapter, we consider RML and deposit reference processes which will serve as leading indicators in order to establish a desirable level of subprime RMLs to be extended at the end of the risk horizon. Chapter 3 states the main results that pertain to the role of stochastic optimal control in OR's risk management in Theorem 2.5.1 and Corollary 2.5.2. Prior to the stochastic control problem, we discuss an OR's risk factors, the stochastic dynamics of marketable securities as well as the RML nancing spread method regarding an OR. Optimal portfolio choices are made regarding deposit and marketable securities inflow rates given by Theorem 3.4.1 in order to obtain the ideal RML extension level. We construct the stochastic continuoustime model to determine a solution for this optimal control problem to obtain the optimal marketable securities allocation and deposit inflow rate to ensure OR's stability and security. According to this, a spread method of RML financing is imposed with an existence condition given by Lemma 3.3.2. A numerical example is given in Section 3.5 to illustrates the main issues raised in our research. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Applied Mathematics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.