International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / The 746th Test Squadron at Holloman AFB has developed and utilized the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF) High Accuracy Post-processing Reference System (CHAPS). CHAPS is a multi-sensor navigation reference system used to evaluate position, velocity, and attitude performance of Global Positioning System (GPS), Inertial Navigation System (INS), and Embedded GPS/INS (EGI) navigation systems on large vehicles and aircraft. Reference data is processed post-test with accuracy ranges from a meter to sub-meter depending on the reference configuration and test environment (profile, trajectory dynamics, GPS jamming, etc.). The GPS Aided Inertial Navigation Reference (GAINR) system developed by the Air Force Flight Test Center (Edwards AFB) offered other utilization capabilities (test beds and post-processing time). The basic sensor assembly is an EGI navigation system. The data are post-processed with Multisensor Optimal Smoothing Estimation Software (MOSES). Incorporating CHAPS and GAINR capabilities generates a reference system with enhanced accuracy (sub-meter) in a dynamic GPS non-jamming/jamming environment. This paper will present the enhanced reference system combination of CHAPS/GAINR capabilities, characterization process and development methodology.

Há 16 anos, com a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, o Governo Federal assumiu a responsabilidade de garantir saúde a todos os cidadãos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), de modo a ser universal, integral e equânime. Para efetivar tais premissas foram criadas Leis Orgânicas e Normas Operacionais Básicas. Uma delas é o sistema de referência e contra-referência, objeto deste estudo, com o qual se pretendeu reconhecer a funcionalidade deste sistema como determinante da integralidade da assistência através de sua rede de serviços, a partir dos objetivos: identificar os momentos restritivos no atendimento e agendamento de referências externas, através da construção de fluxogramas destes processos; reconhecer as características das referência externas emitidas quanto a tipo, fontes de registro, prazos de agendamento, perfil dos usuários e das equipes profissionais; discutir o princípio da integralidade sob a vertente da rede de serviços, correlacionando as condições de operacionalidade do acesso dos usuários às referências externas. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo, realizado em uma UBS do Distrito de Saúde de Guaianases, na Zona Leste de São Paulo, que atua sob a estratégia da Saúde da Família e que contempla os critérios organizativos do SUS como: descentralização da gestão através dos Distritos de Saúde, territorialização e hierarquização da rede. A nível da UBS, determinação da área de abrangência e adscrição da clientela. Nos resultados, os fluxogramas construídos possibilitaram o reconhecimento de vários momentos restritivos de acesso dos usuários nos processos internos de trabalho que geram as referências, bem como, do seu fluxo de agendamento para outros níveis de atendimento. Os dados obtidos também permitem inferir que, embora sob os critérios organizativos do SUS e a existência do sistema de referência e contra-referência, o acesso não é garantido para a maioria dos usuários nem ao nível básico nem aos níveis de maior complexidade e, dentre aqueles acessados, há um longo tempo de espera para agendamento, principalmente para exames diagnósticos. Observou-se também enorme diferença entre a quantidade de referências emitidas e registradas entre as equipes de profissionais, concorrendo para a discrepância entre as fontes de registro (SIAB e Ficha de Notificação/Planilha Eletrônica). Tal fato dificulta o planejamento de oferta destas referências, de acordo com a demanda real. É possível concluir, com esses resultados, que a atual forma de atendimento na UBS do estudo não garante a integralidade da assistência a partir do nível básico, a qual, ainda, pautada eminentemente na prática clínica e diagnóstica e associada à adscrição territorial, dificulta a autonomia do usuário, protagonista de suas necessidades de saúde / Sixteen years ago, when the Constitution of 1988 was promulgated, the Federal Government took charge of guaranteeing health to all citizens by Sistema Único de Saúde (Single Health System) - (SUS), so that would be universal, integral and equanimous. To do this premises, Organic Laws and Basic Operational Norms. One of them is the reference and contra reference, object of this study, with which it´s supposed to recognize the functionality of this system as determinant of assistance integrality through its services network, based on these objectives: identify the restrictive moments in attendance and appointment of extern references, by fluxgrams construction of these processes; recognize the extern reference characteristics related to type, register source, appointment deadline, users profile and professionals staff; discuss the integrality principle under network services support, correlating the operational conditions of users access to extern references. It refers to an exploratory and descriptive study, done in a UBS of Health District of Guaianases, East Zone of São Paulo, that act under the strategy of Family Health and that contemplate the organizing criterions of SUS such as: decentralization of management through Health Districts, territorization and hierarchy of network. At UBS level, the determination of area involved and registration of clients. In these results, with the fluxgrams built was possible the recognition of several restrictive moments of access of users in intern work processes that originate the references, as well, its appointment fux for others attendance level. The gotten information also permit infer that, although under the organizing criterions of SUS and the existence of reference system and contra reference, the access is not guaranteed to the majority of users neither basic level nor the level with more complexity and, among those accessed , there is a long time to wait for the appointment, mainly for diagnostic exams. It was also observed a big difference between the quantity of emitted and registered references among the professional staff, competing with the discrepancy between the register sources (SIAB and Notification Card /Electronic Plan). This fact makes difficult the offering plan of these references, according to the real demand. It´s possible to conclude, with these results, that the current way of attendance at UBS of this study doesn´t guarantee the integrity of assistance from basic level, with, still moderated highly in clinic practice and diagnostic and related to territorial registration, makes difficult the autonomy of the users, protagonists of their necessities in health

<p>Den 1 februari 2007 bytte Lantmäteriet referenssystem till SWEREF 99. Anledningen till att kommuner, myndigheter och andra användare också bör byta till SWEREF 99 är att ett gemensamt referenssystem ger ett flertal fördelar, bland annat kommer informationsutbyte att underlättas inom Sverige och användare av GNSS mottagare (Global Navigation Satellite System) kommer inte att behöva bekymra sig över olika koordinatsystem.</p><p>Syftet med denna C-uppsats på 10 poäng är att underlätta för kommuner och organisationer som skall byta referenssystem.</p><p>En handledning för hur kommuner skall lägga upp arbetet med referenssystembytet samt vad kommunen bör ta hänsyn till under inmätningar av kompletteringspunkter som ligger till grund för kommunens transformation presenteras. Geografisk bunden information finns på ett stort antal förvaltningar och bolag inom kommuner och för att inte missa någon organisation vid ett referenssystembyte har vi gjort en undersökning av vilken data som bör transformeras. Kontroll av två transformationsfunktioner som finns i ArcMap jämförs med en transformation i programmet GTRANS och inmätta koordinater med GNSS teknik för att undersöka avvikelserna vid ett framtida byte av referenssystem.</p><p>För att räta upp kommunens nuvarande referenssystem görs inmätningar med GNSS teknik. Detta för att punktkoordinater ska fås i såväl SWEREF 99 som frånsystemet. Dessa punkter skall hålla en hög noggrannhet i det kommunala nätet. Resultatet från transformationerna i ArcMap och i GTRANS minimerar de spänningar och deformationer som kan finnas i det kommunala stomnätet. Antalet kända punkter i transformationssambandet är fler i ArcMap än i GTRANS och vid en jämförelse inom ett mindre område visar ArcMaps två metoder det bästa resultatet.</p> / <p>On February 1st 2007 the National land survey of Sweden changed reference system to the Swedish realisation of European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS 89), SWEREF 99. The reason why municipalities, authorities and other users should use SWEREF 99 instead of other reference systems is because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The change of reference system should be implemented in order to facilitate the exchange of information inside Sweden and so that the users of GNSS receivers (Global Navigation Satellite System) can refer to the municipality coordinate system easier.</p><p>The aim with this 10 point thesis, on C-level, is to suggest solutions for municipalities and organizations that are changing reference system.</p><p>The study results in a supervision for municipalities’ work procedures at a change of reference system, and show what they should consider during measuring of complement points to underlie their transformation. Geographic information is accessible in a large number of administrations and companies in the municipality. To avoid missing any organization at a change of reference system, an investigation of which data should be transformed has been made. A surveillance of two transformation functions in ArcMap and one in GTRANS are compared with GNSS technique measured coordinates for comparison divergence between the transformations in a future change of reference system.</p><p>Measurements with GNSS technique are made to improve the present reference system in the municipality. The measurements are made because coordinates shall be present in SWEREF 99 as well as the from-system. These points shall keep a high accuracy with respect to equipment, method of measuring etc. The result from the transformations in ArcMap and GTRANS minimize the tensions and deformations in the municipal horizontal geodetic control network in different ways in relation to the coordinates. The numbers of known points in relationship for transformations are larger in ArcMap than GTRANS, a comparison in a small area in central Gävle shows that ArcMaps results are better than GTRANS.</p>

Den 1 februari 2007 bytte Lantmäteriet referenssystem till SWEREF 99. Anledningen till att kommuner, myndigheter och andra användare också bör byta till SWEREF 99 är att ett gemensamt referenssystem ger ett flertal fördelar, bland annat kommer informationsutbyte att underlättas inom Sverige och användare av GNSS mottagare (Global Navigation Satellite System) kommer inte att behöva bekymra sig över olika koordinatsystem. Syftet med denna C-uppsats på 10 poäng är att underlätta för kommuner och organisationer som skall byta referenssystem. En handledning för hur kommuner skall lägga upp arbetet med referenssystembytet samt vad kommunen bör ta hänsyn till under inmätningar av kompletteringspunkter som ligger till grund för kommunens transformation presenteras. Geografisk bunden information finns på ett stort antal förvaltningar och bolag inom kommuner och för att inte missa någon organisation vid ett referenssystembyte har vi gjort en undersökning av vilken data som bör transformeras. Kontroll av två transformationsfunktioner som finns i ArcMap jämförs med en transformation i programmet GTRANS och inmätta koordinater med GNSS teknik för att undersöka avvikelserna vid ett framtida byte av referenssystem. För att räta upp kommunens nuvarande referenssystem görs inmätningar med GNSS teknik. Detta för att punktkoordinater ska fås i såväl SWEREF 99 som frånsystemet. Dessa punkter skall hålla en hög noggrannhet i det kommunala nätet. Resultatet från transformationerna i ArcMap och i GTRANS minimerar de spänningar och deformationer som kan finnas i det kommunala stomnätet. Antalet kända punkter i transformationssambandet är fler i ArcMap än i GTRANS och vid en jämförelse inom ett mindre område visar ArcMaps två metoder det bästa resultatet. / On February 1st 2007 the National land survey of Sweden changed reference system to the Swedish realisation of European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS 89), SWEREF 99. The reason why municipalities, authorities and other users should use SWEREF 99 instead of other reference systems is because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The change of reference system should be implemented in order to facilitate the exchange of information inside Sweden and so that the users of GNSS receivers (Global Navigation Satellite System) can refer to the municipality coordinate system easier. The aim with this 10 point thesis, on C-level, is to suggest solutions for municipalities and organizations that are changing reference system. The study results in a supervision for municipalities’ work procedures at a change of reference system, and show what they should consider during measuring of complement points to underlie their transformation. Geographic information is accessible in a large number of administrations and companies in the municipality. To avoid missing any organization at a change of reference system, an investigation of which data should be transformed has been made. A surveillance of two transformation functions in ArcMap and one in GTRANS are compared with GNSS technique measured coordinates for comparison divergence between the transformations in a future change of reference system. Measurements with GNSS technique are made to improve the present reference system in the municipality. The measurements are made because coordinates shall be present in SWEREF 99 as well as the from-system. These points shall keep a high accuracy with respect to equipment, method of measuring etc. The result from the transformations in ArcMap and GTRANS minimize the tensions and deformations in the municipal horizontal geodetic control network in different ways in relation to the coordinates. The numbers of known points in relationship for transformations are larger in ArcMap than GTRANS, a comparison in a small area in central Gävle shows that ArcMaps results are better than GTRANS.

Há 16 anos, com a promulgação da Constituição de 1988, o Governo Federal assumiu a responsabilidade de garantir saúde a todos os cidadãos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), de modo a ser universal, integral e equânime. Para efetivar tais premissas foram criadas Leis Orgânicas e Normas Operacionais Básicas. Uma delas é o sistema de referência e contra-referência, objeto deste estudo, com o qual se pretendeu reconhecer a funcionalidade deste sistema como determinante da integralidade da assistência através de sua rede de serviços, a partir dos objetivos: identificar os momentos restritivos no atendimento e agendamento de referências externas, através da construção de fluxogramas destes processos; reconhecer as características das referência externas emitidas quanto a tipo, fontes de registro, prazos de agendamento, perfil dos usuários e das equipes profissionais; discutir o princípio da integralidade sob a vertente da rede de serviços, correlacionando as condições de operacionalidade do acesso dos usuários às referências externas. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo, realizado em uma UBS do Distrito de Saúde de Guaianases, na Zona Leste de São Paulo, que atua sob a estratégia da Saúde da Família e que contempla os critérios organizativos do SUS como: descentralização da gestão através dos Distritos de Saúde, territorialização e hierarquização da rede. A nível da UBS, determinação da área de abrangência e adscrição da clientela. Nos resultados, os fluxogramas construídos possibilitaram o reconhecimento de vários momentos restritivos de acesso dos usuários nos processos internos de trabalho que geram as referências, bem como, do seu fluxo de agendamento para outros níveis de atendimento. Os dados obtidos também permitem inferir que, embora sob os critérios organizativos do SUS e a existência do sistema de referência e contra-referência, o acesso não é garantido para a maioria dos usuários nem ao nível básico nem aos níveis de maior complexidade e, dentre aqueles acessados, há um longo tempo de espera para agendamento, principalmente para exames diagnósticos. Observou-se também enorme diferença entre a quantidade de referências emitidas e registradas entre as equipes de profissionais, concorrendo para a discrepância entre as fontes de registro (SIAB e Ficha de Notificação/Planilha Eletrônica). Tal fato dificulta o planejamento de oferta destas referências, de acordo com a demanda real. É possível concluir, com esses resultados, que a atual forma de atendimento na UBS do estudo não garante a integralidade da assistência a partir do nível básico, a qual, ainda, pautada eminentemente na prática clínica e diagnóstica e associada à adscrição territorial, dificulta a autonomia do usuário, protagonista de suas necessidades de saúde / Sixteen years ago, when the Constitution of 1988 was promulgated, the Federal Government took charge of guaranteeing health to all citizens by Sistema Único de Saúde (Single Health System) - (SUS), so that would be universal, integral and equanimous. To do this premises, Organic Laws and Basic Operational Norms. One of them is the reference and contra reference, object of this study, with which it´s supposed to recognize the functionality of this system as determinant of assistance integrality through its services network, based on these objectives: identify the restrictive moments in attendance and appointment of extern references, by fluxgrams construction of these processes; recognize the extern reference characteristics related to type, register source, appointment deadline, users profile and professionals staff; discuss the integrality principle under network services support, correlating the operational conditions of users access to extern references. It refers to an exploratory and descriptive study, done in a UBS of Health District of Guaianases, East Zone of São Paulo, that act under the strategy of Family Health and that contemplate the organizing criterions of SUS such as: decentralization of management through Health Districts, territorization and hierarchy of network. At UBS level, the determination of area involved and registration of clients. In these results, with the fluxgrams built was possible the recognition of several restrictive moments of access of users in intern work processes that originate the references, as well, its appointment fux for others attendance level. The gotten information also permit infer that, although under the organizing criterions of SUS and the existence of reference system and contra reference, the access is not guaranteed to the majority of users neither basic level nor the level with more complexity and, among those accessed , there is a long time to wait for the appointment, mainly for diagnostic exams. It was also observed a big difference between the quantity of emitted and registered references among the professional staff, competing with the discrepancy between the register sources (SIAB and Notification Card /Electronic Plan). This fact makes difficult the offering plan of these references, according to the real demand. It´s possible to conclude, with these results, that the current way of attendance at UBS of this study doesn´t guarantee the integrity of assistance from basic level, with, still moderated highly in clinic practice and diagnostic and related to territorial registration, makes difficult the autonomy of the users, protagonists of their necessities in health

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 30-November 02, 1995 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The necessity of supplying precise time information in large telemetry ground stations and astronomical observatories is very similar. Therefore the way of solving this problem as it is done in the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory can be easily adopted to telemetry stations and ranges, especially when fiber optics are used. The European Southern Observatory (ESO) is building a new observatory in Chile for the Very Large Telescope (VLT). This VLT consists of 4 telescopes, each of them has a primary mirror diameter of 8 meters. the control architecture is based on workstations and VMEbus computers. The VMEbus computers are distributed over the whole building and are using real time operating system. Since the availability of the Global Positioning System (GPS) the generation of highly accurate timing signals on remote locations without the use of expensive Cesium standards does not create problems any more. However, distribution of a timing signal to many computer with high accuracy is an issue. The accuracy of the commonly used IRIG B-code is not adequate if the requirements are in the 10 microseconds range. This paper presents the design of a timing system that is adopted to the VLT. An overview of the requirements of the Time Reference System (TRS) is given. These requirements have been defined on the basis of experiences with the timing system of the ESO NTT telescope. The hardware units are described. These are a Central Time Standard, a Time Distribution System and a VME Time Interface Module. The distribution is based on fiber optic transmission, using a simple digital modulation that outperforms the analog IRIG B modulation. The Time Interface Module in the computer does not only perform the timing signal decoding but contains also user-programmable timers that are synchronously clocked from the time source. Presently all units of the TRS have been tested and the series production of the distribution and the Time Interface Modules are in progress.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has exploded over the last decade with the constant need to reduce costs while maintaining capability. Despite the relentless development of electronics and battery technology there is a sustained need to reduce the size and weight of the on-board systems to free-up payload capacity. One method of reducing the energy storage requirement of UAVs is to utilise naturally occurring sources of energy found in the atmosphere. This thesis explores the use of static and semi-dynamic soaring to extract energy from naturally occurring shallow layer cumulus convection to improve range, endurance and average speed. A simulation model of an X-Models XCalibur electric motor-glider is used in combination with a refined 4D parametric atmospheric model to simulate soaring flight. The parametric atmospheric model builds on previous successful models with refinements to more accurately describe the weather in northern Europe. The implementation of the variation of the MacCready setting is discussed. Methods for generating efficient trajectories are evaluated and recommendations are made regarding implementation. For micro to small UAVs to be able to track the desired trajectories a highly accurate Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) is needed. Detailed analysis of the practical implementation of advanced attitude determination is used to enable optimal execution of the trajectories generated. The new attitude determination methods are compared to existing Kalman and complimentary type filters. Analysis shows the methods developed are capable of providing accurate attitude determination with extremely low computational requirements, even during extreme manoeuvring. The new AHRS techniques reduce the need for powerful on-board microprocessors. This new AHRS technique is used as a foundation to develop a robust navigation filter capable of providing improved drift performance, over traditional filters, in the temporary absence of global navigation satellite information. All these algorithms have been verified by flight tests using a mixture of manned and unmanned aerial vehicles and avionics developed specifically for this thesis.

Com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, os instrumentos utilizados para levantamentos na Mensuração sofreram profundas modificações. Muitos equipamentos e técnicas foram substituídos e outros até se tornaram obsoletos. O aparecimento de novas opções e técnicas de medições criam sempre dificuldades na vinculação entre levantamentos. Atualmente se utilizam as estações totais e o GPS (global positioning system) para levantamentos de pontos e áreas criando diferentes superfícies de referência e de projeção, tornando difícil a análise dos dados observados em conjunto das diferentes técnicas. Para tanto é necessário transformar as observações de um sistema de referência para outro, tornando-as compatíveis. Como não se tem uma descrição da maneira de proceder ao ajustamento dos dados das diferentes técnicas, este trabalho tem por objetivo o ajustamento destas observações (GPS e estação total) combinados e em separado e comparar os resultados das coordenadas e precisões com as precisões estabelecidas pela NBR 13.133 de 1994. / The development of new tecnologies brought deep modifications in the instruments used for surveying in the measuration. Many equipaments and techinics were substituted and others became obsolete. The new options and technics of measuring always bring dificulties in the link among surveying nowadays it is used Total Stations and GPS (global positioning system) to surveying of points and areas creating different surface of reference and projections; making the analyse of observed data difficult considering the set of different technics. For this, it is necessary to change the observations of a system to another, making them compatible. As we do not have a detailed descriptions of the way to proceed the adjustament of the data from different technics, the aim of this work is to adjust these aobservations (GPS and total station) combined and apart to comper the results of the coordinates and precisions stablished by NBR13.133 of 1994.

Com o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, os instrumentos utilizados para levantamentos na Mensuração sofreram profundas modificações. Muitos equipamentos e técnicas foram substituídos e outros até se tornaram obsoletos. O aparecimento de novas opções e técnicas de medições criam sempre dificuldades na vinculação entre levantamentos. Atualmente se utilizam as estações totais e o GPS (global positioning system) para levantamentos de pontos e áreas criando diferentes superfícies de referência e de projeção, tornando difícil a análise dos dados observados em conjunto das diferentes técnicas. Para tanto é necessário transformar as observações de um sistema de referência para outro, tornando-as compatíveis. Como não se tem uma descrição da maneira de proceder ao ajustamento dos dados das diferentes técnicas, este trabalho tem por objetivo o ajustamento destas observações (GPS e estação total) combinados e em separado e comparar os resultados das coordenadas e precisões com as precisões estabelecidas pela NBR 13.133 de 1994. / The development of new tecnologies brought deep modifications in the instruments used for surveying in the measuration. Many equipaments and techinics were substituted and others became obsolete. The new options and technics of measuring always bring dificulties in the link among surveying nowadays it is used Total Stations and GPS (global positioning system) to surveying of points and areas creating different surface of reference and projections; making the analyse of observed data difficult considering the set of different technics. For this, it is necessary to change the observations of a system to another, making them compatible. As we do not have a detailed descriptions of the way to proceed the adjustament of the data from different technics, the aim of this work is to adjust these aobservations (GPS and total station) combined and apart to comper the results of the coordinates and precisions stablished by NBR13.133 of 1994.

This paper describes, the development of a sensor fusion algorithm-based Kalman lter ar- chitecture, in combination with a low cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS). A low cost IMU takes advantage of the use of MEMS technology enabling cheap, compact, low grade sensors. The use of low cost IMUs is primar- ily targeted towards Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications due to the requirements for small package size, light weight, and low energy consumption. The high dynamics nature of smaller airframes, coupled with the typical vibration induced noise of UAVs require an e cient, reliable, and robust AHRS for vehicle control. To eliminate the singularities at 90 on the pitch and roll axes, and to keep the computational e ciency high, quaternions are used for state attitude representation.