O sistema de referência da rede de satélites GPS (Global Positioning System) é o sistema geocêntrico World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). As coordenadas de pontos obtidos usando o GPS são definidas para este sistema de referência. Entretanto, o engenheiro ao utilizar as coordenadas destes pontos geodésicos, requer que estejam referenciados no sistema local. O sistema local está associado a um elipsóide que melhor se adapta à área de trabalho. No Brasil, é adotado o sistema não geocêntrico South American Datum SAD-69. Uma vez que o WGS-84 é um sistema geocêntrico e o local não é, algumas transformações de coordenadas são necessárias. Os parâmetros de transformação das coordenadas entre os dois sistemas, publicados pelo IBGE para todo o Brasil, apresentam divergências se comparados a parâmetros obtidos para uma determinada região. Assim este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir alguns métodos possíveis de serem empregados para determinar os parâmetros de transformação entre os sistemas WGS-84 e o SAD-69, para a região de São Carlos-SP. / The reference system of the satellites network GPS (Global Positioning System) is the geocentric system WGS-84. When the coordinates of a point in the Earth’s surface are computed by using a GPS receiver, they are computed for this reference system. However, for practical purposes is desirable that the computed point be in the local coordinate system of the user, which is associated to an ellipsoid that best fits the region of work. In the Brazil, is accepted the system geocentric not South American Datum 1969 (SAD-69). Considering that the WGS-84 system is a geocentric system and that the local system is not, it is necessary to perform some transformation of coordinates. The transformation parameters of the coordinates between two system, published by IBGE all over Brazil, present regional divergency. From this point of view, this paper discus some methods that can be applied to determine the transformation parameters between WGS-84 and SAD-69 systems, for the region of São Carlos-SP.

O sistema de referência da rede de satélites GPS (Global Positioning System) é o sistema geocêntrico World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). As coordenadas de pontos obtidos usando o GPS são definidas para este sistema de referência. Entretanto, o engenheiro ao utilizar as coordenadas destes pontos geodésicos, requer que estejam referenciados no sistema local. O sistema local está associado a um elipsóide que melhor se adapta à área de trabalho. No Brasil, é adotado o sistema não geocêntrico South American Datum SAD-69. Uma vez que o WGS-84 é um sistema geocêntrico e o local não é, algumas transformações de coordenadas são necessárias. Os parâmetros de transformação das coordenadas entre os dois sistemas, publicados pelo IBGE para todo o Brasil, apresentam divergências se comparados a parâmetros obtidos para uma determinada região. Assim este trabalho tem por finalidade discutir alguns métodos possíveis de serem empregados para determinar os parâmetros de transformação entre os sistemas WGS-84 e o SAD-69, para a região de São Carlos-SP. / The reference system of the satellites network GPS (Global Positioning System) is the geocentric system WGS-84. When the coordinates of a point in the Earth’s surface are computed by using a GPS receiver, they are computed for this reference system. However, for practical purposes is desirable that the computed point be in the local coordinate system of the user, which is associated to an ellipsoid that best fits the region of work. In the Brazil, is accepted the system geocentric not South American Datum 1969 (SAD-69). Considering that the WGS-84 system is a geocentric system and that the local system is not, it is necessary to perform some transformation of coordinates. The transformation parameters of the coordinates between two system, published by IBGE all over Brazil, present regional divergency. From this point of view, this paper discus some methods that can be applied to determine the transformation parameters between WGS-84 and SAD-69 systems, for the region of São Carlos-SP.

Os aceleradores lineares vêm substituindo gradativamente os irradiadores de fontes gama nos Serviços de Radioterapia no Brasil. Consequentemente, existe a necessidade de aquisição de câmaras de ionização para uso em dosimetria dos feixes de radiação X e de elétrons dos aceleradores lineares. Entretanto, as câmaras de ionização comerciais para radioterapia apresentam alto custo e todas são importadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal projetar, construir e caracterizar câmaras de ionização de placas paralelas em dosimetria de feixes de elétrons de aceleradores clínicos. Foram desenvolvidas cinco câmaras de ionização utilizando-se acrílico como material principal e tintas de grafite e de prata para a confecção dos eletrodos coletores. Uma das câmaras de ionização é a prova dágua. Todas as câmaras de ionização foram submetidas a feixes de radiação no Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN e em três Serviços de Radioterapia na cidade de São Paulo onde foram realizados testes, como: tempo de estabilização, repetibilidade da resposta, estabilidade a médio prazo, corrente de fuga, corrente de saturação, eficiência de coleção de íons, linearidade de resposta, variação da resposta com a distância fonte-detector, efeito de polaridade, efeito cabo, simetria das câmaras de ionização, dependência angular. Além disso, as cinco câmaras de ionização foram calibradas em feixes padronizados de radiação gama, para aplicação em aceleradores clínicos de radioterapia. Os resultados foram satisfatórios para todos os testes realizados, mesmo para o efeito de polaridade no qual o resultado não foi menor que 1%; está de acordo com as câmaras comerciais reportadas na literatura. Assim, as câmaras de ionização desenvolvidas neste trabalho representam a possibilidade de uso em dosimetria de feixes de elétrons de aceleradores lineares em Serviços de Radioterapia. / Linear accelerators are gradually replacing the gamma radiation sources in the Brazilian Radiotherapy Services. Consequently, there is a need for the acquisition of ionization chambers for dosimetry of X-ray and electron beams of linear accelerators. However, the commercial radiotherapy ionization chambers are expensive and they all are imported. The objectives of this work were to design, build and characterize parallel plates ionization chambers to be used in electron beam dosimetry of clinical accelerators. Five ionization chambers were developed using acrylic as main material, and their collecting electrodes were made using graphite and silver paint. One of the ionization chambers is waterproof. All the ionization chambers were tested in the radiation beams of the Calibration Laboratory of Instruments of IPEN, and they were also tested in three Radiotherapy Services of the São Paulo city. The testes performed were: stabilization time, short-term and mediu-term stability tests, leakage current, saturation curve, ion collection efficiency, linearity curve, response in relation to the distance variation, polarity effect, cable effect, symmetry test and angular dependence test. Furthermore, the ionization chambers were calibrated in gamma radiation standard beams, for application in the radiotherapy clinical accelerators. The results of the ionization chambers were satisfactory for all the tests applied, even for the polarity effect test where the response was higher than 1%; this result agrees with the results of commercial ionization chambers reported in literature. The developed ionization chambers in this work show the possibility of their application in dosimetry of electron beams of linear accelerators of Radiotherapy Services.

Os aceleradores lineares vêm substituindo gradativamente os irradiadores de fontes gama nos Serviços de Radioterapia no Brasil. Consequentemente, existe a necessidade de aquisição de câmaras de ionização para uso em dosimetria dos feixes de radiação X e de elétrons dos aceleradores lineares. Entretanto, as câmaras de ionização comerciais para radioterapia apresentam alto custo e todas são importadas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal projetar, construir e caracterizar câmaras de ionização de placas paralelas em dosimetria de feixes de elétrons de aceleradores clínicos. Foram desenvolvidas cinco câmaras de ionização utilizando-se acrílico como material principal e tintas de grafite e de prata para a confecção dos eletrodos coletores. Uma das câmaras de ionização é a prova dágua. Todas as câmaras de ionização foram submetidas a feixes de radiação no Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN e em três Serviços de Radioterapia na cidade de São Paulo onde foram realizados testes, como: tempo de estabilização, repetibilidade da resposta, estabilidade a médio prazo, corrente de fuga, corrente de saturação, eficiência de coleção de íons, linearidade de resposta, variação da resposta com a distância fonte-detector, efeito de polaridade, efeito cabo, simetria das câmaras de ionização, dependência angular. Além disso, as cinco câmaras de ionização foram calibradas em feixes padronizados de radiação gama, para aplicação em aceleradores clínicos de radioterapia. Os resultados foram satisfatórios para todos os testes realizados, mesmo para o efeito de polaridade no qual o resultado não foi menor que 1%; está de acordo com as câmaras comerciais reportadas na literatura. Assim, as câmaras de ionização desenvolvidas neste trabalho representam a possibilidade de uso em dosimetria de feixes de elétrons de aceleradores lineares em Serviços de Radioterapia. / Linear accelerators are gradually replacing the gamma radiation sources in the Brazilian Radiotherapy Services. Consequently, there is a need for the acquisition of ionization chambers for dosimetry of X-ray and electron beams of linear accelerators. However, the commercial radiotherapy ionization chambers are expensive and they all are imported. The objectives of this work were to design, build and characterize parallel plates ionization chambers to be used in electron beam dosimetry of clinical accelerators. Five ionization chambers were developed using acrylic as main material, and their collecting electrodes were made using graphite and silver paint. One of the ionization chambers is waterproof. All the ionization chambers were tested in the radiation beams of the Calibration Laboratory of Instruments of IPEN, and they were also tested in three Radiotherapy Services of the São Paulo city. The testes performed were: stabilization time, short-term and mediu-term stability tests, leakage current, saturation curve, ion collection efficiency, linearity curve, response in relation to the distance variation, polarity effect, cable effect, symmetry test and angular dependence test. Furthermore, the ionization chambers were calibrated in gamma radiation standard beams, for application in the radiotherapy clinical accelerators. The results of the ionization chambers were satisfactory for all the tests applied, even for the polarity effect test where the response was higher than 1%; this result agrees with the results of commercial ionization chambers reported in literature. The developed ionization chambers in this work show the possibility of their application in dosimetry of electron beams of linear accelerators of Radiotherapy Services.

Die geodätischen Beobachtungsverfahren leisten auf verschiedene Weise Beiträge zur Erforschung des Systems Erde: Einerseits beobachten sie die rezenten Prozesse und ihre zeitlichen Variationen direkt, andererseit liefert sie die Grundlage für die konsistente Betrachtung aller Einflüsse in einem einheitlichen geometrischen und gravimetrischen Bezug. Das Projekt des Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) der Internationalen Assoziation für Geodäsie (IAG) soll die Voraussetzungen zur Vereinigung der verschiedenen geodätischen Beobachtungsverfahren, Modelle und Auswertemethoden mit dem Ziel schaffen, mit einem konsistenten Satz geodätischer Parameter ein hochgenaues Monitoring des Systems Erde zu ermöglichen. Die Realisierung geodätischer Bezugssysteme mit höchsten Genauigkeitsansprüchen ist in diesem Kontext eine zentrale Aufgabe des GGOS und Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. In der derzeit üblichen Darstellung umfasst eine Realisierung des Terrestrischen Referenzsystems (TRS) Stationspositionen zu einer spezifischen Epoche und ihre linearen Änderungen mit der Zeit. In diesem Konzept führen alle nichtlinearen Stationsbewegungen zu residualen Abweichungen, die geowissenschaftlich interpretiert werden können. Der natürliche Ursprung eines globalen TRS, so auch des International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), liegt im Massezentrum des Systems Erde (CM). Mit Hilfe dynamischer Satellitenverfahren, wie GPS, lässt sich dieser Ursprung aus geodätischen Beobachtungen realisieren. In einem konsistenten Ausgleichungsansatz werden Satellitenbahnen, Stationspositionen und die in Kugelflächenfunktionen niedrigen Grades modellierte Auflastdeformation gemeinsam geschätzt. Die Grundlage der Realisierung des ITRS bilden in einem gemeinsamen Projekt der TU Dresden, der TU München und des GFZ Potsdam reprozessierte Beobachtungen eines über 200 Stationen umfassenden globalen GPS-Netzes des Beobachtungszeitraums 1994 bis 2007. Nach der Vorstellung der Grundprinzipien des GPS und seiner wesentlichen Fehlereinflüsse erfolgt die Beschreibung der Analyse der Beobachtungsdaten selbst. Sie umfasst die einheitliche Auswertung über den gesamten Zeitraum sowie Verbesserungen in der Modellierung der atmosphärischen Einflüsse und der Charakteristika der Sende- und Empfangsantennen sowie die Nutzung der Normalgleichungen zu Realisierung des ITRS. Der abgeleitete Terrestrische Referenzrahmen (TRF) wird Potsdam-Dresden-Reprocessing 2007 (PDR07) genannt. Zur Beurteilung der Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit dieses TRF werden umfangreiche Analysen durchgeführt. So wird der PDR07 u.a. mit weiteren Realisierungen des ITRS, dem ITRF2000, dem ITRF2005 und den Realisierungen des International GNSS Service (IGS) IGb00 und IGS05, verglichen. Für eine Vielzahl geodynamischer Anwendungen werden GPS-Stationen in Messkampagnen beobachtet. Die hochgenaue Realisierung des ITRS in diesen regionalen GPS-Netzen ist für die geodynamische Interpretation der Ergebnisse zwingend erforderlich. Am Beispiel eines regionalen GPS-Netzes in der Antarktis wird untersucht, wie sich das ITRS in derartigen Netzen realisieren lässt und mit welcher Genauigkeit lineare Stationsbewegungen aus Kampagnenmessungen abgeleitet werden können. Im Anschluss werden die erhaltenen Bewegungsraten geodynamisch interpretiert: Aus den horizontalen Bewegungsraten wird die Bewegung der Antarktischen Kontinentalplatte im Konzept der Globaltektonik bestimmt und ihre innere Stabilität bewertet. Die vertikalen Stationsbewegungen werden genutzt, um Aussagen über rezente Krustendeformationen aufgrund glazialisostatischer Ausgleichsbewegungen und rezenter Massenvariationen des antarktischen Eises zu treffen. / The geodetic observation techniques contribute in several ways to the research of the system Earth: On the one hand they observe the recent processes and their variations in time directly, on the other hand they provide the basis for a consistent description of all effects in a consistent geometrical and gravimetrical reference. Within the project Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) the prerequisites for the combination of geodetic observation techniques, models and analysis strategies shall be created in order to enable a high accurate monitoring of the system Earth with consistent geodetic parameters. In this context the realization of geodetic reference systems with highest accuracy is a central task of the GGOS and subject of this thesis. At present, a common realization of the Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) consists of station positions according to a specific epoch and their linear changes with time. In this concept non-linear station motions yield to residual variations, which may be used for geoscientific interpretations. The natural origin of a global TRS, and this is also the case for the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), is the center of mass of the system Earth (CM). This origin can be realized by observations of dynamic satellite techniques, such as GPS. In a consistent approach satellite orbits, stations positions and the lower degrees of harmonic surface mass load coefficients are estimated simultaneously. The ITRS is realized based on reprocessed observations of a global GPS network. In a joint effort TU Dresden, TU München and GFZ Potsdam analyzed the data of more than 200 stations of the observation time span 1994 to 2007. After an introduction to the basic principles of GPS and its major error sources the data analysis is described. This covers a homogeneous analysis over the entire period, improvements in atmosphere modeling and antenna phase center modeling as well as the usage of normal equations for the ITRS realization. The determined Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) is named Potsdam-Dresden-Reprocessing 2007 (PDR07). In order to assess the accuracy and stability of this TRF a variety of analyses is performed. For example, PDR07 is compared to other ITRS realizations, such as the ITRF2000, the ITRF2005 as well as the realizations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) IGb00 and IGS05. GPS campaign observations are often used to investigate geodynamic phenomena. The realization of the ITRS with highest accuracy in these regional GPS networks is essential for the geodynamic interpretation of the results. A regional GPS network in Antarctica is used to investigate the optimal way to realize the ITRS in such networks and the accuracy of linear station rates determined from campaign observations. Subsequently, the station rates are used for geodynamic interpretations: The horizontal station rates are used to determine the movement of the Antarctic Plate in the concept of global plate kinematics and to assess the inner stability of the Antarctic Plate. The vertical station rates are used to evaluate recent crustal deformations caused by glacial isostatic adjustment and recent mass changes of the Antarctic ice sheet.

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (p.133-135).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 magnajr_jp_me_prud.pdf: 1562358 bytes, checksum: 707020e37c54b516d7377926b9cefee2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os avanços tecnológicos nos métodos de posicionamento, sobretudo os sistemas de posicionamento por satélite, fizeram com que diversos países atualizassem e/ou revisassem suas estruturas geodésicas fundamentais. Na busca de explorar a total potencialidade das novas tecnologias, as principais mudanças convergiram para a adoção de referenciais geocêntricos, de caráter global e cuja origem coincide com o centro de massa da Terra. A atualização de uma rede geodésica implica na mudança de coordenadas e, consequentemente, alteração da geometria da rede, evidenciando as distorções nela existentes. Para manter a integridade e topologia da rede geodésica é necessário que se proceda a uma modelagem das distorções. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de modelagem de distorções entre realizações de sistemas de referência geodésicos, baseada na utilização de grades regulares. Amplamente utilizada, a modelagem baseada em grades é uma forma padronizada de se realizar a conversão entre referenciais sem a necessidade de aplicação de modelos complexos por parte dos usuários. Nessa dissertação, foram geradas grades de distorção com diferentes espaçamentos, cobrindo todo o território brasileiro, para a modelagem das distorções entre as redes SAD 69 (realização de 1996) e SIRGAS 2000. A geração e aplicação das grades esta pautada no desenvolvimento de aplicativos computacionais com utilização do método de Shepard na geração da grade e da função bilinear na interpolação das distorções a partir dos pontos da grade. A metodologia foi avaliada através de estações de teste, onde os resultados mostraram-se promissores. Nos melhores casos, houve redução de aproximadamente 50% no erro médio quadrático das coordenadas após a modelagem com um indicador médio de precisão de 0,179m. / The technological advances in the positioning methods, mainly in the satellite positioning systems conduced several countries to update and review their fundamental geodetic networks. In order to explore the full potential of these new technologies, the main changes converged to the adoption of geocentric reference systems, that are global and whose origin coincides with the Earth mass center. The geodetic network update implies in coordinate changes and, consequently, the network geometry changes, evidencing the existent distortions. To preserve the data set integrity and topology it is required a modeling of the distortions. In this context, this work presents a distortion modeling methodology between reference frames based on regular grids. Widely used, the modeling based on grids is a standardized and less complex way to accomplish the conversion between frames without the necessity to apply rigorous models by the user. In this research, distortion grids were generated with different sizes and covering all Brazilian s territory to model the distortion between the SAD 69 (1996) and SIRGAS 2000 frames. The grid generation and application are based on computational software development by the use of the Shepard s method in the grid generation and the bilinear function in the distortion interpolation from the grid points. The methodology was evaluated through test stations where the results were promising. In the best cases, the root mean squared error in the coordinates was reduced 50% after the modeling with an average precision indicator of 0,179m.

Orientador: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo / Orientador: Maurício Galo / Banca: João Carlos Chaves / Banca: Leonardo Castro de Oliveira / Resumo: Os avanços tecnológicos nos métodos de posicionamento, sobretudo os sistemas de posicionamento por satélite, fizeram com que diversos países atualizassem e/ou revisassem suas estruturas geodésicas fundamentais. Na busca de explorar a total potencialidade das novas tecnologias, as principais mudanças convergiram para a adoção de referenciais geocêntricos, de caráter global e cuja origem coincide com o centro de massa da Terra. A atualização de uma rede geodésica implica na mudança de coordenadas e, consequentemente, alteração da geometria da rede, evidenciando as distorções nela existentes. Para manter a integridade e topologia da rede geodésica é necessário que se proceda a uma modelagem das distorções. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de modelagem de distorções entre realizações de sistemas de referência geodésicos, baseada na utilização de grades regulares. Amplamente utilizada, a modelagem baseada em grades é uma forma padronizada de se realizar a conversão entre referenciais sem a necessidade de aplicação de modelos complexos por parte dos usuários. Nessa dissertação, foram geradas grades de distorção com diferentes espaçamentos, cobrindo todo o território brasileiro, para a modelagem das distorções entre as redes SAD 69 (realização de 1996) e SIRGAS 2000. A geração e aplicação das grades esta pautada no desenvolvimento de aplicativos computacionais com utilização do método de Shepard na geração da grade e da função bilinear na interpolação das distorções a partir dos pontos da grade. A metodologia foi avaliada através de estações de teste, onde os resultados mostraram-se promissores. Nos melhores casos, houve redução de aproximadamente 50% no erro médio quadrático das coordenadas após a modelagem com um indicador médio de precisão de 0,179m. / Abstract: The technological advances in the positioning methods, mainly in the satellite positioning systems conduced several countries to update and review their fundamental geodetic networks. In order to explore the full potential of these new technologies, the main changes converged to the adoption of geocentric reference systems, that are global and whose origin coincides with the Earth mass center. The geodetic network update implies in coordinate changes and, consequently, the network geometry changes, evidencing the existent distortions. To preserve the data set integrity and topology it is required a modeling of the distortions. In this context, this work presents a distortion modeling methodology between reference frames based on regular grids. Widely used, the modeling based on grids is a standardized and less complex way to accomplish the conversion between frames without the necessity to apply rigorous models by the user. In this research, distortion grids were generated with different sizes and covering all Brazilian’s territory to model the distortion between the SAD 69 (1996) and SIRGAS 2000 frames. The grid generation and application are based on computational software development by the use of the Shepard’s method in the grid generation and the bilinear function in the distortion interpolation from the grid points. The methodology was evaluated through test stations where the results were promising. In the best cases, the root mean squared error in the coordinates was reduced 50% after the modeling with an average precision indicator of 0,179m. / Mestre

Les Noyaux Actifs de Galaxies (AGN) se situent au centre de galaxies extrêmement lointainesdont la luminosité provient de l’interaction d’un trou noir central supermassif et d’undisque d’accrétion. Il en résulte l’éjection à des vitesses relativistes de jets de matière collimatés.L’interférométrie à très longue base (VLBI) permet, grâce aux très grandes résolutionsatteintes, d’observer finement la structure de ces jets et de déterminer très précisément laposition astrométrique des objets. En raison de leur distance, les AGN ne présentent pas demouvements propres, ce qui les rend idéaux pour la construction de systèmes de référenceultra-précis et très stables.Des instabilités en position de quelques centaines de microsecondes d’arc, généralementimputées aux variations de la structure des jets, sont toutefois souvent observées sur des échellesde temps de quelques mois à quelques années. Le travail présenté ici étudie le lien entre les deuxphénomènes de façon statistique. Sur la base d’observations VLBI régulières conduites entre1994 et 2003, nous comparons l’évolution de la position astrométrique et de la structure des jetspour un échantillon de 68 AGN sur une période de 10 ans. Les résultats de l’étude indiquent quela corrélation entre les deux phénomènes existe mais n’est pas aussi forte qu’attendue. Le travailest complété par une simulation des effets causés sur la trajectoire des jets par la précessiondu disque d’accrétion ainsi que par la présence d’un système binaire de trous noirs. Appliquéeau cas de la source 1308+326, l’étude montre que l’amplitude de ces effets est compatible avecles oscillations de la trajectoire observées en VLBI. / Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are located in the center of extremely distant and bright galaxies. Their luminosity comes from the interaction between a super-massive central blackhole and an accretion disk, producing a relativistic collimated jet of matter. Thanks to the extremely high resolution achieved by Very Long Base line Interferometry (VLBI), the jet structure may be studied in detail, while the astrometric position of the AGN is determined with ahigh accuracy. Because of their location at cosmological distances, no proper motions are detected for those objects, making them ideal fiducial points for building highly-precise celestial reference frames.Instabilities up to a few hundreds of micro arc seconds are yet often observed in astrometricpositions on time scales from months to years. This is generally thought to be caused by theevolution of source structure. The study presented here investigates the correlation between the two phenomena on a statistical basis. Based on regular VLBI observations conducted between1994 and 2003, astrometric position variations and source structure evolution are compared fora sample of 68 AGN over a period of 10 years. The results indicate that a correlation between the two phenomena does exist but it is not as strong as expected. Additionally, a simulation of the effects caused by the precession of the accretion disc and the potential presence of abinary black hole in the center of the AGN is presented. Applied to the source 1308+326, the simulation shows that the magnitude of the effects is consistent with the oscillations of the jet trajectory observed on VLBI scale.

L’immigration ne cesse d’intéresser les chercheurs par la diversité des situations qu’elle recouvre et la multiplicité de réflexions qu’elle alimente. Elle est considérée de ce fait comme un champ d’investigation opportun pour explorer la problématique identitaire à travers différents aspects. Les enfants issus de l’immigration maghrébine constituent l’une des plus importantes communautés étrangères installées en France. De plus, nous ne pouvons pas concevoir la construction de l’identité individuelle de ces enfants sans étudier les spécificités des milieux sociaux à l’intérieur desquels ils sont amenés à se réaliser. Nous rappelons que notre thèse s’inscrit en psychologie du développement. Notre travail se veut une contribution au modèle théorique d’une socialisation plurielle, active et prospective qui s’appuie sur les travaux fondateurs de Malrieu en articulant les processus de la construction de la personne et les processus du changement social, de l’interstructuration du sujet et des institutions. Dans ce sens, nous avons analysé la confrontation des systèmes de références (représentations mutuelles et valeurs) de ces enfants ainsi que les animateurs socioculturels qui les accueillent dans le centre de loisirs. Nous avons choisi une démarche compréhensive et une méthode qualitative qui s’appuie sur une analyse thématique : des entretiens semi-directifs avec les enfants et les animateurs et des observations individuelles et collectives des enfants. Nous avons interviewé 15 animateurs répartis sur 3 centres de loisirs et interviewé et observé 15 enfants de ces mêmes centres.Nos résultats montrent que les enfants de 7-8 ans issus de l’immigration maghrébine ont une représentation positive des valeurs de l’animateur et de l’institution. Ils s’approprient généralement les valeurs universelles véhiculées dans le centre (le respect, l’écoute, le partage) qui recoupent des valeurs transmises par leurs familles. Cependant cela n’exclut pas certaines sensibilités au cadre institutionnel, jugé plus ferme que le cadre familial par les enfants. Ces représentations des valeurs de l’autre et de l’institution influencent la construction de l’identité individuelle de ces enfants. En définitive, nous avons pu montrer un processus de métissage des modèles proposés aux enfants, conduisant ainsi à des images de soi nouvelles intégrant celles attendues ou proposées par les modèles des milieux en interaction et d’autres testées, expérimentées, inventées et co-construites à l’intérieur de nouveaux modes de penser et d’agir (celles liées aux interactions avec les pairs par exemple). / Immigration continue to be of interest to researchers in the variety of the situations which recovers and the multiplicity of the reflections which it feeds It is thus regarded as a field of investigation appropriate to explore the issue of identity through various aspects. Children of North African immigration are one of the largest foreign communities in France. Moreover, we can not conceive of a construction of an individual identity of these children without considering the specificities of the social environments within which they are required to fulfill themselves. We remind that our thesis joins in psychology of the development. Our work is a contribution to the theoretical model of a plural socialisation based on the seminal work of Malrieu, articulating the process of building the individual and the process of social change, the mutual structuring of the subject and institutions.Hence, we analysed the reference systems of these children and their relationship with their sociocultural host in the leisure centre. We chose a qualitative method that focuses on a thematic analysis: semi-structured interviews with children and the facilitators, and individual and collective observations of the children. We interviewed 15 leaders from 3 leisure centres and interviewed and observed (individually and collectively) 15 children from these same centres.Our results show that children of 7-8 year olds from North African immigration have a positive representation of the values of the facilitator and the institution. They usually appropriated the universal values promoted in the centre (respect, listening, sharing ...) that intersect with the values passed on by their families. However, this does not exclude certain sensitivities towards the institutional framework, firmer than that of the children’s family, considered more flexible by children themselves. This representation of other's values and the institution affects the children's individual identity construction. After all we were able to show a process of interbreeding of the models proposed to the children so leading to new images of one integrating those waited or proposed by models of backgrounds in interactions and others tested, experimented, invented and co-built inside new modes to think and to act (those involved to the interactions with the peers for example).