Three studies were conducted to characterize and present early-seral competition between Douglas-fir seedlings and the surrounding vegetation communities during Pacific Northwest forest establishment. The first experiment served as the foundation for this dissertation and was designed to quantify tradeoffs associated with delaying forest establishment activities by introducing a fallow year in order to provide longer-term management of competing vegetation. A range of six operationally relevant treatments were applied over two growing seasons that included in the first (1) a no-action control, (2) a spring release only, (3) a fall site preparation without sulfometuron methyl followed by a spring release, as well as (4) a fall site preparation with sulfometuron methyl and a spring release. In the second year, there was (5) a fall site preparation without sulfometuron methyl followed by a spring release and also in the second year (6) a fall site preparation with sulfometuron methyl and a spring release. Treatments 5 and 6 were left fallow without planting during the first year. These treatments were applied in two replicated experiments within the Oregon Coast Range. After adjusting for initial seedling size, year-3 results indicated that plantation establishment and competition control immediately after harvest (i.e. no fallow period) enabled seedlings to be physically larger than those planted after a one year delay. At the Boot study site, limiting vegetation below 20% for the first growing season improved year-3 Douglas-fir seedling stem volume over 273 cm³. Delaying establishment activities one year and reducing competing vegetation below 11% enabled seedling volume after two years to be statistically the same as three year old seedlings in the no-action control, a volume range of between 148 to 166 cm³. Delaying forest establishment at Jackson Mast improved seedling survivorship over 88% when a spring heat event reduced survivorship of trees planted a year earlier to less than 69%. The combined effect of applying a fall site preparation and spring release was necessary to reduce competitive cover below 10% in the year following treatment and provided longer-lasting control of woody/semi-woody plants. Less intense control measures (i.e. no-action control and treatment 2) were not able to restrain woody/semi-woody plant cover which grew to nearly 40% at Boot and over 24% at Jackson Mast in three years. No treatment regime provided multi-year control of herbaceous species. Including sulfometuron methyl in the fall site preparation tank-mix did not have a negative effect on seedling growth or provide significant reductions in plant community abundance in the year following application when compared to similar regimes that did not include the chemical. Delaying establishment lengthened the amount of time associated with forest regeneration except on a site that accentuated a spring heat event. In the second study, horizontal distance and azimuth readings provided by a ground-based laser were used to stem map seedling locations and experimental unit features at Boot. These data were used to create a relative Cartesian coordinate system that defined spatially explicit polygons enabling, for the first time, the ability to collect positional data on competing forest vegetation within an entire experimental unit. Deemed "vixels" or vegetation pixels, these polygons were assessed for measures of total cover and cover of the top three most abundance species during the initial three years of establishment. An alternate validity check of research protocols was provided when total cover resulting from this vixel technique was compared to a more traditional survey of four randomly located subplots. The resulting linear regression equation had an adjusted R² of 0.90 between these two techniques of assessing total cover. When compared within a treatment and year, total cover differed by less than 12 percentage points between the two techniques. Analysis of year-3 woody/semi-woody plant cover produced by the techniques led to identical treatment differences. Two treatments resulted in woody/semi-woody cover of approximately 1500 ft² by the vixel method and nearly 40% cover by the subplot method while the remaining four treatments were grouped below 600 ft² or 20% cover, respectively. With continued refinement, these techniques could visually present forest development through all phases and provide long-term information used to bolster growth and yield models, measures of site productivity, as well as community ecology research. The third study evaluated the season-long gas exchange and biomass partitioning of four weedy plant species capable of rapidly colonizing Pacific Northwest regenerating forests. Cirsium arvense, Cirsium vulgare, Rubus ursinus and Senecio sylvaticus were studied at two sites. A greenhouse was used to introduce two levels of irrigation (well-watered and droughty). These species were also studied while growing among a larger vegetation community at a field site. Irrigation treatments had little impact on gas exchange rates. Species achieved maximum photosynthetic rates of 30, 20, 15 and 25 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ (respectively) prior to mid-July coinciding with an active phase of vegetative growth. As the season progressed, photosynthetic rates declined in spite of well-watered conditions while transpiration rates remained relatively consistent even when soil water decreased below 0.25 m³ H₂O/m³ soil. Water use efficiency was high until late-July for all study species, after which time it decreased below 5 μmol CO₂ · mmol H₂O⁻¹. Multi-leaf gas exchange measurements as well as biomass data provided a holistic view of plantlevel mechanisms used to shunt activity toward developing tissues. Herbaceous species had assimilation rates that differed vertically (within each species) by as much as 10 to 20 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ from July to September as lower leaves senesced in favor of those higher on study plants. Specific leaf area was greatest in June for all species then declined indicating species placed little effort into sacrificial early season leaves when compared to those higher on the plant that could continue to support flowering or vegetative growth. The study of seasonal gas exchange in the presence of declining water availability has helped to describe competitive mechanisms at work during forest regeneration as well as provide physiologic support for the application of vegetation management regimes. / Graduation date: 2013

Cette thèse traite de la situation actuelle de la forêt marocaine. Dans le cadre de ce travail, deux études ont été réalisées à l’échelle nationale, au Maroc. La première a concerné le pâturage des troupeaux en forêt, et la seconde a porté sur la quantification du volume de bois de feu directement prélevé en forêt, et consommé en zone rurale et en zone urbaine. Les résultats trouvés ont été très préoccupants. Dans les deux situations, les prélèvements réels de fourrage et de bois de feu, dépassent de 3 à 4 fois la possibilité biologique de la forêt. Les populations rurales exercent une énorme pression sur la forêt marocaine, ce qui conduit à sa dégradation et menace sa pérennité.Ce travail de thèse a également estimé la valeur économique des différents biens et services de la forêt marocaine, en vue d’en déterminer la valeur économique totale (VET). Cela a démontré que la valeur économique de la forêt marocaine reste très sous estimée, ce qui encourage son défrichement et son remplacement par d’autres usages.Ce travail a aussi mis en évidence le faible taux de réussite des opérations de reboisement qui sont menées au Maroc, depuis plus d’un demi-siècle. Une nouvelle stratégie de gestion durable de la forêt est proposée dans le cadre du Plan Forestier National. Pour atteindre cette gestion durable, le PNF devra résoudre les principaux problèmes urgents qui menacent la pérennité de la forêt, et donner un rôle primordial aux acteurs de la société civile et aux populations rurales pour la supervision de cette nouvelle stratégie forestière, avec la participation du service forestier, pour faire de la forêt marocaine un modèle de gestion forestière durable, à l’échelle de la région Méditerranéenne. / This thesis deals with the actual situation of the Moroccan forests. Within the framework of this work, two studies were carried out at national level, in Morocco. The first concerned grazing in forest and the second the quantification of fuel wood directly collected from forest and consumed in both rural and urban areas. The results found were very disquieting. In both cases, the total volume of fodder and fuel wood, effectively collected from forest, are 3 to 4 times the biological possibility of the forest.The rural populations exert a huge pressure on the Moroccan forest, which causes its degradation and puts in jeopardy its perenniality.This thesis work also estimated the monetary value of the various goods and services of the Moroccan forest, towards the valuation of the total economic value (TEV). This showed that the economic value of the Moroccan forest is very underestimated, which encourages its degradation and clearing.This research work also demonstrated the weak success rate of the reforestation activities, which were carried out in Morocco, during the last half century. A new strategy towards a sustainable forest management in Morocco is proposed, within the framework of the National Forest Plan.To reach this sustainable forest management, the NFP should resolve the major urgent problems which threaten the Moroccan forest, and should give a role of prime importance to the civil society actors, and to the rural populations for the supervision of this new strategy, with the participation of the forest service, in order to make of the Moroccan forest a model of sustainably managed forest, at the level of the Mediterranean region.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo contribuir para a sustentabilidade das formas de uso dos solos na Amazônia central, avaliando a influência da cobertura vegetal nos teores de nutrientes na solução do solo, ou seja, nos teores de cátions, ânions e carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Tomou-se como referência uma floresta primária, para comparação com áreas degradada, de reflorestamento, e de floresta secundária. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Manaus e Presidente Figueiredo, AM. Em cada área foram instalados extratores de tensão, nas profundidades de 10, 20, 50, 100 e 150 cm, para as coletas de solução de solo para análise da fase inorgânica, e nas profundidades 20 e 100 cm, para a fase orgânica. A coleta de solo para análise química foi realizada nas mesmas profundidades utilizadas para as coletas de solução do solo da fase inorgânica. As coletas de solução do solo e a quantificação da água da chuva foram realizadas ao longo de um ano hidrológico, seguindo a sazonalidade do clima regional, durante os anos de 2002 e 2003. Após a coleta, filtragem e preservação, as amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratório para a determinação das concentrações de cátions e ânions por cromatografia líquida (Equipamento Dionex, modelo DX500). As concentrações de COD foram determinadas por combustão, com detecção do CO2 gerado nesta por infra vermelho não-dispersivo (Equipamento Shimadzu, modelo TOC 5000A). A maioria dos solos foi classificada como latossolos, muito ácidos, intemperizados e com baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes. Dos cátions presentes na solução do solo observou-se a predominância sódica-potássica, com grande influência dos aportes atmosféricos. Em relação aos ânions, a predominância foi de bicarbonato e cloreto, com grande contribuição da atividade biológica nas concentrações de bicarbonato em áreas cobertas por vegetação, e do aporte atmosférico nas concentrações de cloreto nas áreas sem cobertura vegetal. A vegetação apresentou forte influência na dinâmica dos íons, principalmente para nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e magnésio, que apresentam como principal fontes a reciclagem da matéria orgânica e a transprecipitação. Na área degradada ocorreu predominância de cloreto e sódio, elementos que apresentam como principal fonte de entrada a precipitação. Na floresta secundária e no reflorestamento observou-se sinais de recuperação, com níveis mais elevados de nutrientes do que observado na área degradada, com destaque para aumentos significativos de COD e nitrato. Não somente a vegetação afetou a dinâmica dos íons avaliados, mas também a textura do solo, acidez, profundidade e precipitação. Para o carbono orgânico dissolvido observou-se enriquecimento à 100 cm de profundidade, provavelmente em função dos menores teores de ferro e alumínio em profundidade no solo. Este aumento em profundidade pode estar indicando uma ligação entre os sistemas terrestre e aquático, na qual o primeiro funciona como possível exportador de carbono para o segundo. / The main objective of this study was to contribute for the sustainability of land use in the central Amazon, evaluating the influence of vegetation cover on nutrient concentrations in soil solution that is, on the amounts of cations, anions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Using a primary forest as reference, we compared these concentrations with those in a degraded area, in a reforestation and also in a secondary forest. The study was conducted in the counties of Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo. In each site we collected soil solution using tension lysimeters installed at the depths of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 cm for the inorganic phase and at 20 and 100 cm for the analysis of the organic phase. The soil itself was also collected at the same depths used for the study of the inorganic phase of soil solution, to determine its structure and chemical composition. Soil solution and precipitation were collected during a hydrological year, following the regional climate seasonality in the years of 2002 and 2003. After sampling, filtering and preserving in the field, soil solution samples were sent to the laboratory for the determination of cation and anion concentrations by liquid chromatography (Dionex, DX500) and DOC concentrations in a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, TOC5000A). Most of the soils were classified as Oxisols, very acid, highly weathered and with low nutrient availability. Sodium and potassium were the most predominant cations in soil solution, due to the influence of the atmospheric inputs. For anions, bicarbonate and chloride were showed the highest concentrations. At the sites covered with vegetation, biological activity played an important role in bicarbonate concentrations, as opposed to the site without vegetation, in which chloride was predominant, due to atmospheric inputs. There was a good correlation between vegetation cover and the dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, all of which have as the main source recycling of organic matter recycling and throughfall. At the degraded area, chloride and sodium predominated, due to their main source, which is the precipitation. At the secondary forest and the reforestation there are indicators of the recovery of pristine conditions, whit higher levels of nutrients than those of the degraded area, specially significant increases in DOC and nitrate concentrations. Not only the vegetation influenced the dynamics of these nutrients in soil solution, but also soil texture, acidity, soil depth and precipitation. DOC, for example, showed significant increases in concentrations at 1m depths, probably due to the lowest iron and aluminum concentrations at these soil depths. This increase of DOC with depth may indicate an important connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, with the acting as an exporter of C to the rivers of the region.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-02-01T11:44:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGO SEMERIA RUSCHEL.pdf: 4638678 bytes, checksum: d4d1202cce0328177e98030dac7e0f3d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T11:44:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RODRIGO SEMERIA RUSCHEL.pdf: 4638678 bytes, checksum: d4d1202cce0328177e98030dac7e0f3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / This work presents the potential of carbon sequestration and provision of other ecosystem services in the Permanent Preservation Areas along the watercourses of the city of Campinas-SP. Also, the cost associated with the carbon sequestration service was calculated and how much the municipality would benefit from creating a market for the carbon credits generated in the reforestation projects in these areas. It was shown that the commercialization of credits would cover up to 46% of the project implementation costs. In addition to carbon sequestration, the recovery of PPAs along watercourses provides additional ecosystem services to the municipality, which if contemplated in the cost-benefit analysis of reforestation projects represent the largest portion of the total benefits. Therefore, the inclusion of the benefits generated by the additional ecosystem services has proved to be fundamental to make the recovery of PPAs economically viable. / Este trabalho apresenta o potencial de fixacao de carbono e provisao de demais servicos ecossistemicos das Areas de Preservacao Permanente ao longo dos cursos d?agua do municipio de Campinas-SP. Ainda, calculou-se o custo associado ao servico de fixacao de carbono e o quanto o municipio se beneficiaria ao criar um mercado para os creditos de carbono gerados nos projetos de reflorestamento destas areas. Foi demonstrado que a comercializacao dos creditos cobriria ate 46% dos custos de implantacao dos projetos. Alem da fixacao de carbono, a recuperacao das APPs ao longo de cursos d?agua proporciona servicos ecossistemicos adicionais ao municipio, e que se contemplados na analise custo-beneficio dos projetos de reflorestamento representam a maior porcao dos beneficios totais. Portanto, a inclusao dos beneficios gerados pelos servicos ecossistemicos adicionais mostrou-se fundamental para tornar a recuperacao das APPs economicamente viavel.

Depuis que la Communauté européenne a interdit la mise en décharge des déchets non ultimes, la recherche de nouveaux débouchés pour les boues d'épuration devient cruciale. En région méditerranéenne, les feux récurrents et les précipitations parfois violentes favorisent l'érosion et induisent l'appauvrissement des sols. Les sols calcaires dégradés sont souvent colonisés par des formations végétales stables à Quercus coccifera, adaptées à un faible niveau de ressources, ce qui ralentit l'installation naturelle des arbres. Dans de tels milieux, un amendement organique pourrait améliorer la fertilité du sol, modifier la dynamique et les relations de dominance de la végétation, et favoriser les processus de succession et de résilience, ainsi que la reforestation. Deux expérimentations ont été menées en Provence pour étudier les effets d'apports de compost de boues d'épuration urbaines et de déchets verts sur la dynamique d'un écosystème de garrigue. Premièrement, 0, 50, et 100 t.ha-1 de compost brut ont été épandues en surface dans le biotope naturel de garrigue, et les conséquences sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème ont été étudiées. Les compartiments sol, végétation et microorganismes de la litière ont été suivis pendant deux ans après amendement (2002-2004). Deuxièmement, nous avons incorporé au sol trois doses de compost brut (0, 20, et 40 kg.ha-1) au pied de jeunes plants d'arbres. L'évolution des propriétés édaphiques et du développement des arbres a été suivie respectivement pendant trois ans (2001-2003) et deux ans (2002-2003). L'amendement a durablement (2 ans) et efficacement amélioré la fertilité du sol. Cependant, le sol a été fortement enrichi en P et Zn, ce qui pourrait entraîner des problèmes sérieux de pollution des eaux et de toxicité sur les microorganismes. Ces deux éléments limitent l'utilisation de compost de boues dans les milieux naturels, et des amendements répétés aux doses étudiées sont inenvisageables. Dans la plantation, l'amendement a globalement favorisé le processus de reforestation en améliorant la nutrition et la croissance des plants, et surtout en augmentant leur survie en période de sécheresse. En outre, l'apport de compost en surface a généré l'apparition d'îlots fertiles dans le biotope garrigue, au sein desquels les processus de succession végétale pourraient être localement optimisés, ce qui pourrait favoriser à terme la colonisation par la strate arborée, notamment par Pinus halepensis. Par ailleurs, l'amendement augmente la diversité fonctionnelle en garrigue du fait de son effet bénéfique sur les espèces semencières, ce qui pourrait améliorer la résilience de l'écosystème après incendie. Ces effets bénéfiques du compost se produisent surtout pour les doses intermédiaires. L'utilisation de compost aux doses maximales testées devrait être abandonnée, du fait d'une dépréciation de la colonisation fongique de la litière de Quercus coccifera observée pour 100t.ha-1, et du fait d'une augmentation des risques de pollution par le P et le Zn proportionnellement au taux d'apport. Cependant, la nature calcaire du sol expérimental et la maturité élevée du compost ont limité les phénomènes d'exportation vers les eaux et la contamination des plantes par les éléments potentiellement toxiques. L'apport de compost en surface a plutôt augmenté la sensibilité des plantes à la sécheresse, alors que celle-ci a diminué lorsque le compost a été apporté en mélange au sol. Enfin, l'apport de compost en garrigue a eu des effets multiples (fertilisation, écrasement, dépôt d'une couche fertile) et a permis de mettre en évidence les stratégies spécifiques des plantes dans la gestion des nutriments et de la productivité. Ce travail montre l'importance relative des espèces végétales sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème, identifie les espèces clef pour le recyclage des éléments, et illustre la complémentarité d'utilisation des ressources qui existe au sein de l'écosystème naturel de garrigue.

Cette recherche porte sur l'étude d'un processus géographique : la reforestation comme changement majeur d'affectation des sols dans les espaces ruraux depuis le XIXe siècle et ses conséquences humaines, socio-économiques, territoriales et paysagères. Le concept de « nouvelles forêts », utilisé comme un modèle de réflexion, permet d'analyser les mécanismes à l'origine des nouvelles forêts dans le Massif Central. L'étude de la mise en œuvre du Fonds Forestier National (créé en 1946) en Ardèche permet de confronter les réalisations locales à l'esprit de la politique forestière qui visait à satisfaire les besoins en bois de la Nation. Si les hommes ont planté des conifères c'est avant tout comme un pansement face aux transformations que la société paysanne subissait. Les caractéristiques de la petite et moyenne propriété forestière et des propriétaires dans le Massif Central constituent une originalité au sein des sylves françaises, notamment à cause des héritages de la paysannerie. Toutefois, les nouvelles forêts résineuses s'inscrivent dans un contexte sociétal et territorial changeant. Le monde forestier est en pleine mutation et de nouveaux rapports ville / campagne se dessinent. Deux exemples territorialisés permettent de faire progresser la réflexion sur le devenir des nouvelles forêts du Massif Central. Le premier revient sur la réussite économique des nouvelles forêts résineuses en Forêt-Noire (Allemagne). Le second, dans le cadre d'une démarche de réflexion territoriale dans la haute vallée de l'Ardèche, propose des outils pour révéler et faire accéder à l'état de ressource territoriale un potentiel forestier possédé par de nombreux territoires du Massif Central.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo contribuir para a sustentabilidade das formas de uso dos solos na Amazônia central, avaliando a influência da cobertura vegetal nos teores de nutrientes na solução do solo, ou seja, nos teores de cátions, ânions e carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). Tomou-se como referência uma floresta primária, para comparação com áreas degradada, de reflorestamento, e de floresta secundária. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Manaus e Presidente Figueiredo, AM. Em cada área foram instalados extratores de tensão, nas profundidades de 10, 20, 50, 100 e 150 cm, para as coletas de solução de solo para análise da fase inorgânica, e nas profundidades 20 e 100 cm, para a fase orgânica. A coleta de solo para análise química foi realizada nas mesmas profundidades utilizadas para as coletas de solução do solo da fase inorgânica. As coletas de solução do solo e a quantificação da água da chuva foram realizadas ao longo de um ano hidrológico, seguindo a sazonalidade do clima regional, durante os anos de 2002 e 2003. Após a coleta, filtragem e preservação, as amostras foram encaminhadas ao laboratório para a determinação das concentrações de cátions e ânions por cromatografia líquida (Equipamento Dionex, modelo DX500). As concentrações de COD foram determinadas por combustão, com detecção do CO2 gerado nesta por infra vermelho não-dispersivo (Equipamento Shimadzu, modelo TOC 5000A). A maioria dos solos foi classificada como latossolos, muito ácidos, intemperizados e com baixa disponibilidade de nutrientes. Dos cátions presentes na solução do solo observou-se a predominância sódica-potássica, com grande influência dos aportes atmosféricos. Em relação aos ânions, a predominância foi de bicarbonato e cloreto, com grande contribuição da atividade biológica nas concentrações de bicarbonato em áreas cobertas por vegetação, e do aporte atmosférico nas concentrações de cloreto nas áreas sem cobertura vegetal. A vegetação apresentou forte influência na dinâmica dos íons, principalmente para nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e magnésio, que apresentam como principal fontes a reciclagem da matéria orgânica e a transprecipitação. Na área degradada ocorreu predominância de cloreto e sódio, elementos que apresentam como principal fonte de entrada a precipitação. Na floresta secundária e no reflorestamento observou-se sinais de recuperação, com níveis mais elevados de nutrientes do que observado na área degradada, com destaque para aumentos significativos de COD e nitrato. Não somente a vegetação afetou a dinâmica dos íons avaliados, mas também a textura do solo, acidez, profundidade e precipitação. Para o carbono orgânico dissolvido observou-se enriquecimento à 100 cm de profundidade, provavelmente em função dos menores teores de ferro e alumínio em profundidade no solo. Este aumento em profundidade pode estar indicando uma ligação entre os sistemas terrestre e aquático, na qual o primeiro funciona como possível exportador de carbono para o segundo. / The main objective of this study was to contribute for the sustainability of land use in the central Amazon, evaluating the influence of vegetation cover on nutrient concentrations in soil solution that is, on the amounts of cations, anions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Using a primary forest as reference, we compared these concentrations with those in a degraded area, in a reforestation and also in a secondary forest. The study was conducted in the counties of Manaus and Presidente Figueiredo. In each site we collected soil solution using tension lysimeters installed at the depths of 10, 20, 50, 100 and 150 cm for the inorganic phase and at 20 and 100 cm for the analysis of the organic phase. The soil itself was also collected at the same depths used for the study of the inorganic phase of soil solution, to determine its structure and chemical composition. Soil solution and precipitation were collected during a hydrological year, following the regional climate seasonality in the years of 2002 and 2003. After sampling, filtering and preserving in the field, soil solution samples were sent to the laboratory for the determination of cation and anion concentrations by liquid chromatography (Dionex, DX500) and DOC concentrations in a total organic carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, TOC5000A). Most of the soils were classified as Oxisols, very acid, highly weathered and with low nutrient availability. Sodium and potassium were the most predominant cations in soil solution, due to the influence of the atmospheric inputs. For anions, bicarbonate and chloride were showed the highest concentrations. At the sites covered with vegetation, biological activity played an important role in bicarbonate concentrations, as opposed to the site without vegetation, in which chloride was predominant, due to atmospheric inputs. There was a good correlation between vegetation cover and the dynamics of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, all of which have as the main source recycling of organic matter recycling and throughfall. At the degraded area, chloride and sodium predominated, due to their main source, which is the precipitation. At the secondary forest and the reforestation there are indicators of the recovery of pristine conditions, whit higher levels of nutrients than those of the degraded area, specially significant increases in DOC and nitrate concentrations. Not only the vegetation influenced the dynamics of these nutrients in soil solution, but also soil texture, acidity, soil depth and precipitation. DOC, for example, showed significant increases in concentrations at 1m depths, probably due to the lowest iron and aluminum concentrations at these soil depths. This increase of DOC with depth may indicate an important connection between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, with the acting as an exporter of C to the rivers of the region.

Considering the degradation scenery of riparian vegetation along the São Francisco River. This work discusses through the evaluation of forest species with potential use in soil in a Natural Engineering techniques, the floristic rebuilding of the riverbank. The first chapter consists of the presentation of the problem of bank erosion and the necessary restoration of riparian vegetation in the riparian agroecosystems associated with soil in natural engineering techniques as a mitigation measure of this form of environmental degradation. The second chapter consists of the proposed riparian restoration, by assessing the development of seedlings of forest species on the right bank of the São Francisco River, an important determinant in the choice of species to be used in biotechnical planned for the waterfront. The third chapter tests shrubs / trees to determine which species that have potential for biotechnical composition of soil in natural engineering techniques, assessing morphological species, so that these can contribute in reducing the erosion of river banks. / Diante do cenário de degradação da vegetação ciliar nas margens do Rio São Francisco. O presente trabalho objetiva discutir por meio de avaliação de espécies florestais com potencial uso em técnicas de Engenharia Natural, a recomposição florística da margem do rio. O primeiro capítulo consiste na apresentação da problemática da erosão marginal e a necessária recomposição da vegetação ciliar nos agroecossistemas ribeirinhos associado às técnicas de Engenharia Natural como medida mitigadora dessa forma de degradação ambiental. O segundo capítulo consiste na proposta de recomposição ciliar, através da avaliação do desenvolvimento de mudas de espécies florestais na margem direita do rio São Francisco, importante na determinação nas escolhas das espécies a serem utilizadas nas biotécnicas planejadas para a margem do rio. O terceiro capítulo testa espécies arbustivas/arbóreas a fim de determinar quais espécies que possuem potencial biotécnico para composição de técnicas de Engenharia Natural, avaliando dados morfológicos das espécies, de modo que esses possam contribuir na redução do processo erosivo das margens fluviais

Due to the intense suppression of native vegetation in nascent areas of the State of Sergipe, one can notice a significant environmental degradation. Thus, it becomes necessary the adoption of practices aimed at the restoration of the vegetation and these can be carried through artificial regeneration with direct seeding or planting seedlings. Therefore, the study was carried to evaluate the development of native species in the Piauitinga watershed in Salgado-SE, with the artificial regeneration methods (direct sowing and planting seedlings), using the native forest species Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Bren, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. Hill), Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart.) Hayne, Psidium guajava L. and Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. Initially, were held the physical and physiological quality of the seeds analysis in laboratory and subsequently a field experiment was established in a randomized block delimitation (RBD) in a factorial design with four replications, in an area previously occupied by pasture, located in Salgado-SE. The sowing was carried in holes (30x30x30cm), with spacing of 1,5 m x 1,5 m with 9 plants for species in every block and the planting of seedlings occurred similarly, totaling 90 plants per block, occupying an area of 0,1024 hectares. Were evaluated the percentage of emergence and seedling survival in the field, the initial development of seedlings and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) until 300 days after implantation. The species that showed better rates of emergence and survival was H. stigonocarpa with 74,44% and 48,89% respectively. Any plant of A. macrocarpa survived. In the of characteristics evaluation of growth in the field in relation to tillage, there was greater growth in height for P. guajava (25,84 cm) and diameter, T. aurea (6,51 mm). In planting seedlings, the more growth on the height was in the C. speciosa (93,26 cm) and the specie T. aurea presented greater increment in diameter (20,92 mm). There was statistical difference in the RGR of plants for planting two strategies. The species T. aurea, C. speciosa and H. stigonocarpa characteristics presented viable for use by direct seeding and planting seedlings in the recuperation of degraded areas of nascent. The strategy of planting that had higher averages for the parameters evaluated was the planting of seedlings in recuperation of the area studied. / Devido à intensa supressão da vegetação nativa em áreas de nascentes do Estado de Sergipe, pode-se notar um significativo quadro de degradação ambiental. Dessa forma, torna-se necessária a adoção de práticas que visem à recomposição da vegetação e estas podem ser realizadas através da regeneração artificial, com a semeadura direta ou plantio de mudas. Diante o exposto, o trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento de espécies florestais nativas em área de nascente na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piauitinga, no município de Salgado-SE, com relação aos métodos de regeneração artificial (semeadura direta e plantio de mudas), utilizando-se as espécies florestais nativas Anadenanthera macrocarpa (Benth.) Bren, Ceiba speciosa (A. St. Hill), Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart.) Hayne, Psidium guajava L. e Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. Análises da morfometria, determinação da umidade e qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram previamente realizadas em laboratório. O experimento em campo foi implantado em Delineamento em Blocos Casualizados (DBC), em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições, em uma área anteriormente ocupada por pastagem, localizada no município de Salgado-SE. A semeadura direta e o plantio de mudas foram realizados em covas (30x30x30cm), com espaçamento de 1,5m x 1,5m, contendo 9 plantas por espécie em cada bloco, totalizando 90 plantas por bloco, ocupando uma extensão de 0,1024 hectares. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de emergência e sobrevivência das plântulas em campo, desenvolvimento inicial das mudas e Taxa de Crescimento Relativo (TCR) até os 300 dias após a implantação. A espécie que apresentou melhores índices de emergência e sobrevivência foi H. stigonocarpa com 74,44% e 48,89%, respectivamente. Na semeadura direta, nenhuma planta de A. macrocarpa sobreviveu. Na avaliação das características de crescimento em campo em relação à semeadura direta, observou-se maior crescimento em altura para P. guajava (25,84cm) e para diâmetro, T. aurea (6,51mm). No plantio de mudas, o maior crescimento em altura foi na C. speciosa (93,26cm) e a espécie T. aurea apresentou maior incremento em diâmetro (20,92mm). Houve diferença estatística na TCR das plantas, para as duas estratégias de plantio. As espécies T. aurea, C. speciosa e H. stigonocarpa apresentaram características viáveis para serem utilizadas por meio da semeadura direta e plantio de mudas em projetos de recuperação em áreas de nascentes degradadas. A estratégia de plantio que apresentou maiores médias em relação aos parâmetros avaliados foi o plantio de mudas, na recuperação da área estudada.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela C Franke.pdf: 502974 bytes, checksum: b8ad11ab68c917dcb327754bf35081f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / Riparian forests protect water flows and allow the allocation of food and habitat for macroinvertebrates. With the impact of the absence of riparian forests, the benthic macroinvertebrate communities are changed and even after these reforestation, this community takes time to restructure. Thus, in this study we estimated the time needed reforestation of riparian vegetation for the community of benthic macroinvertebrates in streams of low order, similar to the present structure of environments not changed. Moreover, on this community were also assessed the influence of physical and chemical characteristics of water, type of substrate, the environmental integrity of the water body and canopy cover, using multivariate analysis techniques. We sampled low-order sixteen rivers in the dry season, with a collector-type "hand-net" covering the substrates available for benthic fauna. Attributes of community, the wealth of households increased time reforestation. The age of reforestation and environmental integrity of the body of water is presented and correlated between the components assessed, had the greatest influence on the benthic macroinvertebrate community. These results indicated that the benthic macroinvertebrate community requires at least 40 years of reforestation of riparian vegetation to present a structure similar to that present in unaltered environments. / Matas ciliares protegem fluxos aquáticos e possibilitam a alocação de alimentos e habitat para macroinvertebrados. Com o impacto da ausência das matas ciliares, as comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos são alteradas e, mesmo após o reflorestamento destas, essa comunidade leva certo tempo para se reestruturar. Desta forma, neste estudo foi estimado o tempo necessário de reflorestamento da mata ciliar para que a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos, em rios de baixa ordem, apresente estrutura similar a de ambientes não alterados. Além disto, sobre essa comunidade também foram avaliadas as influências das características físicas e químicas da água, do tipo de substrato, da integridade ambiental do corpo da água e da cobertura dossel, com o uso de técnicas de análises multivariadas. Foram amostrados dezesseis rios de baixa ordem no período seco, com um coletor do tipo kick-sampling , abrangendo os substratos disponíveis para a fauna bentônica. Dos atributos de comunidade, a riqueza de famílias aumentou o tempo de reflorestamento. A idade do reflorestamento e a integridade ambiental do corpo da água se apresentaram correlacionados e, entre os componentes avaliados, tiveram a maior influência sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos. Tais resultados indicaram que a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos requer pelo menos 40 anos de reflorestamento da mata ciliar para apresentar uma estrutura similar à aquela presente em ambientes inalterados.