Notre réflexion postule une invention conceptuelle de l'enseignement secondaire qui se distingue d'une invention historique. À travers l'étude des débats suscités par l'élaboration de réformes ou de lois sur l'enseignement secondaire dans les États-providence, nous souhaitons démontrer que le XXe siècle est celui de l’invention philosophique de l’enseignement secondaire. Cette invention se concrétise par la constitution de modèles nationaux d’enseignement secondaire. Nous comparons le modèle républicain français aux modèles libéral anglais, nationaliste allemand, idéaliste italien, libéral états-unien et social-démocrate finlandais. Ces modèles nationaux, aux traditions culturelles et idéologiques différentes, sont confrontés, tout au long du XXe siècle, à des enjeux communs quant à l’accueil et à l’éducation de l’adolescence. Notre réflexion s’étend jusqu’à l’entrée dans le XXIe siècle, par la mise en évidence d’un modèle international d’enseignement secondaire, qui tend à influencer – voire à dissoudre – les modèles nationaux. Nous proposons d’interpréter les processus successifs de démocratisation et de modernisation, de féminisation et de mixité, d'égalité des chances et de mise en place de l'école unique, comme trois phases d'une invention philosophique du secondaire et comme trois moments constitutifs des modèles nationaux d'enseignement secondaire ; modèles qui se trouvent mis en danger à l’entrée dans le XXIe siècle. / This reflexion postulates a conceptual invention of secondary education which differs from a historical invention. The study of the debates which followed the development of reforms or laws on secondary education in welfare states, demonstrates that the twentieth century is the century of the philosophical invention of secondary education. This invention materializes in the formation of national models of secondary education. This work proposes to compare the French Republican model to the English liberal model, the nationalist German model, the idealistic italian model, the liberal model of the United States of America and the social democratic Finnish model. Throughout the twentieth century, these national models, with different cultural and ideological traditions, face,with common issues regarding the reception and education of adolescence. This reflexion extends to the entry into the twenty-first century, highlighting an international model of secondary education, which tends to influence – or even to dissolve – the national models. The successive processes of democratization and modernization, feminization and coeducation, equal opportunities and implementation of the comprehensive school, are interpreted as three phases of a philosophical invention of the secondary education and as three moments constituting national models of secondary education ; models which are in danger at entry into the twenty-first century.

Magister Legum - LLM / This thesis will examine the effects of divorce on the benefit payable to a member of a retirement fund, where divorce has occurred before the member has reached retirement age. In particular, parametric (that is, piecemeal) amendments to the relevant legislation will be analysed in order to outline the development of the legislation relating to divorce and the consequent distribution of assets (including retirement savings). The previous and current legal position in South Africa relating to divorce and retirement savings will be set out and critically analysed to determine whether the current position can be regarded as an improvement upon the previous legal position, or whether other and/or new problems in this area have been created. Parametric amendments to relevant legislation have thus far been the subject of many cases in our courts and adjudicative tribunals. A systemic overhaul of a particular area of law is a useful tool in providing legal certainty and clarifying the laws applicable to that area. This thesis will therefore argue in favour of a systemic overhaul of the legislation applicable to the allocation of retirement benefits at divorce, as opposed to the ineffectual parametric (i.e. piecemeal) amendments that have been implemented thus far. An essential aspect of this study is a comparative study of South African legal principles relating to retirement benefits and divorce with the legal principles of this subject in the United Kingdom (UK). / South Africa

This study explores the shifting roles of teacher unions in pre-and post-independence Namibia, against the backdrop of a changing political context. My aim was to understand the roles of teacher unions both before and after independence in Namibia, and to explain how they changed in the different political contexts. To do so, I examined the teacher union roles in three distinct phases, namely pre-independence, immediately post-independence, taking in the period from 1990 to 1999, and the last decade, from 2000 up until today. In approaching the research questions, I worked on the assumption that understanding and explaining the roles of teacher unions in pre- and post-independence Namibia could best be achieved by interacting with participants who were or had been involved in education and the teacher unions in Namibia. I argued that their experiences would be important in constructing knowledge on the unions, particularly regarding their roles before and after independence. I chose a narrative design for the study, because it allowed me to interact with the participants to gain deeper meanings from their individual perspectives. Narrative design was appropriate to this research, because it also allowed me to trace the way events in education mirrored those in the national political arena, and to explain why particular tendencies emerged. I used the information collected during the interviews and document analysis as the data for the study. Four themes emerged regarding the roles of teacher unions in the contexts of pre- and post-independence Namibia, around which I conceptualized the study. These were the shifting historic roles of these unions in Namibia, the institutional frameworks and modalities for union participation, the contextual factors relating to the roles of the unions, and the changed roles of the unions in contemporary Namibia. The findings of the study suggested, firstly, that teacher unions play different roles in different political contexts, and that these roles are shaped by contextual factors. Secondly, the research established that the unions in the post-independence contexts did not necessarily have a vision of a labour-driven process of radical strategic change, as postulated by the theory of strategic unionism. Instead, the findings suggest that teacher unions in contemporary Namibia are influenced and shaped by the broader political and social factors of a new hierarchical political culture, by political and economic middle-class aspirations, and by undefined party-government-teacher union relationships. I conclude the study by suggesting an expansion of the concept of strategic unionism to include the nuances of political and economic contexts and aspirations. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Evoquer la problématique de la corrélation entre une économie naissante dont les structures étaient encore en formation avec une stratégie éducative elle aussi en fondation et dans le cas d’un pays longtemps colonisé dans son économie et dans son école est un gageur. Mais ces processus étant en formation, le suivi analytique nous a permis de fixer d’emblée les repères temps et les stratégies qui définissent les choix économique et éducatifs dans un pays qui devait à l’origine tout construire. Ainsi au coeur de notre problématique, se situe l’analyse de cette interdépendance entre les facteurs économiques de la croissance et les fondamentaux de la connaissance. Les chiffres et les statistiques qui quantifient ces facteurs ont été soumis à l’analyse et l’évolution de l’investissement public dans l’éducation et la formation traduisent en effet d’un côté la courbe ascendante de l’évolution de la population scolarisable mais d’un autre côté renseignent sur la trajectoire de la crise économique et surtout sur les approches des réformes à chaque fois engagées par le pays. Les études ciblant ce champ d’analyse étant rudimentaires, la disponibilité des archives et des statistiques maigres et difficiles d’accès, nous avons axé notre analyse sur une fourchette temps allant de 1980 à 2010. Cette période marque la maturation tant du système éducatif que le modèle du développement économique algérien qui commence à montrer ses limites managériales. La crise qui s’en est suivie ne manqua pas d’impacter le système éducatif dont les anachronismes se traduisent par la déperdition scolaire et l’inadaptation de la formation au marché. Notre approche méthodologique est hypothèco-déductive, basée sur une analyse raisonnée des statistiques avec un appui sur les concepts inhérents aux écoles théoriques qui ont produit du savoir sur le champ de l’économie de l’éducation. Et pour approfondir nos connaissances théoriques et méthodologiques concernant le domaine de la connaissance de l’économie de l’éducation, nous avons consacré notre chapitre V à une revue de la littérature théorique sur le sujet. Suivra alors dans le chapitre VII et VIII une analyse des indicateurs de transition et de ressources de l’éducation avec une tentative de modélisation de la relation éducation-croissance en Algérie. Les sens des échecs et des réussites scolaires sont analysés sous le prisme de l’investissement public. En guise de résultat de la recherche nous avons tenté à partir des données statistiques d’élaborer les contours d’un modèle mathématique de la corrélation éducation et croissance économique. / Evoking the problem of the relationship between the emerging economies that were still in training with the educational strategy in the case of a country may be colonized in the economy and school structures are staked, allowed us to these operations to repair Messaging standards and strategies that determine the economic and educational options, namely time and touches to a country that was in originally builds himself. There lies the issue which is namely the analysis of correlation between economic growth and basic knowledge of factors. And displays numbers and statistics that measure the amount of these factors in the analysis and development of public investment in education and training leading to the influence of the party in the curve of the evolution of the school-age population On the other hand, provide information about the course of the economic crisis, especially on the reforms carried out by each country approach. Studies aimed in this field of analysis is primitive, and the lack of records and statistics inaccessibility, that’s why we focused our analysis on the time of the 1980 range to 2010 because it represents the maturation of the educational system as a model for Algerian economic development, which begins by showing the administrative borders. The crisis that followed did not fail to influence the education system, which leads to waste and inadequate training anachronisms market. We have a systematic approach which is supposed-deductive, based on a rational analysis of the statistics support the theory inherent in the schools that produce knowledge in the field of education economics concepts. To enrich our knowledge of the theory and methodology of the field of economics of education devoted Chapter V review the theoretical literature on this topic. Followed by Chapter VII, VIII analyzed shift resources and education indicators with a relationship to try modeling between education and growth in Algeria. Are academic failures and achievements analysis through public investment perspective. We tried the result obtained and by statistical data to develop the outline of the mathematical model of economic growth, education and the link.

Submitted diploma work deals with the Common Agricultural Policy of European Union and its influence on the Czech international trade with agrarian products. Main objective of this thesis is to highlight the changes in agricultural international trade after the Czech Republic's EU accession, which also meant a full adoption of principles of the Common Agriculture Policy. First, the work is focused on historical development and working of the whole mechanism of the common agriculture policy of the EU. All the reforms up to now are given afterwards. The second half of this diploma work is analyzing the Czech agriculture and regarding the comparison of "pre-accession" period with "post-accession" period it shows the changes that have occurred in the Czech agricultural international trade.

This master thesis focuses on the changes in domestic and foreign policy during the presidency of Michelle Bachelet in Chile (2006-2010). The goal of this study is to find out whether systemic changes in domestic politics and/or reorientation in foregin policy have taken place within the regional shift to the left. The paper is divided into four logically connected chapters. The conclusion is that, despite several partial changes in domestic sphere and a major emphasis in regional aspects of foreign policy, no aforementioned profound changes have occurred.

The diploma thesis analyses development and current position of China in the world economy. It focuses in detail on the economic reforms being implemented since the end of the 70s, on their course and impact on China's economy, on the economic situation of China at the beginning of 21st century and on the impact of the world crisis on China's economy and its role in international affairs as well. This thesis also deals with China's accession to the World Trade Organization, its commitments, benefits and impacts, and relations, especially economic, with the United States, the European Union and selected countries in the Asian region. The thesis identifies and characterizes some of the main problems which China is facing as a result of its development.

The thesis deals with the Cuban system of social security. The work focuses on general operation of social systems in Latin America and compares them with the Cuban social system. Thus, the thesis aims to explore the system of social security in Cuba, to describe its advantages and disadvantages and to show why the system is sometimes considered as more effective then other systems in this region. Attention has also been paid to the ageing of the population and how Cuba deals with this problem.

This final thesis is dedicated to the analysis of special economic zones. The main goals of this paper are: theoretical study of SEZ, its main characteristics and outlook of specifics of Chinese SEZs, their historical and modern development trends. The first chapter is dedicated to the theoretical analysis of SEZs from various angles; it outlines main features and definitions; gives analysis of the effects of SEZ on the domestic economy and analyses factors for successful zone launch. It contains analysis of the main goals and roles of SEZs in the economy; describes SEZs in BRIC countries. The second chapter is dedicated to the specifics of Chinese SEZs and description of the Chinese liberalization reforms with the emphasis put on SEZs. It provides description of the main reasons for zones launching in China, their roles and features, investor's motivation for entry onto the Chinese market, the role of ethnic Chinese, effect of SEZs. The third chapter introduces modern development trends of SEZs in China. It describes new types of zones, analyses new growth tendencies, evaluates the effects of the current five-year plan on goals and development priorities of SEZs, and examines impacts of SEZs on the realization of state development programme. The last chapter is focused on the selected SEZs with emphasis on current development trends and SWOT analysis of Chinese SEZs. This chapter applies theoretical knowledge gained in previous chapters on the analysis of the selected zones. This paper, as a result, provides the complex overview of Chinese SEZs, current development trends and their impacts on the Chinese economy.

In this work, I covered the sustainability of public finances in Greece, reachability of target values of debt to GDP ratio, analysis of impacts of the debt crisis in a political and social context, structure of the state budget and an evaluation of the implemented reforms. On the basis of technical publications, examples of debt crises in Asia and Latin America and recommendations from OECD, EC, NERV and IOBE I summarized the reform directions and steps to reach a sustainable state of public finances in Greece.