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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Utilisation d'ontologies comme support à la recherche et à la navigation dans une collection de documents / ONTOLOGY BASED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL

Sy, Mohameth François 11 December 2012 (has links)
Les ontologies offrent une modélisation des connaissances d'un domaine basée sur une hiérarchie des concepts clefs de ce domaine. Leur utilisation dans le cadre des Systèmes de Recherche d'Information (SRI), tant pour indexer les documents que pour exprimer une requête, permet notamment d'éviter les ambiguïtés du langage naturel qui pénalisent les SRI classiques. Les travaux de cette thèse portent essentiellement sur l'utilisation d'ontologies lors du processus d'appariement durant lequel les SRI ordonnent les documents d'une collection en fonction de leur pertinence par rapport à une requête utilisateur. Nous proposons de calculer cette pertinence à l'aide d'une stratégie d'agrégation de scores élémentaires entre chaque document et chaque concept de la requête. Cette agrégation, simple et intuitive, intègre un modèle de préférences dépendant de l'utilisateur et une mesure de similarité sémantique associée à l'ontologie. L'intérêt majeur de cette approche est qu'elle permet d'expliquer à l'utilisateur pourquoi notre SRI, OBIRS, estime que les documents qu'il a sélectionnés sont pertinents. Nous proposons de renforcer cette justification grâce à une visualisation originale où les résultats sont représentés par des pictogrammes, résumant leurs pertinences élémentaires, puis disposés sur une carte sémantique en fonction de leur pertinence globale. La Recherche d'Information étant un processus itératif, il est nécessaire de permettre à l'utilisateur d'interagir avec le SRI, de comprendre et d'évaluer les résultats et de le guider dans sa reformulation de requête. Nous proposons une stratégie de reformulation de requêtes conceptuelles basée sur la transposition d'une méthode éprouvée dans le cadre de SRI vectoriels. La reformulation devient alors un problème d'optimisation utilisant les retours faits par l'utilisateur sur les premiers résultats proposés comme base d'apprentissage. Nous avons développé une heuristique permettant de s'approcher d'une requête optimale en ne testant qu'un sous-espace des requêtes conceptuelles possibles. Nous montrons que l'identification efficace des concepts de ce sous-espace découle de deux propriétés qu'une grande partie des mesures de similarité sémantique vérifient, et qui suffisent à garantir la connexité du voisinage sémantique d'un concept.Les modèles que nous proposons sont validés tant sur la base de performances obtenues sur des jeux de tests standards, que sur la base de cas d'études impliquant des experts biologistes. / Domain ontologies provide a knowledge model where the main concepts of a domain are organized through hierarchical relationships. In conceptual Information Retrieval Systems (IRS), where they are used to index documents as well as to formulate a query, their use allows to overcome some ambiguities of classical IRSs based on natural language processes.One of the contributions of this study consists in the use of ontologies within IRSs, in particular to assess the relevance of documents with respect to a given query. For this matching process, a simple and intuitive aggregation approach is proposed, that incorporates user dependent preferences model on one hand, and semantic similarity measures attached to a domain ontology on the other hand. This matching strategy allows justifying the relevance of the results to the user. To complete this explanation, semantic maps are built, to help the user to grasp the results at a glance. Documents are displayed as icons that detail their elementary scores. They are organized so that their graphical distance on the map reflects their relevance to a query represented as a probe. As Information Retrieval is an iterative process, it is necessary to involve the users in the control loop of the results relevancy in order to better specify their information needs. Inspired by experienced strategies in vector models, we propose, in the context of conceptual IRS, to formalize ontology based relevance feedback. This strategy consists in searching a conceptual query that optimizes a tradeoff between relevant documents closeness and irrelevant documents remoteness, modeled through an objective function. From a set of concepts of interest, a heuristic is proposed that efficiently builds a near optimal query. This heuristic relies on two simple properties of semantic similarities that are proved to ensure semantic neighborhood connectivity. Hence, only an excerpt of the ontology dag structure is explored during query reformulation.These approaches have been implemented in OBIRS, our ontological based IRS and validated in two ways: automatic assessment based on standard collections of tests, and case studies involving experts from biomedical domain.
62

O Movimento Bandeirante entre tensões e contradições: a reformulação institucional de 1968

Fellini, Mariella 24 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-22T14:56:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariella Fellini_.pdf: 1669373 bytes, checksum: 25c88028de08a9931d43f2e96182058b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T14:56:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariella Fellini_.pdf: 1669373 bytes, checksum: 25c88028de08a9931d43f2e96182058b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Nenhuma / O Movimento, que no Brasil foi chamado de Bandeirante, surgiu em 1909, na Inglaterra, organizado pelo militar Robert Baden-Powell, denominado originalmente de Girls Guides que, como o nome indica, congregava meninas, enquanto seu correlato, o Movimento Escoteiro, atendia aos meninos. Em 1919, o Bandeirantismo chegou ao Brasil, introduzido por pessoas da elite carioca que o haviam conhecido na Europa. As atividades se voltavam à formação de meninas e moças que deveriam desempenhar os papéis de gênero próprios do período. Em suas primeiras décadas, o Movimento expandiu-se pelo país, contando com forte apoio do Estado e da Igreja Católica. De cunho conservador, o Movimento Bandeirante não havia passado por reformulações mais profundas até a década de 1960, quando o decréscimo do efetivo sinalizou para a necessidade de mudanças. A dissertação objetivou analisar a reestruturação do Movimento Bandeirante no período de 1967 e 1968, observando as tensões, contradições e os possíveis limitadores à inovação no interior do Movimento. A base empírica do estudo constituiu-se no relatório de reformulação da Federação de Bandeirantes do Brasil, o qual procurava apontar os problemas enfrentados bem como sugerir reformulações que permitissem a superação de possíveis anacronismos. Também foi consultada a revista Bandeirantes, cuja leitura, ao longo da década de 1960, permitiu cotejar distintas opiniões, tanto das diretorias quanto de participantes de diferentes níveis hierárquicos, sobre os rumos e os problemas enfrentados pelo Movimento. Finalmente, foram consultadas as atas das reuniões nacionais, nas quais se discutiam as concepções e ações do Bandeirantismo no país, especialmente após este de ter se tornado oficialmente misto, em 1968. As categorias analíticas que embasaram a leitura desses documentos foram: conservadorismo, definido a partir da leitura de Norberto Bobbio; gênero, com base nas discussões de Joan Scott; feminismo liberal, a partir dos estudos de Celi Pinto e coeducação, com base nas discussões de Aldenise Santos e Dinamara Feldens. Como resultados, apresentam-se as principais contradições, presentes no interior do Movimento, que impediram inovações mais profundas e mantiveram uma cultura institucional predominantemente conservadora, ainda que permeada por discursos e práticas que, por vezes, poderiam ser consideradas progressistas. / The Movement, in Brazil called Bandeirante, was created in England in 1909 by Robert Baden-Powell, a military officer. Originally nominated Girls Guides, this movement only congregated girls, while its counterpart Boys Scouts was for boys exclusively. In 1919, the Bandeirantismo was first introduced in Brazil by members of Rio de Janeiro’s elite that had been engaged in it in Europe. The activities were then focused in the education of girls that should learn how to interpret their gender roles properly. In its first decades, the Movement expanded across the country, strongly supported by State and Catholic Church. Conservative by nature, the Movement kept its characteristics until 1960’s, when a decrease in its members indicated the immediate need of reformulation. The aim of this dissertation is to evaluate the 1967-68’s restructuring of Bandeirante Movement, observing tensions, contradictions and possible limitations to the Movement’s innovation. The empirical basis of the study was the Reformulation Report of the Federação de Bandeirantes do Brasil, that seek to point out the existing problems as well as to suggest reformulations that could overcome possible anachronisms. Likewise, Bandeirantes magazine was consulted, and its reading throughout the 1960’s decade made possible to distinguish different opinions from the most variate levels, such as directory and regular participants, about the problems inside the Movement. Finally, the minute of several national conferences were consulted, in which the conceptions and actions of the Guidism in Brazil was discussed, especially after its official transformation in a mixed movement, in 1968. The analytic categories that substantiate these documents reading was: conservatism, defined by the reading of Norberto Bobbio; gender, based on the discussions of Joan Scott; liberal feminism, through the studying of Celi Pinto; and coeducation, based on the discussions of Aldenise Santos and Dinamara Feldens. As results, was presented the main contradictions of the Movement, that precluded more profound innovations and kept a predominantly conservative institutional culture, even though surrounded by speeches and practices that, sometimes, could be considered progressive.
63

Discurso parlamentar: retextualização e (des)cortesia em foco / Parliamentary discourse: focusing on retextualization and (dis)courtesy

Oliveira, Maria Rodrigues de 23 August 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-28T08:55:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 3393972 bytes, checksum: e59dd900b4529eeec5afcdf8606db385 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-28T08:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 3393972 bytes, checksum: e59dd900b4529eeec5afcdf8606db385 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is part of the Line of Research ‘Text and discourse in the oral and written modalities’, of the Postgraduate Studies Program in the Portuguese Language of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, and deals with parliamentary speeches, focusing on their retextualization and on the (dis)courtesy present in these speeches, especially that arising from requests of corrections to be made in another's speech. In parliamentary sessions, it is common for speakers to utter words considered discourteous by their peers, who request the correction of these words in the retextualized text to save their own faces or third-party faces. From the hypotheses that such requests for corrections would in fact aid in the expansion of the threat to the faces in the plenary sessions and that the corrections in the retextualized speeches would not contribute to saving those same faces, in addition to the certainty that some retextualization practices may lead to a distortion of what the speaker has said, this research aims to answer the following questions: a) do requests for corrections in another’s speech in a plenary session contribute to saving threatened faces or cause an exacerbation of the threat?; b) do the corrections made by retextualizers in response to such requests fulfill the task of saving faces in the written text?; c) do the corrections made by retextualizers in order to make speeches meet the standards recommended by the legislative bodies or for personal reasons have an effect on aspects of (dis)courtesy? Based on studies of Discourse Analysis, Text Linguistics, Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, in addition to procedure manuals of legislative bodies, relevant legislation, this thesis analyzes a corpus made up of four blocks of speeches delivered in the House of Representatives. The results obtained suggest that: a) the requests for corrections of another's speech at plenary sessions do not contribute to saving faces but causes an expansion of the threat; b) corrections made by retextualizers in response to such requests do not fulfill the face saving task but, to the contrary, they aid in arousing an interest in the threats; c) the corrections made by retextualizers to adjust speeches to the standards recommended by legislative bodies or for personal reasons can result both in the insertion of courtesy and of discourtesy in the speeches published in the written form. This research is justified by the need to contribute to an awareness of the relevance of the written record of parliamentary speeches and to the changing of retextualization practices in order to prioritize what is said in the speeches, not what the speaker should or would have said. Therefore, this thesis brings contributions to the task of retextualizing parliamentary speeches and intends to arouse the attention of researchers to this vast field of study that is still little explored / A pesquisa insere-se na Linha de Pesquisa “Texto e discurso nas modalidades oral e escrita”, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, e trata do discurso parlamentar com foco em sua retextualização e na (des)cortesia corrente nesses discursos, principalmente aquela oriunda de pedidos de correção nos discursos alheios. Nas sessões parlamentares é comum que os oradores pronunciem termos considerados descorteses por seus pares, os quais solicitam a correção desses termos no texto retextualizado com vistas à proteção das próprias faces ou das faces de terceiros. A partir das hipóteses de que tais pedidos de correção colaborariam para a expansão da ameaça às faces no plenário e de que as correções nos discursos retextualizados não contribuiriam para a proteção das mesmas faces, além da certeza de que algumas práticas retextualizadoras podem levar ao falseamento do dito pelo orador, a pesquisa propõe-se a responder às seguintes questões: a) as solicitações de correção no discurso do outro no plenário contribuem para o salvamento das faces ameaçadas ou provocam exacerbação da ameaça?; b) as correções realizadas pelos retextualizadores em atendimento a tais solicitações cumprem o papel de proteção de faces no texto escrito?; c) as correções efetuadas pelos retextualizadores para adequação dos discursos a padrões recomendados pelas casas legislativas ou por motivos pessoais atuam sobre os aspectos da (des)cortesia? Fundamentada em estudos da Análise do Discurso, da Linguística Textual, da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística Interacional, além de manuais de procedimentos de casas legislativas e de legislação pertinente, esta tese analisa um corpus formado por quatro blocos de discursos proferidos na Câmara dos Deputados. Os resultados obtidos indicam: a) as solicitações de correção do discurso do outro no plenário não contribuem para o salvamento de faces e provoca a expansão da ameaça; b) as correções realizadas pelos retextualizadores em atendimento a tais solicitações não cumprem o papel de proteção de faces e, sim, colaboram para despertar o interesse pelas ameaças; c) as correções efetuadas pelos retextualizadores para adequação dos discursos a padrões recomendados pelas casas legislativas ou por motivos pessoais podem atuar tanto para a implantação da cortesia quanto da descortesia nos discursos publicados na forma escrita. A pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se contribuir para a conscientização da importância do registro escrito dos discursos parlamentares e para a mudança das práticas de retextualização no sentido de se privilegiar o que é dito nos discursos e não aquilo que o orador deveria ou desejaria dizer. Ela traz, portanto, contribuições para os trabalhos de retextualização de discursos parlamentares e pretende despertar a atenção de pesquisadores para o estudo de campo tão vasto e ainda pouco explorado
64

Texto jurídico e procedimentos de reformulação discursiva / Legal texts and procedures of discursive reformulation

Caldo, Claudia Ozon 08 March 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho realizado na Área de Estudos Linguísticos, Literários e Tradutológicos de Francês do Departamento de Letras Modernas da FFLCH/USP se situa na intersecção do Direito e das Ciências da Linguagem, numa perspectiva multi e interdisciplinar, do discurso jurídico. O corpus, formado por textos jurídicos em língua francesa e portuguesa (brasileira), tem como objeto de estudo o discurso jurídico. Nele conceitos de direito foram, ao longo do tempo, modificados e integrados às práticas sociais. O método comparativo foi o escolhido para melhor examinar as transformações. No primeiro texto, escolhido pela sua importância histórica, a Declaração de Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão (França, 1789), surgem os conceitos de homem, igualdade e liberdade. Esses mesmos conceitos reaparecem na Declaração Universal dos Direitos do Homem (ONU, 1948), em que direitos mais explicitados conferem maior proteção ao homem. O terceiro documento, a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil (Brasil, 1988) detalha no seu artigo 5° todos os direitos conferidos ao homem do século XX, conceitos que ressurgem implícitos na lei sobre a Informatização dos Processos Judiciais (Brasil, lei 11.419/2006). A partir da observação desses documentos levanta-se a hipótese de que os conceitos apresentados de homem, liberdade, igualdade e de justiça não são os mesmos presentes no primeiro documento, o que evidencia uma evolução sócio-histórico-linguístico-discursiva. A reformulação ocasiona, inclusive, um apagamento de conceito. Dessa forma o liame que une os documentos é resultante de um processo. As noções de polifonia e de dialogismo emprestados da Análise do Discurso são desenvolvidos a partir dos estudos bakhtinianos e dos procedimentos argumentativos da retórica renovada por Perelman, bem como das reformulações discursivas implicadas. 8 No primeiro capítulo os documentos são contextualizados historicamente, a fim de que se possa entender seu surgimento. O segundo, teórico, verifica a presença da Teoria da Enunciação e dos conceitos de auditório, ethos e logos, integrantes da Teoria da Argumentação. Do ponto de vista linguístico-discursivo o que se valoriza são as reformulações como ferramentas dessas alterações. Ressalta-se que tais transformações tecem-se a partir das relações entre a Língua e o Direito. Os conceitos de transplant, circulation juridique e empréstimo propostos pelo Direito Comparado consideram as diferenças entre as línguas e as culturas francesa e brasileira. O terceiro capítulo trata do discurso jurídico e de uma proposta de classificação dos diferentes textos em subgêneros a partir de seu objetivo e local de produção. O resultado das análises revela que o decurso do tempo provoca a evolução dos conceitos de homem, liberdade, igualdade e justiça, a ponto de sua existência material no texto escrito permitir seu apagamento, passando de concreta à abstrata, já que implicitamente é o conteúdo que justifica a proposição e a publicação da lei Informatização dos Processos Judiciais. / This following thesis, developed in the French Linguistic, Literary and Translation area of the Modern Language Department FFLCH / USP lies in the intersection of Law and Language Sciences. The corpus composed of legal texts in French and Portuguese (Brazilian) has as its object of study of the legal discourse in which the concepts of law, over time, have been modified and integrated with social practices. The comparative method was chosen to better examine these transformations. The first text, chosen for its historical significance, the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789, France), bring to the light the concepts of \"man\", \"equality\" and \"freedom\". These same concepts reappear in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 1948), in which most rights specified give greater protection to the man. The third document, the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Brazil, 1988) explains, in its 5th article, all rights granted to man of the 20th century, concepts which reappear implicit in the Law on the Informatized System of the Judicial Process (Brazil, law 11,419/2006). The observation of these documents raises the hypothesis that the concepts presented \"man\", \"freedom\", \"equality\" and \"justice\" are not the same in the first document, which highlights a socio-historical-linguistic evolution-discursive. The reformulation causes, also, an erase of concept. In this way the link that connects the documents is the result of a process. The concepts of polyphony and dialogism borrowed from Discourse Analysis are developed from Bakthins studies and procedures of argumentative renewed Rhetoric by Perelman, as well as discursives involved. In the first chapter documents are historically contextualized in order to permit their understanding and emergence. In the second chapter, theoretical, the Enunciation Theory and the concepts of dialogism and polyphony are noted in texts as well as the concepts of the Auditorium, ethos and logos from the 10 Theory of Argumentation. In the aspect of Linguistically-discursive cases the reformulations are the tools of these changes. It should be noted that such transformations weave from relations between the Languag and the Law. The concepts of \"transplant\", \"circulation juridique\" and \"borrowing\" proposed by the Comparative Law consider the differences between the French and Brazilian languages and cultures. The third chapter treat the legal discourse and propose a classification for texts in different sub-genres from its goal and production site. The result of the analysis prove that the course of time causes the evolution of the concepts of \"man\", \"freedom\", \"equality\" and \"justice\", to the point that it may even result in the erasure of his material existence in the written text, ranging from concret to abstract, since its content appears implicitly in the proposition and the publication of Law on the Informatized System of the Judicial Process.
65

Alimentos processados: avaliação comparativa do perfil nutricional e sistematização do processo de categorização de alimentos prioritários para atualização de bases de dados / Processed foods: comparative evaluation of the changes in the nutritional profile and systematization of the categorization process of priority foods for database update.

Prado, Samira Bernardino Ramos do 12 November 2014 (has links)
A dinâmica do mercado e a constante reformulação de produtos alimentícios são contínuas, porém a monitoração das alterações na composição química é escassa. Ao mesmo tempo, as bases de dados de composição de alimentos devem ser continuamente atualizadas. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram realizar a avaliação comparativa do perfil nutricional de grupos de alimentos específicos no período de 2003 e 2013, bem como a sistematização do processo de decisão de produtos prioritários para atualização de bases de dados de composição química de alimentos. Para a realização dos objetivos propostos foi necessário atualizar dados da Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TBCA) e compilar novas informações. O conteúdo de carboidratos, lipídios, proteínas, fibra alimentar (FA) e energia de 259 produtos pertencentes e quatro grupos de alimentos pré-estabelecidos foram estudados para a avaliação comparativa dos produtos com dados de 2003 e 2013. As técnicas de estatísticas multivariadas (agrupamento e componentes principais), variação percentual e a diferença percentual (D%) foram utilizadas. Através da análise de subgrupamento (cluster) os produtos foram divididos por similaridade na composição química e pela análise de componentes principais (ACP) foi possível verificar que o subagrupamento para os cereais e carnes ocorreu, principalmente, pelo conteúdo de proteínas e carboidratos, enquanto que para leites e produtos manufaturados foi devido aos carboidratos e lipídios. Na maioria dos subgrupos foi possível observar diferença significante em pelo menos um componente através do teste t-Student pareado. Essas alterações são compatíveis com o relevante número de produtos que apresentaram redução pela variação percentual de lipídios nos leites (53 %), bem como aumento de FA e lipídios nos cereais (55 %) e carnes (40 %), respectivamente. Para a decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização foram desenvolvidas etapas para a sistematização. A primeira consistiu em avaliar a adequação da composição química dos produtos através do cálculo da D%, onde os alimentos foram classificados como \"dados compatíveis\" ou \"dados não compatíveis\", gerando a categorização dos produtos em diferentes graus de prioridades de atualização (muito elevada, elevada, média e baixa). Posteriormente, dentro dessas categorias, foi considerada a importância do alimento em relação a sua aquisição, com informações dos produtos e marcas mais compradas pela população. De 330 produtos categorizados 82 são prioritários para atualização. Portanto, as técnicas de estatística empregadas e a variação percentual permitiram avaliar a mudança no conteúdo de componentes tanto de forma individual quanto conjunta com demais nutrientes para os grupos de alimentos selecionados, além de reforçar a necessidade de periódica monitoração no perfil nutricional dos alimentos. Paralelamente, a sistematização criada auxiliou na decisão de alimentos prioritários para atualização, resultando em relevante redução do número de produtos para serem atualizados, sendo um modelo útil para bases de dados. / The market dynamics and the constant reformulation of food products are continuous. At the same time, the food composition databases should be continuously updated. The aims of this work was to perform a comparative evaluation of the nutritional profile of specific food groups in the period from 2003 to 2013, as well as to make the systematization of the decision-making process for priority food products to update the food composition databases. To achieve the proposed aims it was necessary update data from the Brazilian Food Composition Database (TBCA) and compile new information. The content of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, dietary fiber (DF) and energy of 259 products distributed in four groups was studied for comparative evaluation of food products with data from 2003 and 2013. Multivariate statistical techniques (Cluster and Principal Component Analysis), percentage change and calculating of the percentage difference (D%) were used. Through the Cluster Analysis the food products were divided by similarities in food composition and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was evaluated that clusters occurred for cereals and meats groups, mostly, according to the proteins and carbohydrates content, and milks and manufactured foods groups according to carbohydrates and lipids content. In most clusters it was a significant difference was observed in at least in one component accord to paired t- Student test. These changes are compatible with the analysis of percentage change, the relevant number of products that presented a reduction in lipids in milks (53 %), as well as increase in DF and lipids in cereals (55 %) and meats (40 %), respectively. For the decision of the priority food products to update steps were developed for the systematization. The first consists in evaluating the chemical composition of the products through D%, where the products were classified as \"consistent data\" or \"non-consistent data\", thus the food products were categorized with different grades of priority (Very High, High, Medium and Low). After that, between these categories, the food products were evaluated for their importance in relation to their purchase, with product information and most-bought brands. From 330 food 82 were priority to update. Therefore, the joint techniques applied allowed nutrient content change to be assessed both in an individually-based manner as well as in a group for the selected food groups and support the need for periodic monitoring of the nutritional profile of foods. At the same time, the systematization created helped in decision-making of priority food products to update, which resulted in relevant decrease in the number of priority foods to be updated, being a useful model for food composition databases.
66

La reformulation en anglais contemporain : indices linguistiques et constructions discursives

Pennec, Blandine 13 December 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Cette recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de la Théorie des Opérations Enonciatives. Elle analyse, à partir de corpus oraux et écrits, les éléments permettant l'identification de reformulations en anglais contemporain. L'analyse de la notion conduit à distinguer deux grands types de reformulations : la reformulation paraphrastique et la reformulation non paraphrastique. A chacune sont associés des introducteurs, certains spécifiques, d'autres non. Ils constituent les indices linguistiques d'opérations de reformulation. Leur présence n'est toutefois pas systématique. En l'absence d'introducteur, c'est alors la construction discursive elle-même qui permet l'interprétation. Les reformulations se réalisent ainsi sous des formes variées, tant sur le plan syntaxique qu'interprétatif. L'étude s'intéresse enfin aux fonctions des reformulations dans l'économie discursive : elles peuvent, selon le cas, faire progresser la nomination, favoriser la cohésion et la structuration du discours, ou faciliter les ajustements inter-énonciateurs.
67

Ontologies et services aux patients : Application à la reformulation des requêtes

Messai, Radja 09 November 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Internet est devenu une source importante d'information médicale pour les patients et leurs proches : recherche d'informations sur leurs maladies et les dernières recherches cliniques, ainsi que pour y constituer des communautés "numériques" de dialogue et de partage. Cependant, accès à Internet ne signifie pas nécessairement accès à l'information. Le manque de familiarité avec le langage médical constitue un problème majeur pour les usagers de santé dans l'accès à l'information et son interprétation. Le travail de cette thèse s'inscrit dans la problématique d'étude et de caractérisation de la terminologie des usagers de santé pour pouvoir proposer des services adaptés à leur langage et à leur niveau de connaissances. Sa production principale est une ontologie dans le domaine du cancer du sein orientée vers les usagers de santé. Cette ontologie est construite à partir d'un ensemble de corpus de textes représentant deux catégories : les médiateurs de santé et les usagers de santé. Les éléments de cette ontologie ont été analysés en utilisant des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives sur plusieurs niveaux : termes, concepts et relations. L'ontologie produite a constitué le noyau d'une application de reformulation de requêtes d'usagers de santé en utilisant l'approche de propagation d'activation dans un réseau sémantique. Les concepts de l'ontologie représentent les noeuds dans le réseau sémantique et les liens entre ces noeuds ont des poids, calculés soit automatiquement sur la base des co-occurrences des concepts dans un corpus de textes soit, manuellement selon le type des liens ; ces poids reflètent la "force" de la relation entre les noeuds.
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Personnalisation et Adaptation de L'accès à L'information Contextuelle en utilisant un Assistant Intelligent

Asfari, Ounas 19 September 2011 (has links) (PDF)
L'accès à une information pertinente, adaptée aux besoins et au contexte de l'utilisateur est un challenge dans un environnement Internet, caractérisé par une prolifération de ressources hétérogènes. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse rentrent dans le cadre de la Recherche d'Information (RI) et s'intéressent à la prise en compte du contexte de l'utilisateur pendant la phase de requête. Nous proposons un assistant d'aide à la reformulation de requêtes reposant sur l'utilisation d'une méthode hybride d'expansion de requêtes afin de fournir des résultats personnalisés en fonction du contexte. Cet assistant utilise le profil de l'utilisateur, qui contient les centres d'intérêts et les préférences des utilisateurs, et utilise également le contexte de l'utilisateur qui considère l'état actuel de la tâche courante de l'utilisateur pendant le processus de recherche. Une implémentation de cette approche est réalisée, suivie d'une étude expérimentale. Nous proposons également une procédure d'évaluation qui tient compte l'évaluation des termes d'expansion, générés par notre système de reformulation de requêtes, et de l'évaluation des résultats retournés en utilisant les requêtes reformulées SRQ. Nous montrons sur plusieurs scénarios que notre approche, en particulier celle qui prend en compte la tâche actuelle de l'utilisateur est effectivement plus performante que les approches reposant soit uniquement sur la requête initiale, ou encore sur la requête reformulée en considérant uniquement le profil de l'utilisateur.
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Une analyse discursive du nom et des représentations du Hezbollah dans la presse libanaise, française et américaine (2010- 2011)

Asmar, Pascale 13 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Nous sommes partie d'une réflexion sur l'inscription du nom propre (Npr) en discours et des changements de sens qu'il peut subir. A partir du Npr " Hezbollah ", mot-pivot de cette étude, nous avons entamé l'analyse d'un corpus de presse (7 journaux libanais, français et américains) pour une période qui court de janvier 2010 (probable menace de guerre entre Israël et le Hezbollah) à janvier 2011 (la chute du gouvernement libanais). Nous avons privilégié au départ une étude quantitative, en nous appuyant sur la statistique textuelle, afin de mesurer l'importance accordée au Hezbollah en fonction des événements qui jalonnent la période (nombre et longueur des articles). En allant du mot au texte, nous avons ensuite analysé la combinatoire du mot-pivot dans son contexte proche (prédications, caractérisations) puis ses reprises en contexte élargi, afin d'étudier les différences de traitement significatives selon les pays et les lignes éditoriales des journaux.
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Acquiring symbolic design optimization problem reformulation knowledge: On computable relationships between design syntax and semantics

Sarkar, Somwrita January 2009 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis presents a computational method for the inductive inference of explicit and implicit semantic design knowledge from the symbolic-mathematical syntax of design formulations using an unsupervised pattern recognition and extraction approach. Existing research shows that AI / machine learning based design computation approaches either require high levels of knowledge engineering or large training databases to acquire problem reformulation knowledge. The method presented in this thesis addresses these methodological limitations. The thesis develops, tests, and evaluates ways in which the method may be employed for design problem reformulation. The method is based on the linear algebra based factorization method Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), dimensionality reduction and similarity measurement through unsupervised clustering. The method calculates linear approximations of the associative patterns of symbol cooccurrences in a design problem representation to infer induced coupling strengths between variables, constraints and system components. Unsupervised clustering of these approximations is used to identify useful reformulations. These two components of the method automate a range of reformulation tasks that have traditionally required different solution algorithms. Example reformulation tasks that it performs include selection of linked design variables, parameters and constraints, design decomposition, modularity and integrative systems analysis, heuristically aiding design “case” identification, topology modeling and layout planning. The relationship between the syntax of design representation and the encoded semantic meaning is an open design theory research question. Based on the results of the method, the thesis presents a set of theoretical postulates on computable relationships between design syntax and semantics. The postulates relate the performance of the method with empirical findings and theoretical insights provided by cognitive neuroscience and cognitive science on how the human mind engages in symbol processing and the resulting capacities inherent in symbolic representational systems to encode “meaning”. The performance of the method suggests that semantic “meaning” is a higher order, global phenomenon that lies distributed in the design representation in explicit and implicit ways. A one-to-one local mapping between a design symbol and its meaning, a largely prevalent approach adopted by many AI and learning algorithms, may not be sufficient to capture and represent this meaning. By changing the theoretical standpoint on how a “symbol” is defined in design representations, it was possible to use a simple set of mathematical ideas to perform unsupervised inductive inference of knowledge in a knowledge-lean and training-lean manner, for a knowledge domain that traditionally relies on “giving” the system complex design domain and task knowledge for performing the same set of tasks.

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