Kraštovaizdinė paveldosauga – tai gamtinių ir antropogeninių veiksnių sąveikos dėka teritorijoje susiformavusio gamtos ir kultūros paveldo apsauga. Tokia paveldosauga laikoma perspektyvesne kitų atžvilgiu, nes tai bendra kompleksinė paveldo apsauga, kai saugomas ne atskiras paminklas, bet visa susiformavusi aplinka – kraštovaizdis. Tai veda link geresnio užtikrinimo, kad vertingas kultūros ir gamtos paveldas bus išsaugotas dabarties ir ateities kartoms. Šios temos pasirinkimą įtakojo siekis išnagrinėti ar tokia paveldosauga egzistuoja Lietuvoje ir kaip ji įgyvendinama praktikoje, taip pat kokią vietą moksliniu pagrindu suformuotoje saugomų teritorijų sistemoje užima kraštovaizdžio apsauga. Vienas esminių darbo aspektų – Amerikos (JAV ir Kanados), Australijos, Europos, Japonijos ir tarptautinės kraštovaizdinės paveldosaugos sampratų palyginamoji analizė su Lietuvoje išvystyta ir suformuota samprata. Pastarasis akcentas svarbus, nes Lietuvos bendros gamtos ir kultūros paveldo apsaugos idėjinis lygmuo dar nebuvo nuosekliai nagrinėtas. Taip pat svarbia detale galima įvardinti kraštovaizdinės paveldosaugos lokalizavimą bendrame paveldosaugos kontekste bei nagrinėtą gamtos ir kultūros dėmenų kaitą. Lietuvos kraštovaizdinę paveldosaugą galima vertinti kaip idėjiniu lygmeniu paremtą ir šios sampratos kūrėjų atstovaujamą šaką, kas ją išskiria iš kitų paveldosaugos sričių. Tokią išvadą leidžia kelti P. Kavaliausko ir J. Bučo sampratų analizė ir nuoseklus darbas vystant kraštovaizdžio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Landscape heritage protection is nature‘s and culture‘s heritage protection which was settled because of interaction of natural and anthropogenic factors in the area. This heritage protection is better than others because it is common integrated, when not a separate monument is protected, but all landscape. This type of heritage protection leads to a better security that valuable culture and nature heritage will be saved for nowadays and future generations. The topic of this paper was chosen to see if this kind of heritage protection exists in Lithuania and how it is performed in practice. In addition to this, to see what place landscape heritage protection takes in system of protected areas formed on scientific bases. One of the aims of this paper is to compare Lithuanian landscape heritage protection concepts with concepts of USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Europe and international landscape heritage protection concept. This is very important because this concept in Lithuania was not analyzed before. What is more, it is important to name the localization of landscape heritage protection in the context of common heritage protection and vicissitude of nature and culture factors. Lithuanian landscape heritage protection could be rated as a concept based on ideological level and represented by its creators. That is what separates it from other fields of heritage protection. This conclusion can be made because of analyses made by P. Kavaliauskas is J. Bučas and consistent work... [to full text]

La conciliation entre la protection de la nature et les intérêts de nature économique s'opère en recourant à la notion de développement durable. D'un point de vue juridique, les acteurs clés pour opérer une telle conciliation sont l'administration et le juge, qui appliquent et interprètent les normes applicables. Ils concilient l'intérêt général tenant à la protection de l'environnement avec les intérêts et les droits des acteurs du tourisme en utilisant leur pouvoir discrétionnaire, selon des modalités qui diffèrent en France et en Allemagne. Les parcs naturels nationaux et régionaux ont été retenus pour limiter le champ de recherche et constituent des exemples permettant d'illustrer les modalités de la conciliation entre exploitation économique et protection environnementale. Tandis que l'objectif assigné au parc national par la loi vise en premier lieu la protection de la nature, les parcs régionaux sont consacrés au développement durable, outil de conciliation entre les intérêts économiques et environnementaux. Le tourisme joue ainsi un rôle central dans l'organisation et le fonctionnement des parcs régionaux et présente la particularité d'être une activité économique qui suppose l'existence d'un environnement au moins en partie vierge et une nature préservée. / An optimal balance between economic and environmental issues is guided by the concept of sustainable development. From a legal perspective, the main parties making arbitrary decisions in this matter are the administrations and the administrative courts. They apply and interpret the respective rules by using their specific national power of discretion, arbitrary arbitrating between the public interest to protect the environment and the issues of the key players of the "green" tourism industry. The National parks and the Regional parks have been chosen to refine the study because these two constitute an example painting out the methods of arbitrary decision making between economic exploitation and the protection of the environment. With regard to the National park, the law assigns priority to the protection of the environment whereas the Regional park is dedicated to sustainable development as the method to accomplish the arbitration between economic and environmental issues. The tourism industry is playing a central role in the functional organisation of the Regional parks and is characterized by being an economic activity dependent on an environment at least in part untouched and still pristine.

This thesis examines restoration of Garry oak ecosystems in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Before the arrival of European settlers, Coast Salish peoples practiced intensive stewardship and cultivation practices that heavily shaped Garry oak ecosystems. These long-standing stewardship practices are responsible for the abundance of culturally important plants found in Garry oak ecosystems today. In addition to their cultural value to Coast Salish peoples, Garry oak ecosystems also support unique biodiversity, including numerous at-risk species. These ecosystems and the values they embody came under threat with the arrival of European settlers, who introduced non-native plants and excluded Coast Salish peoples and their stewardship practices from these ecosystems. Today, Garry oak ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their pre-colonial distribution and remaining patches are typically heavily invaded by both native and non-native plants. Their cultural and biological values coupled with ongoing degradation has motivated both Indigenous and non-Indigenous land managers to implement restoration programs in Garry oak ecosystems. To inform future restoration efforts, this thesis examines ecological impacts of a long-term restoration program and a wildfire in a lək̓ʷəŋən Garry oak ecosystem at Mill Hill Regional Park near Langford, British Columbia. In Project 1, vegetation responses to a 13-year invasive species removal program were quantified to determine if native plant populations were successfully bolstered by the removal efforts. In Project 2, impacts of an unintended wildfire on the relative cover of native and non-native plants were examined. This attempted to explore potential ecosystem shifts that may occur as wildfires increase in frequency and severity as predicted by climate models. In Project 1, the greatest change observed after invasive species removal was an increase in other introduced species, while increases in native species were not statistically significant. In Project 2, introduced Anthoxanthum odoratum was facilitated by fire while native Camassia spp. were reduced by it. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complexity of restoring Indigenously managed ecosystems where multiple introduced species have existed for long periods. Invasive species, specifically Anthoxanthum odoratum, showed greater responses to removal efforts and wildfire than native species. Intensive, long-term restoration programs that utilize multiple tools, including low-intensity fire, invasive removal, herbicide, and seeding of native species appear necessary to bolster native species without unintentional facilitation of introduced species. Coast Salish peoples and stewardship practices were integral in maintaining these ecosystems before the arrival of European settlers and should play a key role in their restoration today, though traditional practices will likely need adapted to account for environmental changes caused by colonization. Furthermore, to avoid continuing the cultural damage that began with colonization, it is vital that Coast Salish First Nations lead or be directly involved in restoration of these ecosystems, which continue to hold irreplaceable cultural value. / Graduate / 2023-01-14