Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal modelar a Rede de Regulação Gênica do organismo modelo Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, estabelecendo interações entre as entidades da rede por intermédio de experimentos inéditos de interação física: ChIP- *, RIP-* e dRNA-seq. Em contraponto com as abordagens clássicas de construção de redes, que estimam interações através de medições de expressão gênica, este trabalho as estabeleceu exclusivamente de interações físicas, permitindo que a estrutura final seja uma representação mais fiel ao fenômeno físico de regulação gênica, baseando-se nos fundamentos da Biologia Sistêmica. Em vista da abundância de dados públicos de expressão gênica para o organismo e do objetivo primário, um objetivo secundário foi traçado: identificar, computacionalmente, genes de fato controlados pelas interações fornecidas pela nova rede. Para isso, a estrutura estabelecida foi transformada numa Rede Bayesiana, e a identificação de genes foi efetuada através da análise de suas Tabelas de Probabilidade Condicionais. Finalmente, como os resultados obtidos para o objetivo secundário foram desfavoráveis a utilização de Redes Bayesianas, os resultados efetivos deste trabalho foram a criação de uma nova Rede de Regulação Gênica para a H. salinarum e uma análise em torno da efetividade de Redes Bayesianas neste contexto. / The main goal of this work was modeling the gene regulatory network of the model organism Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, establishing new interactions between networks entities through unpublished physical interaction experiments: ChIP-*, RIP-* e dRNA-seq. Instead of using classical approaches to build network structures that estimates interactions using gene expression data, this work established them exclusively from physical interactions. Therefore, the final structure is a more reliable representation of the physical phenomenon of gene expression, built using the principles of systems biology. Considering the amount of public available gene expression data and the primary goal, another objective was proposed: a computational analysis to detect genes actually controlled by the interactions of the new network. To achieve this goal the established network was transformed in a Bayesian network, detecting genes through the analysis of their conditional probability tables. Lastly, as the results of the secondary goal went against the use of Bayesian networks, the effective results of this thesis were the creation of a new genetic regulatory network for H. salinarum and an analysis around Bayesian networks in this context.

L’établissement de l’identité cellulaire est un phénomène très complexe qui implique pléthore de signaux instructifs intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Cependant, malgré les progrès importants qui ont été faits pour l’identification des régulateurs clés, les liens mécanistiques entre facteurs de transcription, épigénome, et structure de la chromatine lors de la différenciation cellulaire, et de la transformation tumorigénique des cellules, sont peu connus. Pour résoudre ces problématiques nous avons utilisé deux modèles de transition de l’identité cellulaire : la différenciation neuronale et endodermique induites par un même morphogène, l’acide rétinoïque. Concernant la transformation tumorale des cellules nous avons utilisé un système de tumorigenèse par étape de cellules primaires humaines. Nous avons conduit des études intégratives incluant des données transcriptomiques, épigénomiques, et des données concernant l’architecture de la chromatine. Notre approche systématique pour caractériser l’acquisition de l’identité cellulaire, combinée à la modélisation de la transduction du signal, renforce donc nos connaissances sur les mécanismes responsables de la plasticité cellulaire. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes régulateurs de l’identité cellulaire non seulement nous éclaire sur les relations de cause à effet entre les différents niveaux de régulation dans la cellule, mais aussi ouvre de nouvelles possibilités en terme de transdifférenciation dirigée. / The cell fate acquisition is a highly complex phenomenon that involves a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic instructive signals. However, despite the important progress in identification of key regulatory factors of this process, the mechanistic links between transcription factors, epigenome and chromatin structure which coordinate the regulation of cell differentiation and deregulation of gene networks during cell transformation are largely unknown. To address these questions for two model systems of cell fate transitions, namely the neuronal and endodermal cell differentiation induced by the morphogen retinoic acid and the stepwise tumorigenesis of primary human cells, we conducted integrative transcriptome, epigenome and chromatin architecture studies. Through extensive integration with thousands of available genomic data sets, we deciphered the gene regulatory networks of these processes and revealed new insights in the molecular circuitry of cell fate acquisition. The understanding of regulatory mechanisms that underlie the cell fate decision processes not only brings the fundamental understanding of cause-and-consequence relationships inside the cell, but also open the doors to the directed trans-differentiation.

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in a plethora of fundamental biological processes ranging from muscle contraction to the formation of memories. The studies described in this work focus on the transcriptional regulation of the CHRNB4 gene, which encodes the ß4 subunit of neuronal nAChRs. We previously identified a regulatory sequence (5´– CCACCCCT –3´), or “CA box”, critical for CHRNB4 promoter activity in vitro. Here I report transcription factor interaction at the CA box along with an in vivo analysis of CA box transcriptional activity. My data indicate that Sp1, Sp3, Sox10 and c-Jun interact with the CHRNB4 CA box in the context of native chromatin. Using an in vivo transgenic approach in mice, I demonstrated that a 2.3-kb fragment of the CHRNB4 promoter region, containing the CA box, is capable of directing cell-type specific expression of a reporter gene to many of the brain regions that endogenously express the CHRNB4 gene. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to test the hypothesis that the CA box is critical for CHRNB4 promoter activity in vivo. Transgenic animals were generated in which LacZ expression is driven by a mutant form of the CA box. Reporter gene expression was not detected in any tissue or cell type at ED18.5. Similarly, I observed dramatically reduced reporter gene expression at PD30 when compared to wild type transgenic animals, indicating that the CA box is an important regulatory feature of the CHRNB4 promoter. ChIP analysis of brain tissue from mutant transgenic animals demonstrated that CA box mutation results in decreased interaction of the transcription factor Sp1 with the CHRNB4 promoter. I have also investigated transcription factor interaction at the CHRNB4 promoter CT box, (5´– ACCCTCCCCTCCCCTGTAA –3´) and demonstrated that hnRNP K interacts with the CHRNB4 promoter in an olfactory bulb derived cell line. Surprisingly, siRNA experiments demonstrated that hnRNP K knockdown has no impact on CHRNA5, CHRNA3 or CHRNB4 gene expression. Interestingly, knockdown of the transcription factor Purα results in significant decreases in CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 mRNA levels. These data indicate that Purα can act to enhance expression of the clustered CHRNA5, CHRNA3 and CHRNB4 genes. Together, these results contribute to a more thorough understanding of the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying expression of the CHRNB4 as well as the CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 genes, critical components of cholinergic signal transduction pathways in the nervous system.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第18701号 / 情博第551号 / 新制||情||97(附属図書館) / 31634 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 阿久津 達也, 教授 山本 章博, 教授 岡部 寿男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / Symptoms and signs (symptoms in brief) are the essential clinical manifestations for individualized diagnosis and treatment in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). To gain insights into the molecular mechanism of symptoms, we develop a computational approach to identify the candidate genes of symptoms. This paper presents a network-based approach for the integrated analysis of multiple phenotype-genotype data sources and the prediction of the prioritizing genes for the associated symptoms. The method first calculates the similarities between symptoms and diseases based on the symptom-disease relationships retrieved from the PubMed bibliographic database. Then the disease-gene associations and protein-protein interactions are utilized to construct a phenotype-genotype network. The PRINCE algorithm is finally used to rank the potential genes for the associated symptoms. The proposed method gets reliable gene rank list with AUC (area under curve) 0.616 in classification. Some novel genes like CALCA, ESR1, and MTHFR were predicted to be associated with headache symptoms, which are not recorded in the benchmark data set, but have been reported in recent published literatures. Our study demonstrated that by integrating phenotype-genotype relationships into a complex network framework it provides an effective approach to identify candidate genes of symptoms. / NSFC Project (61105055, 81230086), China 973 Program (2014CB542903), The National Key Technology R&D Program (2013BAI02B01, 2013BAI13B04), the National S&T Major Special Project on Major New Drug Innovation (2012ZX09503-001-003), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

No description available.

O transtorno obsessivo compulsivo (TOC) é um transtorno psiquiátrico, caracterizado pela presença de obsessões e / ou compulsões. Estudos de neuroimagem funcional indicam que o TOC é um distúrbio heterogêneo relacionado ao circuito talâmico cortico-estriatal (CSTC) e as áreas que compõem este circuito incluem o nucleus accumbens (NAC), putâmen (PT), núcleo caudado (CN), córtex orbitofrontal (OFC) e o córtex cingulado anterior (ACC). As principais características do CSTC são a inervação do córtex frontal em direção ao estriado e cada pequeno circuito possui características específicas: afetiva/límbica, cognitivo e associativo dorsal e cognitivo ventral e motor. Neste trabalho comparamos o transcriptoma de casos e controles das três áreas estriatais (CN, NAC e PT) separadamente de tecido cerebral post mortem e as redes de co-expressão do striatum e de dois circuitos envolvidos no transtorno. Os resultados mostraram que diferentes processos biológicos, bem como a desregulação da conectividade de rede, são específicos para cada região do estriado e estão de acordo com o modelo tripartido do estriado e contribuem de diferentes formas para a fisiopatologia do TOC. Especificamente, a regulação dos níveis de neurotransmissores, processo pré-sináptico envolvido na transmissão sináptica química foram compartilhados entre NAC e PT. A resposta celular ao estímulo químico, resposta ao estímulo externo, resposta à substância orgânica, regulação da plasticidade sináptica e modulação da transmissão sináptica foram compartilhadas entre CN e PT. A maioria dos genes que possuem variantes comuns e / ou raras previamente associadas ao TOC que são diferencialmente expressas ou que fazem parte de módulos de co-expressão menos preservados em nosso estudo também sugerem especificidade de cada região estriatal. Os módulos de co-expressão preservados e menos preservados nos circuitos afetivo e cognitivo ventral corroboram com as assinaturas transcricionais de cada área e de cada circuito no TOC e nos controles. Este é o primeiro trabalho com a proposta de avaliar a expressão gênica em áreas estriatais, analisadas individualmente, envolvidas com o TOC, bem como as redes de co-expressão do estriado e dos circuitos individualmente / Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder, characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Functional neuroimaging studies indicate that OCD is a heterogeneous disorder related the cortical-striatal thalamic circuitry (CSTC) and the areas that compose this circuitry include the nucleus accumbens (NAC), putamen (PT), caudate nucleus (CN), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and subgenual cingulate gyri (ACC). The main characteristics of CSTC is the innervation of the frontal cortex in direction of the striatum and each small circuitries have specific characteristics in the affective, dorsal cognitive and ventral cognitive motor. In this work we compared the cases and controls transcriptome of the three striatal areas (CN, NAC and PT) separately from post mortem brain tissue and the co-expression networks of the striatum and of two circuits involved in the disorder. Results showed that different biological process as well as networks connectivity deregulation were specific for each striatum region according to the striatum tripartite model and contribute in different ways to OCD pathophysiology. Specifically, regulation of neurotransmitter levels, presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission were shared between NAC and PT. Cellular response to chemical stimulus, response to external stimulus, response to organic substance, regulation of synaptic plasticity, and modulation of synaptic transmission were shared between CN and PT. Most genes harboring common and/or rare variants previously associated with OCD that are differentially expressed or part of a least preserved co-expression modules in our study also suggest striatum sub regions specificity. The co-expression modules preserved and least preserved in affective and ventral cognitive circuitry corroborate with transcriptional signatures of each area and each circuitry in OCD and controls. This is the first work with the proposal to evaluate the gene expression in striatum areas individually, involved with OCD as well evaluate the coexpression networks in striatum and each circuitry

A cana-de-açúcar é uma gramínea C4 usada por séculos como a principal fonte de açúcar e mais recentemente para obtenção de etanol. Devido a sua grande importância no cenário econômico mundial, estudos em cana-de-açúcar são cada vez mais importantes no sentido de prover informações que possam levar ao aumento de produtividade para suprir tanto a demanda interna quanto externa. No entanto, a quantidade de dados moleculares e biotecnológicos disponíveis está muito aquém do necessário, e investimentos na obtenção de novos conhecimentos serão necessários se quisermos evoluir neste campo, assim como manter o nosso país como líder na produção de etanol. Neste trabalho, conduzimos experimentos em campo para comparar variedades contrastantes para a tolerância ao déficit hídrico e realizamos diagnósticos fisiológicos e moleculares para diferenciar as variedades. O estresse hídrico levou à diminuição do crescimento e desenvolvimento de todas as três variedades analisadas. A variedade RB855536 foi identificada como a menos produtiva das três, visto que em condições de déficit hídrico ela diminui mais seu crescimento, sofre mais efeitos do estresse oxidativo, acumula mais osmólitos e tem o ciclo de Calvin menos ativo. A variedade RB867515 teve um melhor desempenho, não acumulou osmólitos, não teve aumento na concentração de prolina, teve sinais menores de estresse oxidativo e um melhor funcionamento do ciclo de Calvin. Além disto, nós observamos a indução de transcritos na via de resposta do ABA e proteínas relacionadas com a fotossíntese, transporte de água e dobramento protéico. A variedade RB92579 teve um padrão similar ao encontrado para a RB867515, mas teve uma maior fotossíntese, um menor estresse oxidativo e uma menor perda de pigmentos. Nossos dados avançaram na identificação de genes envolvidos na resposta ao déficit hídrico em cana-de-açúcar assim como permitiram distinguir as variedades utilizadas no estudo. A partir de uma prospecção inicial de dados de transcriptoma previamente obtidos pelo grupo, foram selecionados fatores de transcrição associados a características agronômicas de interesse. Produzimos anticorpos para 5 TFs de cana-de-açúcar e padronizamos a metodologia de ChIP-Seq utilizando a plataforma de sequenciamento Roche 454. Uma análise dos dados de ChIP-Seq usando anticorpos para a RNA Polimerase II nos permitiu detectar contaminações com DNA humano, provavelmente pela utilização de gDNA como controle das reamplificações, assim como a detecção de mapeamento de muitas regiões repetitivas, o que pode ser normal, podendo indicar locais de ligação da Polimerase II ou então background. O mapeamento de praticamente todos os dados de sorgo em cana evidenciou a similaridade entre estes organismos, mas a maior quantidade de mapeamento em cana evidencia uma maior complexidade de seu genoma. Os resultados foram importantes por permitir o estabelecimento de uma metodologia de mapeamento de regiões regulatórias no genoma da cana-de-açúcar e significa um importante passo no estabelecimento de redes regulatórias associadas a características agronômicas de interesse / Sugarcane is a C4 grass used for centuries as the main source of sugar and more recently for ethanol production. We have seen an increasing interest in recent years to understand sugarcane to improve yield and supply the increasing world demand. However, the amount of molecular data available is far from ideal, and investments in acquiring new knowledge will be necessary to progress in this field if we want to maintain our country as a pioneer in ethanol production. In this work, we conducted field experiments to compare varieties contrasting to drought tolerance and performed physiological and molecular analysis. The stress condition led to reduced growth and development of all three varieties. The variety RB855536 was identified as the least productive, suffered more effects of oxidative stress, has accumulated more osmolytes and has the Calvin cycle less active. The variety RB867515 had a better performance, did not accumulate osmolytes, had no increase in the concentration of proline, had minor signs of oxidative stress and a better functioning of the Calvin cycle. In addition, we observed an induction of transcripts in the ABA response pathway and proteins related to photosynthesis, water transport and protein folding. The variety RB92579 had a pattern similar to that found in RB867515, but presented increased photosynthesis, lower oxidative stress and a lower loss of pigment. We succeded in identifying genes involved in the response to water stress in sugarcane as well as in distinguishing the varieties used in the study. We selected transcription factors associated with agronomical traits from the transcriptome data previously obtained by the group. We produced antibodies for 5 sugarcane TFs and standardized the methodology of ChIP-Seq using the 454 sequencing platform. Data analysis of ChIP-Seq using RNA Pol II antibody allowed us to detect contamination with the human genome, probably due to the use of gDNA in the reamplification control, as well as to map the detection repetitive regions, which may be binding sites of Pol II or background. The data reveals that sorghum and the sugarcane genome are similar despite the complexity of sugarcane. The results were important since they allow the beggining of studies to map regulatory regions in the sugarcane genome, as well as the uncovery of regulatory networks associated with agronomic traits of interest

In dieser Arbeit werden zwei intrazelluläre Signalwege, betreffend den Tumorsuppressor p53 und das Signalmolekül Ca2+ , diskutiert und modelliert. Einzelzellmessungen des Tumorsuppressors p53 zeigen pulsatile Antwor- ten nach Zufügung von DNA Doppelstrangbrüchen (DSBs). Außer für sehr hohe Schadensdosen, ist das zeitliche auftreten dieser Pulse unregelmäßig. Mithilfe eines Wavelet basierten Pulsdetektors werden die einzelzell Trajek- torien untersucht und die inter-Puls Intervall (IPI) Verteilungen extrahiert. Diese weisen auf nicht-oszillatorische Regime in den Daten hin. Die Theorie der anregbaren Systeme angewendet auf regulatorische Netzwerke ermöglicht dieses komplexe Verhalten mathematisch zu beschreiben. Die Kopplung von Schadens-Sensor-Kinase Dynamik mit dem kanonischen p53 negativen feedback loop, ergibt ein anregbares p53 Modell. Detaillier- te Bifurkationsanalysen zeigen ein robustes anregbares Regime, welches durch ein starkes Schadenssignal auch in Oszillationen überführt werden kann. Treibt man das p53 Modell mit einem stochastischen DNA-Schadens-Prozess, kann sowohl das oszillatorische Verhalten nach hohem Schaden, als auch das unregelmäßige pulsatile Verhalten ohne äußere Stimulation reproduziert werden. Intrazelluläre Ca 2+ Spikes entstehen durch eine hierarchische Kaskade stochastischer prozesse. Die Anwendung einer semi-markovschen Beschreibung führt zu praktischen analytischen Lösungen des erstpassagezeiten Problems. Eine hierbei entdeckte Zeitskalenseparation ermöglicht ein neues allgemeines Ca2+ -Modell. Dieses erklärt auf äußerst prägnante Weise viele wesentliche experimentelle Ergebnisse, insbesondere die Momentenbeziehungen der inter-Spike Intervall Verteilungen. Schließlich erlaubt die hier vorgestellte Theorie Berechnungen der Stimulus-Enkodierung, also die Adaption des Ca 2+ Signals auf veränderliche extrazelluläre Stimuli. Die Vorhersage einer fold change Enkodierung kann durch Experimente gestützt werden. / In this work two signaling pathways, involving the tumor suppressor p53 and the second messenger Ca2+ , are to be discussed and modelled. The tumor suppressor p53 shows a pulsatile response in single cells after induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Except for very high amounts of damage, these pulses appear at irregular times. The concept of excitable systems is employed as a convenient way to model such observed dynamics. An application to biomolecular reaction networks shows the need for a positive feedback within the p53 regulatory network. Exploiting the reported ultrasensitive dynamics of the upstream damage sensor kinases, leads to a simplified excitable kinase-phosphatase model. Coupling that to the canonical negative feedback p53 regulatory loop, is the core idea behind the construction of the excitable p53 model. A detailed bifurcation analysis of the model establishes a robust excitable regime, which can be switched to oscillatory dynamics via a strong DNA damage signal. Driving the p53 model with a stochastic DSB process yields pulsatile dynamics which reflect different experimental scenarios. Intracellular Ca 2+ concentration spikes arise from a hierarchic cascade of stochastic events. An analytical solution strategy, employing a semi-Markovian description and involving Laplace transformations, is devised and successfully applied to a specific Ca2+ model. The new gained insights are then used, to construct a new generic Ca2+ model, which elegantly captures many known features of Ca2+ signaling. In particular the experimentally observed relations between the average and the standard deviation of the inter spike intervals (ISIs) can be explained in a concise way. Finally, the theoretical considerations allow to calculate the stimulus encoding relation, which governs the adaption of the Ca 2+ signals to varying extracellular stimuli. This is predicted to be a fold change response and new experimental results display a strong support of this idea.

Genregulation bezeichnet die geregelte Steuerung der Genexpression durch das Zusammenspiel einer Vielzahl von Transkriptionsfaktoren die in ihrer Gesamtheit hoch komplexe und zell-spezifische genregulatorische Netzwerke bilden. Im Rahmen meiner Arbeit beschäftigte ich mich mit zwei Ansätzen der computergestützten Analyse solcher Netzwerke, Modellierung und Reverse Engineering. Der erste Teil meiner Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung der Web-Anwendung GEne Network GEnerator (GeNGe). Hierbei handelt es sich um ein System für die automatische Erzeugung von genregulatorischen Netzwerken. Hierfür entwickelte und implementierte ich einen neuartigen Algorithmus für die Generierung von Netzwerkstrukturen die wichtige Eigenschaften biologischer Netzwerke zeigen. Für die dynamische Beschreibung der Transkription modifizierte ich eine nicht-lineare Kinetik. Diese neue Formulierung der Kinetik eignet sich besonders für die Erstellung von komplexen genregulatorischen Modellen am Computer. Desweiteren unterstützt GeNGe die Durchführung verschiedener in silico Experimente, um theoretische Aussagen über den Einfluss von Störungen des Systems treffen zu können. Der zweite Teil meiner Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung von GNRevealer. Es handelt sich hierbei um eine Methode zur Rekonstruktion von genregulatorischen Netzwerken auf Basis zeitdiskreter Messungen der Genexpression. Diese Methode verwendet ein neuronales Netz zusammen mit einem passenden Lernalgorithmus (backpropagation through time). Modifizierungen, welche notwendig für die Anwendung im Reverse Engineering Bereich sind, wurden von mir entwickelt, wie z.B. die Etablierung eines vollständigen Lernprozesses, die Diskretisierung der Ergebnisse und anschließende Validierungen. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibe ich eine Studie, in der sechs verschiedene Reverse Engineering Anwendungen von mir miteinander verglichen wurden. Diese Untersuchung hebt GNRevealer als geeignetste Anwendung aller getesteten Methoden hervor. / Gene regulation is accomplished mainly by the interplay of multiple transcription factors. This gives rise to highly complex and cell-type specific, interwoven structures of regulatory interactions summarized in gene regulatory networks. In this thesis, I address two approaches of computational analysis of such networks, forward modeling and reverse engineering. The first part of this thesis is about the Web application GEne Network GEnerator (GeNGe) which I have developed as a framework for automatic generation of gene regulatory network models. I have developed a novel algorithm for the generation of network structures featuring important biological properties. In order to model the transcriptional kinetics, I have modified an existing non-linear kinetic. This new kinetic is particularly useful for the computational set-up of complex gene regulatory models. GeNGe supports also the generation of various in silico experiments for predicting effects of perturbations as theoretical counterparts of biological experiments. Moreover, GeNGe facilitates especially the collection of benchmark data for evaluating reverse engineering methods. The second part of my thesis is about the development of GNRevealer, a method for reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks from temporal data. This computational approach uses a neural network together with a sophisticated learning algorithm (backpropagation through time). Specialized features developed in the course of my thesis include essential steps in reverse engineering processes such as the establishment of a learning workflow, discretization, and subsequent validation. Additionally, I have conducted a large comparative study using six different reverse engineering applications based on different mathematical backgrounds. The results of the comparative study highlight GNRevealer as best performing method among those under study.