<p>Simply recalling a memory has very different consequences than retelling it. Accuracy is often emphasized when events are recalled; however, retelling an event in a conversational manner may compromise accuracy in order to make the story more entertaining (e.g., Dudukovic, Marsh, & Tversky, 2004), or to support a specific argument (e.g., Tversky & Marsh, 2000). I will focus on the memorial consequences and underlying mechanisms of retellings. </p><p>First, I will review research that shows the inaccuracies of retellings. In reviewing this research, I will identify possible underlying mechanisms that change memory through retellings, such as the following: schema-guided reconstruction, interference, transfer inappropriate processing, and retrieval-induced-forgetting. </p><p>Second, I will experimentally investigate possible cognitive mechanisms underlying these memorial changes. In the first experiment, I show that the elaborative nature of storytelling does not influence memory more so than simply selectively rehearsing that information. In the second and third experiments, I investigate how retelling autobiographical events influences qualitative aspects of memory. These two experiments suggest that retrieving autobiographical events influences memory quality, although the specific nature in which they are retold has no effect. I close by connecting these three experiments to the broader literature.</p> / Dissertation

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of cooperative learning as a rehearsal technique on high school full-band performance compared to traditional rehearsal methods. Two intact high school bands from the same Kentucky Music Educators Association District participated in the study. One band served as the treatment group using cooperative learning rehearsal techniques and the other group served as the control group using traditional rehearsal methods in a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design. The study spanned six weeks in which both schools prepared the same performance piece, Variants by Jack Bullock. The groups were pre-tested using a recording of their recent Kentucky Music Educators Association (KMEA) concert festival performance to ensure no statistically significant difference existed in performance ability. The bands rehearsed the study piece for 15-20 minutes two times per week for a total of 12 rehearsals. The bands were also asked to play a researcher-composed warm-up prior to each rehearsal of the performance piece. At the end of the study, the groups recorded final performances of the piece and the warm-up. The full-band performances were measured using the Performance Evaluation Form. Recordings of all tests were sent to four independent judges for evaluation. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on both post-test recordings, with the treatment group scoring higher than the control group. Additionally, the within-group comparisons resulted in statistically significant differences for both groups. The treatment group scored higher on the study piece than the pre-test while the control group scored lower on the study piece than their pre-test. Descriptive and qualitative data were gathered on student self-assessment of performance and the implementation of cooperative learning into high school band. Results indicate that students in the cooperative learning treatment group varied greatly in ability to self-assess and that those abilities progressed over time. Students also engaged in the learning activities in a variety of ways. Factors that must be taken into consideration when implementing cooperative learning in a high school ensemble include the structure of the cooperative activities, the role of the band director, and the usage of time.

The purpose of this study was to compare student and teacher perceptions of classroom management in secondary band rehearsals in Florida schools. Twenty-one schools participated with ensemble teachers (N = 34) and their students (N = 749). Participants were surveyed collecting information for the variables of teacher expectations, teacher behaviors, teacher expectation congruency, teacher behavior congruency, and student rehearsal conduct. Demographic information was also collected for teachers, students, and schools. Descriptive analyses reveal that teachers and students had similar mean scores, however teachers consistently had higher mean scores for teacher expectations and teacher behaviors. MANOVA results suggest that teachers and students have different interpretations of teacher expectations. Regression results found that teacher expectations congruency, teacher gender, and teacher experience level were predictors of student rehearsal conduct. The majority of participating teachers claimed that student misbehavior was not a problem they were consistently addressing. When asked for reasons why they feel students misbehave, the largest response placed fault with the students, followed by performance-related, family-related, and the least accountable was teacher-related.

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The use of imagery and movement to affect vocal tone has long been a part of choral pedagogy. These often used, yet little explored tools, are employed by choral directors on all levels. The present study sought to determine if the use of imagery, metaphor, motion, and a combination of the three, as pedagogic tools to affect vocal tone, could be perceived by outline listeners. Three singers - an untrained singer, an undergraduate in choral music education, and a graduate student in vocal performance - were asked to perform a melody under a control and three research conditions: metaphoric-image, motion, and dual modality (a combination of metaphoric-image and motion). Participants were randomly assigned to listen to one of the three singers. Participants were asked to rate each condition on tone color, tension, and preference and were directed to ascribe a color to the tone they heard for each condition. Results indicated that respondents could indeed perceive a difference in tone over the different conditions. For the metaphoric-image condition, the singers were asked to "sing the line as if it were yellow." Overall, respondents rated this tone brighter than any others across singers and conditions. The majority of respondents also ascribed the color yellow to the metaphoric-image tone across singers and conditions. Overall data indicated that respondents rated the dual modality condition as darkest and most relaxed while the metaphoric-image condition was rated as brightest and most tense. These results were consistent with the expected pedagogic intent of the conditions as well as the researcher's hypothesis. A chi-square test performed on the color ascription data revealed statistical significance in the expectation of response. The data seem to indicate that specific color ascription to vocal tone is consistent across respondents and conditions.

A dissertação apresenta os movimentos de formação continuada para professores que vem sendo implementados a partir de 2011 nas escolas estaduais, destacando as aprendizagens desencadeadas por este processo na Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Emília Viega da Rocha, do distrito de Morungava, no município de Gravataí no Rio Grande do Sul. Dentre os diferentes movimentos de formação docente que são propostos nessa escola, considerando o ambiente escolar como um espaço de confronto e de luta entre forças de conservação (vontade de verdade) e forças de criação (vontade de potência), a pesquisa tem por objetivo narrar as experiências que se apresentaram como um exercício de modificação da prática docente, especialmente aquelas inspiradas nos momentos de ensaio de teatro, tanto do grupo Garras de Anjo quanto do grupo Cooperativa de Teatro e propor oficinas de formação que permitam ensaiar outros modos de ser e fazer a docência, especialmente a partir das técnicas de trabalho do ator utilizadas nos ensaios destes grupos teatrais. As discussões teóricas que servem de base para essa pesquisa (o dandismo pedagógico, a estética da existência, o ensaio e a experiência) apoiam-se, especialmente nas ideias de Montaigne, Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben e Schechner. Além de apresentar os movimentos formativos que se processam na escola, ocorreu um esforço de intervenção nesse processo através da realização de três oficinas de formação com proposição de exercícios que coloquem em movimento a prática dos professores, avaliando as possibilidades dos ensaios de experiências de formação docente, através dos jogos teatrais. Com essa inspiração, o acesso ao ambiente empírico escolar foi se constituindo a partir de fontes múltiplas, devido à sua instabilidade e ao desejo de ampliar a quantidade e a qualidade dos registros. Por isso, a análise dos movimentos de formação e das oficinas foi feito a partir das observações de pesquisa e relatos variados, entrevista audiogravadas, videogravações, cujas transcrições foram sintetizadas no Memorial de Formação Docente da Escola Emília 2011-2012, que reúne um farto material analisado sob o recorte de três eixos temáticos principais, todos eles intimamente ligados às técnicas de ensaio dos atores de teatro: o corpo, o ensaio e o movimento. / The dissertation presents the movements of continuing education for teachers which has been implemented from 2011 in high schools, highlighting the learning triggered by this process in the State School of Emilia Viega da Rocha, Morungava district in the city of Gravataí in Rio Grande do Sul Among the different movements of teacher training that are offered at this school, considering the school environment as a space of confrontation and struggle between forces of conservation (will to truth) and forces of creation (Will to Power), research aims to narrate the experiences presented as an exercise modification of teaching practice, especially those inspired moments in rehearsal theater, both group Garras de Anjo as group Cooperativa de Teatro and propose training workshops that enable testing other modes to be and do the teaching, especially from the technical work of the actor used in the trials of these theater groups. Theoretical discussions that are the basis for this research (pedagogical dandyism, the aesthetics of existence, testing and experience) rely, especially in ideas of Montaigne, Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben and Schechner. Besides presenting the formative movements that take place in school, there was an effort to intervene in this process by conducting three training workshops in schools and proposing exercises that put in motion the practice of teachers, assessing the possibilities of testing experiences teacher education through theater games. With this inspiration, access to the empirical school environment was being constituted from multiple sources, due to their instability and the desire to expand the quantity and quality of records, hence the movement analysis and training workshops was made from observations and research reports varied, audio recorded interviews, video recordings, whose transcripts were synthesized in Memorial Teacher Training School Emilia 2011-2012, which brings together a wealth of material analyzed under the cut three main themes, all of them closely related techniques Test of theater actors: the body, the test and movement.

abstract: "Play less and listen more" is the prevailing wisdom whenever two musical partners are having ensemble issues that interfere with their music-making. Accompanists, coaches, and collaborative pianists across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries devote many pages to these situations and explain what to listen and look for. An overview of this literature establishes a standard canon of ensemble issues for collaborative pianists working with a single partner, whether vocal or instrumental. The overview also discusses the various solutions these authors recommend for these problems. However, in exceptional moments of rehearsal or performance, the foregoing advice fails. After comparing several passing observations in these standard works with the author's own experience, a paradoxical situation becomes evident: at times, what works instead of listening more is listening less. As the author describes through multiple musical examples and commentaries, ignoring one's partner for a brief moment can benefit the duo's ensemble and artistry. The application of this principle is both narrow and wide-ranging and is meant to serve as a secondary course of action. It is decidedly not a replacement for the standard advice on coaching and collaborating, for such advice is successful far more often than not. However, it can be utilized when the collaborative pianist deems it the most successful and prudent solution to an ensemble situation that has remained problematic. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Music 2015

A dissertação apresenta os movimentos de formação continuada para professores que vem sendo implementados a partir de 2011 nas escolas estaduais, destacando as aprendizagens desencadeadas por este processo na Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Emília Viega da Rocha, do distrito de Morungava, no município de Gravataí no Rio Grande do Sul. Dentre os diferentes movimentos de formação docente que são propostos nessa escola, considerando o ambiente escolar como um espaço de confronto e de luta entre forças de conservação (vontade de verdade) e forças de criação (vontade de potência), a pesquisa tem por objetivo narrar as experiências que se apresentaram como um exercício de modificação da prática docente, especialmente aquelas inspiradas nos momentos de ensaio de teatro, tanto do grupo Garras de Anjo quanto do grupo Cooperativa de Teatro e propor oficinas de formação que permitam ensaiar outros modos de ser e fazer a docência, especialmente a partir das técnicas de trabalho do ator utilizadas nos ensaios destes grupos teatrais. As discussões teóricas que servem de base para essa pesquisa (o dandismo pedagógico, a estética da existência, o ensaio e a experiência) apoiam-se, especialmente nas ideias de Montaigne, Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben e Schechner. Além de apresentar os movimentos formativos que se processam na escola, ocorreu um esforço de intervenção nesse processo através da realização de três oficinas de formação com proposição de exercícios que coloquem em movimento a prática dos professores, avaliando as possibilidades dos ensaios de experiências de formação docente, através dos jogos teatrais. Com essa inspiração, o acesso ao ambiente empírico escolar foi se constituindo a partir de fontes múltiplas, devido à sua instabilidade e ao desejo de ampliar a quantidade e a qualidade dos registros. Por isso, a análise dos movimentos de formação e das oficinas foi feito a partir das observações de pesquisa e relatos variados, entrevista audiogravadas, videogravações, cujas transcrições foram sintetizadas no Memorial de Formação Docente da Escola Emília 2011-2012, que reúne um farto material analisado sob o recorte de três eixos temáticos principais, todos eles intimamente ligados às técnicas de ensaio dos atores de teatro: o corpo, o ensaio e o movimento. / The dissertation presents the movements of continuing education for teachers which has been implemented from 2011 in high schools, highlighting the learning triggered by this process in the State School of Emilia Viega da Rocha, Morungava district in the city of Gravataí in Rio Grande do Sul Among the different movements of teacher training that are offered at this school, considering the school environment as a space of confrontation and struggle between forces of conservation (will to truth) and forces of creation (Will to Power), research aims to narrate the experiences presented as an exercise modification of teaching practice, especially those inspired moments in rehearsal theater, both group Garras de Anjo as group Cooperativa de Teatro and propose training workshops that enable testing other modes to be and do the teaching, especially from the technical work of the actor used in the trials of these theater groups. Theoretical discussions that are the basis for this research (pedagogical dandyism, the aesthetics of existence, testing and experience) rely, especially in ideas of Montaigne, Nietzsche, Foucault, Agamben and Schechner. Besides presenting the formative movements that take place in school, there was an effort to intervene in this process by conducting three training workshops in schools and proposing exercises that put in motion the practice of teachers, assessing the possibilities of testing experiences teacher education through theater games. With this inspiration, access to the empirical school environment was being constituted from multiple sources, due to their instability and the desire to expand the quantity and quality of records, hence the movement analysis and training workshops was made from observations and research reports varied, audio recorded interviews, video recordings, whose transcripts were synthesized in Memorial Teacher Training School Emilia 2011-2012, which brings together a wealth of material analyzed under the cut three main themes, all of them closely related techniques Test of theater actors: the body, the test and movement.

The purpose was to establish the stability of behavior of secondary string teachers. The research problems were (a) to establish the frequency of selected observable elements of content and instructional strategies; (b) to estimate the stability of observed teaching behaviors within and across rehearsals; and (c) to determine the stability of pacing within and across rehearsals. In conclusion, for the population observed, stability of behavior existed. The variable of multiple conduction, not given much attention in research or pedagogical literature, weighted heavily in frequency of occurrence. Demonstration and verbal imagery, encouraged by strong experts, received less than 3% of rehearsal time. Pacing should be considered an important variable in the instructional process and merits further definition and research.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the rehearsal plan in the preparation of Brazilian art songs. This disquisition proposes a rehearsal plan model based on the concept of the class plan used in the field of education. The rehearsal plans were applied in a series of rehearsals with two singers at North Dakota State University in which we worked on four art songs composed by the Brazilian composer Francisco Mignone (1897-1986). This qualitative study adopted the autoethnography as research method. In this autoethnographic research I worked both as researcher and as pianist in the rehearsals. This disquisition relied upon two axes of theoretical framework, one musical and one educational: the musical axis was formed of studies regarding performance and preparation of art songs as developed by Katz (2009), Kimball (2006), Stein and Spillman (1996), Moore (1984), Bernac (1978), and Adler (1971). The educational axis was based on the studies of Libâneo (2006) and Coll, Pozo, Sarabia, and Valls (1998) and provided the concept, philosophical basis, structure, and applicability of the class plan. This educational axis also included studies supporting the effectiveness of the rehearsal plan in various musical contexts, such as Gorelick (2001), Brunner (1996), and Figueiredo (1990). The research data revealed that the rehearsal plan was an effective pedagogical tool in the preparation of Brazilian art songs. The rehearsal plans provided outlines of clear objectives and focused rehearsal strategies and facilitated the development and application of specific rehearsal strategies for art song performance preparation. The plans also promoted connectivity between rehearsals and a sense of accomplishment for the pianist and singers. In addition, the rehearsal plans detailed the preparation of Brazilian art songs with respect to three distinct dimensions of knowledge: conceptual, practical, and attitudinal.