Children with ADHD have well documented deficiencies in phonological (word-based) short term memory (PHSTM) and covert rehearsal mechanisms; however, it is unknown whether these deficits are secondary to differences in time decay (i.e., the loss of information in the STM store due to an increase in time) or susceptibility to rehearsal interference (i.e., any distractor stimuli that prevents or hinders the maintenance of relevant information in the limited capacity STM store). In this study, ADHD and Typically Developing (TD) boys were instructed to recall word lists consisting of 2, 4, and 6 words (24 consecutive trials of each word list administered in counterbalanced order) following three distinct delay intervals (3-s 12-s, and 21-s) with and without a superimposed articulatory suppression condition (repeating the irrelevant syllable ‘la' throughout each of the 3 delay conditions) which served as interference to the rehearsal mechanism. Results revealed that both groups performed better under the simple recall relative to the articulatory suppression condition, and recalled fewer words across the three time delay intervals. A significant three-way interaction emerged among diagnosis (ADHD vs TD), delay interval (3-s, 12-s, 21-s), and task condition (simple recall vs articulatory suppression), and indicated that children with ADHD are more susceptible to articulatory suppression effects over time relative to TD children. Collectively, the obtained findings corroborate previous reports that children with ADHD have poorer phonological STM and indicate that these deficits may occur due to a greater susceptibility to rehearsal interference during phonological short term memory rehearsal.

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The troubling negative effects of music performance anxiety (MPA) have remained less investigated under ensemble settings and with undergraduate non-music majors than under solo settings with music majors and professional musicians. This study examined the experience and prevalence of music performance anxiety in ensemble rehearsal and concert settings in 166 undergraduate non-music majors, 108 undergraduate music majors, 4 undeclared undergraduates, 9 graduate non-music majors, and 14 graduate music majors. The participants (instrumentalists and vocalists) were drawn from 10 Mid-Atlantic colleges and universities. The Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory Revised (K-MPAI-R; Kenny, 2009) was administered within the last six weeks of the semester. Students reported the full range of cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral symptoms of MPA, with cognitive symptoms most frequently reported. The factor structure of the K-MPAI-R was found to be stable with those factor structures previously established by Kenny using elite professional musicians and tertiary-level music students. The results of a standard multiple regression conducted to identify unique predictors of MPA indicated that although depression, being an instrumentalist, being female, and having had a music performance breakdown, all made significant contributions to K-MPAI-R scores, and depression made the strongest unique contribution (beta = .42, p < 0.001). Greater self-efficacy (as indicated by higher scores on confidence statements in the K-MPAI-R) was correlated with lower MPA under both concert (r = .49, p < 0.0005) and rehearsal settings (r = .52, p < 0.0005). Students with higher depression indicator scores exhibited higher MPA than students with lower depression indicator scores (WT = 31.40, p < 0.001). Music performance breakdowns occurred more often during solos than ensemble performances and memory lapse (16.3% of all students) was cited as the leading cause of music performance breakdowns. Overall, MPA and depression indicator scores for the sample were high compared with other groups that had been previously evaluated with the K-MPAI-R and the same depression screen. Instructors should therefore be sensitive to the possibility that ensemble musicians may experience significant negative effects of MPA during both concerts and rehearsals, and apprise themselves of evidence-based treatment options and coping strategies available for MPA.

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Mental suffering costs the society amounts of money every year due to sick leave, suicide and general production loss. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the conditions that can affect anyone who has experienced a traumatic event.  This thesis examines the positive experiences and limitations of the treatment form Imagery rehearsal therapy for war veterans’ post-traumatic nightmares. The results show that this treatment reduces post-trauma nightmares both in frequency and in intensity. It also improves the quality of sleep and reduces PTSD- and depression symptoms. However, veterans with multiple traumas as a basis for their PTSD may need more sessions of imagery rehearsal therapy. The results also indicate that the treatment also can show positive results in the reduction of the nightmare frequency and intensity in individuals who suffer from other types of traumatic nightmares than the war veterans had. / Psykiskt lidande kostar samhället stora summor årligen genom sjukskrivningar, självmord och allmänt produktionsbortfall. Posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD) är ett av dessa sjukdomstillstånd och kan drabba vem som helst som upplevt en traumatisk händelse. Detta examensarbete undersöker de positiva erfarenheterna av och begränsningarna hos behandlingsformen imagery rehearsal therapy vid posttraumatiska mardrömmar hos krigsveteraner. Resultatet visar att denna behandlingsform minskar posttraumatiska mardrömmar både i frekvens och i intensitet. Den förbättrar även sömnkvalitén, samt minskar PTSD-och depressionssymptom. Dock, så kankrigsveteraner med flera trauman som grund för deras PTSD behöva fler sessioner av imagery rehearsal therapy. Resultaten visar också att behandlingen även kan visa positiva resultat i minskning av mardrömmars frekvens och intensitet hos individer som lider av andra typer av traumatiska mardrömmar än de krigsveteranerna hade.