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Families' perceptions of relapse among psychiatric patients at Evuxakeni Care CentreMabunda, Bombeleni Patricia 17 October 2008 (has links)
M.A. / Die doel van die verhandeling is om bydaende faktore wat aanleiding gee tot psigiatriese terugval vas te stel om sodoende aanbevelings te maak wat op die bevindinge gegrond is om diegene wie met psigiatriese pasiente werk te help . Deur middel van hierdie verhandeling is ‘ n poging aangewend om antwoorde tot die volgende vrae te verkry : • Wat is die persepsies van gesinne teenoor ‘n terugval van hul naasbestaandes ? • Wat word deur gesinne as ‘n vernamme bydraende faktor tot terugval beskou? • Wat is die gevolge van her-toelating op die gesin? • Wat is die algemene gevolge van institusionalisering op die pasient? Nie-waarskynlike steekproeftrekking vir die projek is gebruik. ‘m Onderhoudskedule is gebruik om data in te samel. Onderhoude is met twaalf respondente gevoer en hul antwoorde is aangebied en ontleed. Deur middel van hierdie ondersoek is vasgestel dat die oorgroter meerderheid pasiente pas nie so goed aan by die huis as in die gestig nie. In alle waarskynlikheid ‘n rede vir hierdie toedrag van sake is dat hulle hul voorskrif vir medikasie nakom nie. Hierdie nie-gehoorsaamheid deur pasiente lei daartoe tot die siening deur ‘n toenemende aantal gesinne dat hospitalisasie die geskikste plek is vir pasiente, met ontslag as nie-wenslik beskou. Tydens hierdie navorsingsprojek is vasgestel dat alle respondente nie voorberei is om te werk met geestessiektes nie. Hierdie probleem het daartoe aanleiding gegee tot ‘n mislukte integrasie proses aangesien pasiente nie terug na hulle gesinne en gemeenskappe teruggeplaas kon wees nie. Hierdie probleem het ‘n negatiewe aanslag op staatsbeleid om weg te doen met die institusionalisering van pasiente. / Prof. Mitchell
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Intagnas upplevelser av vardagliga aktiviteter : En kvantitativ studie på en svensk anstalt utifrån "Min Mening" / Inmates´ experiences of daily activities : A quantitative study in a Swedish prison based on "Occupational Self-Assessment"Louise, Byrmo, Ronja, Lönnborg January 2017 (has links)
Bakgrund: Det är många personer som återfaller i brott inom en treårsperiod efter avtjänat straff i Sverige. En viktig del i arbetet för att minska återfall i brott är effektiva förberedelser inför frigivning. Syfte: Att beskriva hur intagna på en svensk anstalt upplever vardagliga aktiviteter. Metod: Examensarbetet består av en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie och 50 enkäter delades ut och 29 personer deltog i examensarbetet. Urvalet består av intagna på en svensk anstalt. Ett arbetsterapeutiskt självskattningsinstrument, Min Mening, en svensk version av Occupational Self-Assessment (OSA) användes som datainsamlingsinstrument. Datamaterialet analyserades deskriptivt och analytiskt. Resultat: Majoriteten av aktiviteterna upplevs fungera mycket bra och upplevs som mycket viktiga. Att sköta min ekonomi, att sträva mot mina mål samt att engagera mig i roller var de aktiviteter som flest antal deltagare upplevde inte fungerade bra. Slutsats: En del aktiviteter upplevs fungera bättre än andra och värdesätts olika. Resultatet visar att Min Mening med fördel kan användas bland intagna samt användas som grund för deras rehabilitering. Fler studier behöver genomföras inom området för att ytterligare beskriva hur intagna upplever vardagliga aktiviteter samt att identifiera hur behovet av arbetsterapi ser ut på svenska anstalter.
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Analýza postavení ex-vězňů na trhu práce v ČR / Analysis of the Position of Ex-prisoners on the Labour Market in Czech RepublicTřesohlavý, Pavel January 2012 (has links)
The focus of this diploma thesis is to describe the position of ex-prisoners on the labour market and how their operations on that market influence the society. In this paper, I will be looking into the social and state budget costs that these people cause, and why we can consider them as another vulnerable group on the labour market. The factors that lower their chances to succeed are lower productivity, level of education, and also statistical discrimination by employers that leads to demanding expectations on possessing a clean record. I will also focus my attention to the solutions that are currently in place in the Czech Republic, as success on the labour market is an important element to lowering the relapse rate. In the Czech Republic, the relapse rate is between 60 to 65 percent, which is lot higher than in other countries that have been trying to solve this problem for a longer period of time. This thesis confirms the hypothesis that this problem in the Czech Republic is not being treated on the same level as in other countries, and therefore we could learn and apply other solutions from abroad. Half-way houses have proven to be an effective solution and it would be good to put them into practice in Czech Republic as well.
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I likhet med brott lönar sig inte straff... eller?Källman, Annika January 2018 (has links)
The aim of the study is to gain an understanding of how the preventive work of crime relapse practically appears in the Swedish prisons. The aim of the study is also to gain an understanding of the difficulties with the preventive crime relapse work in Swedish prisons. Staff from the field of the Swedish prisons and former prisoners have been the informants of the study. The study is qualitative study and the empiricism has been generated from semi structured interviews. The study shows that the staff is working with preventive work of crime relapse through programmes that focus on the specific crime the prisoners been involved in. One difficulty with this is that prisoners are not are forced to go to the programmes. In the case of short imprisonment it is also hard for the staff to get time to implement programs for the prisoners. The staff at the prisons get educated in motivational interviewing and are supposed to work with motivational interviewing in the everyday meeting with the prisoners. This work is insufficient and does not work in a desirable way. The study also present that the environment at the prisons may have significance for studied subjects, but the budget for the prisons is not enough to frame the environment in a desirabl e way.
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The Analysis of Patient Status Following Substance Abuse Treatment and Utilization of Medical CareJones, French Allan 12 1900 (has links)
Subjects were 2,950 patients who had previously received inpatient treatment for substance abuse at 40 treatment centers in 13 states and were followed up by the Chemical Abuse/Addiction Treatment Outcome Registry (CATOR) via telephone during the 2 years immediately following their treatment. All subjects were contacted every 6 months and asked a series of questions regarding their relapse status, medical utilization, illnesses, injuries, and arrests. Patient status was based on 3 categories: (1) abstinence from any abuse of a chemical, (2) brief relapse of less than 3 months abuse of any chemical, or (3) total relapse of longer than 3 months of any chemical. Findings showed that abstainers had fewer days in the hospital for emotional problems and detoxification. Abstainers also had fewer visits to the hospital for emergency reasons. Males in the brief relapse category had a greater number of injuries than abstainers or total relapsers. Regarding arrests and automobile accidents, no difference was discovered. However, regarding Drunk While Driving (DWI) arrests, abstainers had fewer arrests.
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Evaluating N-Acetylcysteine for Early and End-Of-Treatment Abstinence in Adult Cigarette SmokersMcClure, Erin A., Wahlquist, Amy E., Tomko, Rachel L., Baker, Nathaniel L., Carpenter, Matthew J., Bradley, Elizabeth D., Cato, Patrick A., Gipson, Cassandra D., Gray, Kevin M. 01 August 2021 (has links)
Background: There is robust preclinical literature and preliminary clinical findings supporting the use of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) to treat substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder (TUD). However, randomized controlled trials have yielded mixed results and NAC's efficacy for TUD has not been established. The goals of this study were to assess the efficacy of NAC in promoting early and end-of-treatment abstinence and preventing relapse among adult smokers. Methods: This randomized, double-blinded clinical trial enrolled adult, daily smokers (N = 114; ages 23–64; 51 % female; 65 % White; 29 % Black/African American; 7% Hispanic/Latinx), who were randomized 1:1 to receive NAC (n = 59) or placebo (n = 55) (1200 mg b.i.d.) for eight weeks. Participants received brief cessation counseling and incentives for abstinence during the first three days of the quit attempt. Primary outcomes: (i) carbon monoxide (CO)-confirmed abstinence during the first three days of the quit attempt. Secondary outcomes: (ii) time to relapse; (iii) biologically confirmed abstinence at Week 8. Results: No differences were found between NAC and placebo groups on measures of early abstinence (3-day quit attempt; 11 % for NAC vs. 15 % for placebo; all p > 0.11), time to relapse (p = 0.19), and end-of-treatment abstinence (7% for NAC vs. 11 % for placebo; all p > 0.40]. Conclusions: Results indicate that NAC is a well-tolerated pharmacotherapy but is unlikely to be efficacious as a monotherapy for TUD in adults. Considered in the collective context of other research, NAC may potentially be more useful in a younger population, as a combination pharmacotherapy, or in the presence of more intensive psychosocial treatment.
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Nondrug Reinforcement Loss and Relapse to Alcohol Seeking in Another ContextPyszczynski, Adam D. 01 May 2011 (has links)
Extinguished alcohol-maintained responding has been shown to relapse in aresurgence preparation when food-reinforced responding is subsequently extinguished within the same context. However, drug and nondrug reinforcers are often specific to different contexts. Accordingly, the present experiments sought to determine whether loss of an alternative source of nondrug reinforcement in one context could produce relapse to drug seeking in a separate context. In one experiment, rats made topographically different responses for food or alcohol in alternating components of a multiple schedule. Both reinforcers were delivered during baseline, alcohol was withheld during the second phase of the experiment, and finally both reinforcers were withheld during the final phase. Extinguished alcohol-maintained responding increased upon discontinuation of food deliveries, but may have increased due to similarity between the final experimental phase and an initial training phase. In a second experiment, the training phase that complicated interpretation of the elevated responding observed in Experiment 1 was eliminated altogether. Alcohol seeking again relapsed upon discontinuation of food, suggesting that the training conditions were not the cause of the observed relapse in Experiment 1. Thus, loss of a nondrug reinforcer in one context can produce relapse to drug seeking in another. This procedure may provide a novel model of drug relapse in which loss of context-specific, alternative nondrug reinforcers precipitates relapse to drug seeking in a separate context.
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Examining the Effects of Reinforcement Context on Relapse of ObservingThrailkill, Eric A. 01 May 2011 (has links)
Attentional biases occur with various psychological disorders, including drugaddiction and anxiety. Conditioned reinforcement likely plays a role in maintainingattentional biases to stimuli associated with reinforcement for unwanted behavior. Theobserving-response procedure is considered a model of attending as reflected byresponding maintained by conditioned reinforcement. Effects of primary reinforcement on the persistence of observing have been studied in the framework of behavioral momentum theory. Studies have shown observing-responses to be more resistant tochange in contexts arranging relatively higher rates of primary reinforcement. Recently, behavioral momentum theory has been extended to describe the effects of primary reinforcement context in relapse phenomena. The present thesis aimed to extend research on the resistance to change of observing to animal models of relapse. Pigeons responded on a two-component multiple schedule of observing-response procedures. In a rich component, observing responses produced stimuli correlated with a high rate of variableinterval (VI) food reinforcement (Rich S+). In a lean component, observing responses produced stimuli correlated with a low rate of VI food reinforcement (Lean S+). Following stable performance, responding was extinguished by removing food and S+ presentations. After extinction, relapse was assessed by reinstatement tests consisting of response-independent presentations of food or S+. Replicating earlier results, observingand food-key responding was more resistant to extinction in the Rich component. Food reinstatement had no systematic effect on extinguished food- and observing-key responding. However, S+ reinstatement resulted in relapse of extinguished observingand food-key responding. Relapse during S+ reinstatement was greater in the Rich component than the Lean component. Reinstatement of responding by S+ presentations resulted in a greater overall increase in responding on the food-key relative to the observing-key. This result suggests that an important functional relationship between the presence of S+ stimuli and increased rates of primary reinforcement for food key responding remained intact during extinction. The results show that observing is susceptible to relapse, and the magnitude of relapse depends on baseline primary reinforcement rate in a context.
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Detection of relapses after treatment for parotid gland carcinoma: the value of post treatment surveillanceNaess, Cajsa January 2021 (has links)
Introduction: Salivary glands are exocrine organs that produce and secrete saliva into theoral cavity. Cancer in the salivary glands is a rare but fatal disease with a five- year survivalrate of 75%. Cancer in the parotid glands, the largest salivary glands, affects about 100persons every year in Sweden. Patients are offered scheduled follow- up visits for five yearsto enable detection of relapse. Relapses can also be detected at extra follow-up visits initiatedby the patients themselves. Aim: The primary aim was to determine how relapse of parotid malignancies are detected; ata scheduled follow- up visit or at visits initiated by the patients. The secondary aim was tocompare if the survival after relapse depends on how it was detected. Methods: A retrospective cohort study including patients registered in the Head and NeckCancer Register of Örebro University Hospital. Patients with relapse were included.Information was collected from the register and the patients’ medical charts. Results: A total of 40 patients were included. 25 relapses were found at patient-initiatedvisits, 11 at follow-up visits and 4 were detected incidentally. The two-year survival rate was56% in the group of self- initiated visits and 54.5% in the group of routine follow-up visits.Result from Log Rank test was p-value 0.565. Conclusion: Findings suggest that it is more common to find relapses at visits initiated bypatient than at follow-up visits. There was no statistically significant difference in survivalbetween the groups.
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Behandlung des drohenden hämatologischen Rezidivs von Patienten mit MDS und AML nach allogener Stammzelltransplantation mit 5-Azacytidin (Vidaza®)Seltmann, Franziska 09 July 2013 (has links)
Im Rahmen der RELAZA-Studie sollte die Wirksamkeit sowie die Sicherheit von AZA in der Verzögerung bzw. Vermeidung eines hämatologischen Rezidivs bei Patienten mit CD34+ MDS oder AML bei fallendem CD34-Spenderchimärismus nach allogener SZT untersucht werden. Als primäre Zielparameter galten hierbei die Ansprechrate im Sinne eines CD34-Spenderchimärismusanstiegs auf ≥ 80% (majores Ansprechen) etwa einen Monat nach Ende des 4. Zyklus AZA sowie die Dauer dieses Ansprechens. Ferner sollte der weitere Krankheitsverlauf, das Gesamt- und auch rezidivfreie Überleben sowie die Verträglichkeit und die Beeinflussung der GvHD untersucht werden. Dazu wurde der Anteil CD34+ Spenderzellen im peripheren Blut von insgesamt 53 Patienten im Abstand von drei bis vier Wochen und ab dem 9.-24. Monat nach allogener SZT alle sieben bis acht Wochen bestimmt. Die 20 Patienten, die während dieser Screeningphase einen CD34-Spenderzellabfall auf < 80% zeigten, aber gleichzeitig kein hämatologisches Rezidiv und transfusionsunabhängig > 3 Gpt/l Leukozyten sowie > 75 Gpt/l Thrombozyten aufwiesen, wurden in die Therapiegruppe aufgenommen.
AZA wurde pro Zyklus unter entsprechender antiemetischer Prophylaxe in einer Dosis von 75 mg/m2/Tag über sieben aufeinanderfolgende Tage subkutan verabreicht. Der Abstand zwischen dem jeweiligen Beginn zweier Zyklen betrug circa 28 Tage. Es wurden zunächst nur vier Zyklen AZA in Folge appliziert. Einen Monat nach Ende des 4. Zyklus erfolgte die Bewertung des Ansprechens durch Zuordnung der einzelnen Patienten zu den Gruppen „majores Ansprechen“ (CD34-Spenderzellchimärismus ≥ 80%), „minores Ansprechen“ (CD34-Spenderzellchimärismus < 80%, aber kein Rezidiv) und „Rezidiv“. Um bei Patienten, die bis dahin nur ein minores Ansprechen erreicht hatten oder deren CD34-Spenderzellchimärismus wieder auf < 80% abgefallen war, ein (erneutes) majores Ansprechen zu induzieren, konnten im Anschluss an Block 1 (Zyklus 1-4) im Rahmen von Block 2 und 3 jeweils weitere vier Zyklen AZA gegeben werden. Vor jedem neuen Zyklus erfolgte die Kontrolle wesentlicher Laborparameter (großes Blutbild, ALAT, ASAT, GGT, Creatinin, Harnstoff, Natrium, Kalium, Bilirubin, CRP) sowie die Bewertung der GvHD. Nach dem 2. und 4. Zyklus jedes Blocks fanden eine erneute Knochenmarkpunktion sowie die Analyse des CD34-Spenderchimärismus statt.
Der CD34-Spenderchimärismus der 20 Patienten der Therapiegruppe war im Median 169 Tage nach der letzten SZT auf < 80% abgefallen, sodass die Therapie mit AZA bei diesen Patienten begonnen wurde. Nach nur vier Zyklen AZA konnte bei 16 von 20 (80%) Patienten eine Stabilisierung oder Verminderung der MRD festgestellt werden. Insgesamt zeigten zehn der 20 (50%) Patienten ein majores Ansprechen. Dieses war zum Studienabschluss im Januar 2011 allerdings nur noch bei drei Patienten (medianes follow up von 300 Tagen (Spannweite 181–899 Tage) nach Ende des 1. Blocks) nachweisbar. Sechs (30%) Patienten zeigten nach dem 4. Zyklus ein minores Ansprechen und vier (20%) waren bereits im Rezidiv. Von den 16 Patienten, die entweder ein majores oder minores Ansprechen zeigten, begannen 11 Patienten mit dem zweiten und vier auch noch mit dem dritten Block. Durch diese Wiederbehandlung mit AZA konnte allerdings nur bei einer Patientin ein (erneutes) majores Ansprechen erreicht werden, welches jedoch nur etwa einen Monat anhielt.
Zusammenfassend betrachtet haben bis zum Studienabschluss 13 von 20 (65%) Therapiepatienten rezidiviert. Das rezidivfreie Überleben dieser Patienten betrug im Median 231 Tage (Spannweite 56–558 Tage), das Gesamtüberleben lag bei im Median 470 Tagen (Spannweite 182-1440 Tage) nach dem initialen Abfall des CD34-Subsetchimärismus < 80%. Neun von ihnen sind im Median 293 Tage (Spannweite 182 – 1159 Tage) nach CD34-Spenderchimärismusabfall verstorben. Vier der 20 Patienten haben bis zum Abschluss der Studie, das heißt im Median 347 Tage (Spannweite 297 – 998 Tage) nach dem ersten Abfall des CD34-Subsetchimärismus < 80%, rezidivfrei überlebt. Drei von ihnen zeigten zum Studienabschluss ein bis dahin im Median seit 300 Tagen (Spannweite 181 – 899 Tage) nach Therapieende bestehendes stabiles majores Ansprechen. Die restlichen drei der 20 Therapiepatienten sind nicht Rezidiv-assoziiert verstorben. Das Gesamtüberleben aller Therapiepatienten lag bei im Median 347 Tagen (Spannweite 162–1440 Tage) nach Abfall der CD34+ Zellen unter die 80% Grenze.
Die Hauptnebenwirkung von AZA bestand in der Induktion schwerer Zytopenien, die bei sechs von 20 Patienten zu Infektionen führten. Diese konnten jedoch entweder ambulant oder stationär gut beherrscht werden, sodass sie weder zum Abbruch der Studie noch zum Tod eines Patienten führten. Ansonsten konnte durch Dosisanpassungen, Zyklusverschiebungen sowie durch die Gabe von Wachstumsfaktoren (G-CSF) eine Regeneration des Blutbilds erreicht werden. Gravierende Verschlechterungen bestehender GvHD wurden nicht beobachtet. Hingegen konnte die immunsuppressive Medikation unter den ersten vier Zyklen AZA bei vier von sechs Patienten beendet werden.
Die RELAZA-Studie hat gezeigt, dass AZA unter akzeptablen Nebenwirkungen in der Lage ist, das Auftreten eines hämatologischen Rezidivs bei Abfall des CD34-Spenderzellchimärimus nach allogener SZT zumindest zu verzögern. Allerdings mussten wir feststellen, dass nur die Hälfte der Patienten ein majores Ansprechen zeigte und dieses bei den meisten Patienten nur von kurzer Dauer war. Deshalb gehen wir davon aus, dass sowohl zur Induktion eines majoren Ansprechens als auch zum Erhalt desselben vier Zyklen AZA in Folge nicht ausreichend sind. Der Effekt eines dahingehend veränderten Applikationsschemas wird bereits im Rahmen der RELAZA-II-Studie untersucht.
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