Depression is one of the most debilitating, widespread and costly health problems worldwide and has a high prevalence in almost every society. Research suggests that depression affects an individual‟s work engagement levels, burnout levels and the occurrence of stress-related ill health symptoms. However, it is unclear whether these findings would differ among individuals who reported that they suffer from depression and receive medical treatment for it, individuals who reported that they are unsure whether they suffer from depression, and individuals who reported that they do not suffer from depression. This study is quantitative in nature and a cross-sectional design was used. The study population consisted of 15 664 participants from several sectors in South Africa. The participants also differed in terms of gender, age, race, marital status, educational level, language and the province where they reside. The sample population was thus representative of the diverse population of South Africa. The SAEHWS, a self-report instrument based on the dual-process model of work-related well-being, was used to measure all constructs. The participants were divided into three groups, i.e. individuals who reported that they suffer from depression and are currently receiving medical treatment for depression, individuals who reported that they are uncertain whether they suffer from depression, and individuals who reported that they do not suffer from depression. Frequencies were used to determine the prevalence of depression in the three different groups and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) was used to determine the significance of differences between the levels of work engagement, burnout and stress-related ill health symptoms of the three different groups (individuals who reported that they suffer from depression, individuals who reported that they are uncertain whether they suffer from depression, and those who reported that they do not suffer from depression). The results showed that 18,3% of the population reported that they suffer from depression and receive medical treatment for depression, 16,7% of the population reported that they are unsure whether they suffer from depression and 65% reported that they do not suffer from depression. Furthermore, it was found that depression significantly influences work engagement levels negatively and that it significantly influences burnout levels and the occurrence of stress-related ill health symptoms positively. This study will make organisations aware of the effect of depression on an individual‟s well-being and of the fact that depression is a factor to be reckoned with. Employers should consider ways to assist employees who suffer from depression and should learn how to act preventatively to decrease any further occurrence. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Wan Lei Nei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-160). / Abstract and questionnaires in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.vii / List of abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Club drugs --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- "Pattern of ""club drug"" use in Hong Kong" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- "Popular ""club drugs"" used in Hong Kong and their effects" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.1. --- MDMA ('ecstasy') --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2. --- Ketamine --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2.3. --- Cannabis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1.2.4. --- Methamphetamine ´(بIce'） --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Neurobiology of drug addiction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction to reward pathways and animal models of addiction --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Behavioural processes of addiction --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Other neurotransmitter systems in addiction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Molecular plasticity in addiction: signaling and gene expression --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3 --- Association of Personality Traits and Drug Abuse --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4. --- Association between genetics and drug abuse --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- "Family, twin and adoption studies" --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Transgenic and knock out animal models --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Candidate genes for drug abuse --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Dopamine receptor genes --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) gene --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Serotonergic genes --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Opioid receptor genes --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Linkage studies of drug abuse --- p.39 / Chapter 1.5 --- Genetic factor and personality trait --- p.39 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Twins study --- p.41 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Candidate gene studies --- p.41 / Chapter 1.5.3.1 --- Dopamine (DA) --- p.42 / Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- COMT --- p.43 / Chapter 1.5.3.3 --- MAO-A --- p.44 / Chapter 1.5.3.4 --- Serotonin (5-HT) --- p.44 / Chapter 1.5.3.5 --- Opioid receptor --- p.46 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Interaction between genes --- p.47 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aim of study --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of Subjects --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Club drug users --- p.50 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Controls --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2 --- Phenotype assessment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Questionnaire (Appendix la 226}0ؤ Chinese version used; lb - English translated version for reference only) --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Demographics --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Pattern of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- First time drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Reason of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.5 --- Effects of drug use --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.1.6 --- Potential dependence/ withdrawal --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.1.7 --- Knowledge about drug of abuse and psychological well-being. --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Personality assessments (Appendix 2a - Chinese version of SSS-V scale; 2b -Chinese version of BIS/BAS scale) --- p.53 / Chapter 2.3 --- DNA extraction --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Genotyping --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- "G1947A, Val108/158 Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- T941G polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- TaqI A Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- 7-repeat allele of a 48 bp repeat polymorphism (DRD4-7) in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- -521C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) I the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- G861C polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1B) gene --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- The 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human DOR (hDOR) Gene --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- A118G polymorphism in Exon 1 of the Human MOR (hMOR) Gene --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- DNA sequencing --- p.62 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results from questionnaire --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Demographics of club drug users --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Gender and age --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- District of residence --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Type of living quarters and cohabitation --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Educational attainment and employment status --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.1.5 --- Parents'details --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- First time drug use --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Prevalence of drug use --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Frequency and quantity of drug used --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Drug spending --- p.70 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Pattern of drug use in and outside Hong Kong --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Cause of drug use --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.10 --- The negative effects of drug use --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.11. --- Potential tolerance/ dependence --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.12 --- Knowledge about drugs of abuse --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.13 --- Psychological well-being --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Personality trait assessments --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Personality traits between club drugs users and controls --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Personality trait by gender --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reliability --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Genotyping --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "G1947A,Vall08/158 Met polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyl- transferase (COMT) gene" --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- T941G polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- T921C Polymorphism in Exon 3 of the Human DOR (hDOR) Gene --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- G861C polymorphism in the serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT1B) gene --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- TaqI A Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- The All 8G polymorphism in exon 1 of the human MOR (hMOR) gene --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- The 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- 48bp repeat polymorphism (DRD4) in exon 3 of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.9 --- -521C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) --- p.99 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSION --- p.100 / Chapter 4.1 --- Demographics and pattern of club drug use --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2 --- Personality traits assessment --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Gene polymorphisms --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "COMT G1947A, Val108/158 Met polymorphism" --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- MAO-A T941G polymorphism --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- hDOR T921C polymorphism --- p.115 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- hMOR A118G polymorphism --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- DRD4 48bp VNTR polymorphism --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.7. --- DRD4 -C521T polymorphism --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.8. --- 5-HT1B G861C polymorphism --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.9. --- 5-HTTLPR SLC6A4 44 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism --- p.122 / REFERENCES --- p.125 / APPENDIX 1a Questionnaire (Chinese version) / APPENDIX 1b Questionnaire (English translated version) / APPENDIX 2a Chinese version of SSS-V scale / APPENDIX 2b Chinese version of BIS/BAS scale

<p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence has been firmly established in a wide array of studies concerning various forms of violence including intimate partner violence, domestic violence as well as sexual assault. One factor which has been highlighted as having a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression is the specific aggression-related alcohol expectancies concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on aggressive behaviour. In light of the prevalence of alcohol-related violence in South African communities it becomes important to examine the specific factors that moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and violence. The aim of this study was to examine aggressionrelated alcohol expectancies as a moderating factor in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and to examine the possible influence of exposure to community alcohol-related aggression in the formulation of aggression-related alcohol expectancies. The main objectives of this were to examine aggression-related alcohol expectancies as well as exposure to community alcohol-related aggression as domains for intervention to prevent alcohol-related violence.</p>

<p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence has been firmly established in a wide array of studies concerning various forms of violence including intimate partner violence, domestic violence as well as sexual assault. One factor which has been highlighted as having a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression is the specific aggression-related alcohol expectancies concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on aggressive behaviour. In light of the prevalence of alcohol-related violence in South African communities it becomes important to examine the specific factors that moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and violence. The aim of this study was to examine aggressionrelated alcohol expectancies as a moderating factor in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and to examine the possible influence of exposure to community alcohol-related aggression in the formulation of aggression-related alcohol expectancies. The main objectives of this were to examine aggression-related alcohol expectancies as well as exposure to community alcohol-related aggression as domains for intervention to prevent alcohol-related violence.</p>

Depression is one of the most debilitating, widespread and costly health problems worldwide and has a high prevalence in almost every society. Research suggests that depression affects an individual‟s work engagement levels, burnout levels and the occurrence of stress-related ill health symptoms. However, it is unclear whether these findings would differ among individuals who reported that they suffer from depression and receive medical treatment for it, individuals who reported that they are unsure whether they suffer from depression, and individuals who reported that they do not suffer from depression. This study is quantitative in nature and a cross-sectional design was used. The study population consisted of 15 664 participants from several sectors in South Africa. The participants also differed in terms of gender, age, race, marital status, educational level, language and the province where they reside. The sample population was thus representative of the diverse population of South Africa. The SAEHWS, a self-report instrument based on the dual-process model of work-related well-being, was used to measure all constructs. The participants were divided into three groups, i.e. individuals who reported that they suffer from depression and are currently receiving medical treatment for depression, individuals who reported that they are uncertain whether they suffer from depression, and individuals who reported that they do not suffer from depression. Frequencies were used to determine the prevalence of depression in the three different groups and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) was used to determine the significance of differences between the levels of work engagement, burnout and stress-related ill health symptoms of the three different groups (individuals who reported that they suffer from depression, individuals who reported that they are uncertain whether they suffer from depression, and those who reported that they do not suffer from depression). The results showed that 18,3% of the population reported that they suffer from depression and receive medical treatment for depression, 16,7% of the population reported that they are unsure whether they suffer from depression and 65% reported that they do not suffer from depression. Furthermore, it was found that depression significantly influences work engagement levels negatively and that it significantly influences burnout levels and the occurrence of stress-related ill health symptoms positively. This study will make organisations aware of the effect of depression on an individual‟s well-being and of the fact that depression is a factor to be reckoned with. Employers should consider ways to assist employees who suffer from depression and should learn how to act preventatively to decrease any further occurrence. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Notre thèse, La construction des identités carcérales dans le discours des prisonniers. Approche comparée français et roumain, propose une analyse des milieux carcéraux français et roumain dans une perspective sociolinguistique. Nous proposons une vision pluridisciplinaire de l’analyse du milieu de réclusion, ainsi que du discours carcéral en vue de comprendre les manifestations langagières des sujets-parlants constituant notre échantillon. Pour ce qui est de la mise en pratique du discours de la prison, notre thèse la discute en termes de prémisse pour l’expression de l’identité multiple du sujet-parlant détenu et comme moyen d’intégration sociale de celui-ci dans le nouveau groupe social. Le principe qui est à la base de cette recherche est celui de valorisation. Pour avoir une vision complexe du monde carcéral, nous puisons à la fois dans des sciences linguistiques et non linguistiques qui permettent, d’une part, la compréhension du milieu de réclusion en tant que milieu dichotomique et clos, et, d’autre part, l’ouverture de pistes de recherche sociolinguistique. Cette thèse à été construite suite à un travail de terrain auprès de 100 personnes privées de liberté et grâce à la connaissance in situ de ce que nous appelons intimité carcérale. Nous partons de la définition de ce concept pour mieux mettre en évidence l’écart qui s’établit entre l’individuel déviant et la collectivité normative, plus précisément pour souligner l’essence de la psychologie sociale, c’est-à-dire « le conflit entre l’individu et la société. » Notre recherche analyse deux hypostases du sujet-parlant détenu : dans son milieu quotidien, lors du processus de socialisation et de construction de l’identité carcérale multiple à l’aide des relations non officielles et dans des situations de communication officielle. Cette thèse est composée de 3 parties, avec un total de 6 chapitres. Tout d’abord, nous nous penchons sur le contexte social caractérisant les deux milieux de réclusion, ce dernier devenant progressivement le point d’appui pour la mise en discussion des identités carcérales. / Our thesis, Construction of prison-related identities in detainees’ speech. A comparative vision on the French and Romanian fields, of Romanian and French prison-related environments proposes an analysis from a sociolinguistic perspective. We put forth a multidisciplinary analysis of the prison-related environment and of the prison speech with the purpose of understanding the linguistic manifestations and behaviours of the subject-speakers making up our sample group. As concerns the putting into practice of detainees’ speech, our thesis considers it as a premise for the expression of the multiple identity of the detainee subject-speaker and as a means for his social reintegration into the new social group. The principle underlying the current research is that of exploitation of results. In order to have a complex vision of the prison-related world, we put together linguistic and non-linguistic sciences which could allow us, on the one hand, to understand the prison-related environment as a closed and dichotomic environment and, on the other hand, to open up new sociolinguistic researches. The current thesis was built as a result of a field work which meant getting into contact with 100 persons in custody and getting to know in situ what we call prison-related intimacy. We start out in our scientific approach by defining this concept to underline the distance between the deviant individual and the regulatory collectivity, more exactly to point out the essence of the social psychology, which is "the conflict between the individual and the society". Our research analyses two aspects of the detainee subject-speaker: in its daily environment, during the process of socializing and building the multiple prison-related identity by means of the unofficial relationships and in official communication situations. The thesis is structured in three parts, having a total of 6 chapters. In the first part, we concentrate on the social context characterizing the two prison-related environments, the latter progressively becoming a support point in discussing the prison-related identities. / Teza noastră, Construirea identităţilor carcerale în discursul deţinuţilor. O viziune comparată asupra domeniilor francez şi român, a mediilor carcerale francez şi român propune o analiză din perspectivă sociolingvistiă. Propunem o analiză pluridisciplinară a mediului carceral şi a discursului închisorii cu scopul de a înţelege manifestările şi comportamentele lingvistice ale subiecţilor-vorbitori care constitue eşantionul nostru. In ceea ce priveşte punerea în practică a discursului deţinuţilor, teza noastră îl discută ca premisă a exprimării identităţii multiple a subiectului-vorbitor deţinut şi ca mijloc de integrare socială a acestuia în cadrul noului grup social. Principiul care stă la baza acestei cercetări este cel al valorizării. Pentru a avea o viziune complexă asupra lumii carcerale, reunim ştiinţe lingvistice si nelingvistice care să ne permită, pe de o parte, înţelegerea mediului carceral ca mediu dihotomic şi închis şi, pe de alta parte, deschiderea de piste de cercetare sociolingvistică. Această teză a fost construită ca urmare a unei munci de teren care a însemnat contactarea a 100 de persoane private de libertate şi cunoasterea la faţa locului a ceea ce noi numim intimitate carcerală. Plecăm în demersul nostru ştiinţific de la definirea acestui concept pentru a pune în evidenţa distanţa care se stabileşte între individualul deviant şi colectivitatea normativă, mai exact pentru a sublinia esenţa psihologiei sociale, adică « conflictul intre individ si societate. » Cercetarea noastră analizează doua ipostaze ale subiectului-vorbitor deţinut : în mediul său cotidian, în timpul procesului de socializare şi de construire a identităţii carcerale multiple cu ajutorul relaţiilor neoficiale şi în situaţii de comunicare oficiale. Această teză este structurată în 3 părţi, cu un total de 6 capitole. In prima sa parte, ne concentrăm pe contextul social ce caracterizează cele două medii carcerale, acesta din urmă devenind progresiv punctul de sprjin în discutarea identităţilor carcerale.

Thesis (M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Learners’ academic achievement occupies a very important place in education as well as in the learning process. This study was therefore conducted to investigate factors causing the underperformance of grade 12 learners in secondary schools in Ermelo, Msukaligwa 1 circuit in Gert Sibande district Mpumalanga Province. The qualitative approach was used. Qualitative data generation techniques (semi- structured face to face, observations and document analysis) were used to solicit the understanding of parents, grade 12 learners, grade 12 teachers and heads of department with regard to the phenomenon being studied. The sample size of 22 participants (6 parents, 6 learners, 4 heads of departments and 6 grade 12 teachers) were selected through purposive sampling technique. Data generated through interviews was analysed by using thematic analysis approach. Findings revealed that there are possible factors that cause poor academic performance in Grade 12. Factors include home related factors, school related factors, teacher related factors, parent related factors and learner related factors. Identified home related factors were the size of the family, unpredictable environment at home as well as low financial income. School related factors included overcrowded classrooms, shortage of textbooks, planned and unplanned programmes. Teacher related factors included non-attendance of classes, inadequate content coverage, non-implementation of subject improvement strategies and excessive code switching. Learner related factors included late coming and attitude towards learning. Parent related factors include poor parental support and inadequate level of education. Based on the findings, the study recommends that appointed heads of department should be responsible for the management of subjects they are qualified to manage. Again, the department of education revisits the implementation of the policy of progression so that only learners deserving to be promoted to the next grade are promoted.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT : In this study we look at the syndemic of substance abuse and drug-related crime in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The intent of this study is to provoke critical thinking about the possibilities systems thinking and system dynamics posses for social and health challenges in a diverse and complex environment like that of South Africa, especially the Western Cape. This study ventures into cross-discipline work between Epidemiology, Biomathematics and System Dynamics, with the hope of encouraging researchers from different fields to collaborate in order to curb the scourge of substance abuse and drug-related crime in South Africa. Substance abuse and the associated health and social hazards such as drug-related crime is a major problem in the Western Cape. Drug-related crime cases reported by the South African Police Services (SAPS) for the Western Cape exhibited a 311.5% growth in the past decade. This highlights how the reduction of substance abuse and drug-related crime within theWestern Cape province, will be an elixir for the safety and development of the communities. The fight against substance abuse has been driven by a multi-sectorial approach involving several government departments, non-governmental organisations and communities. With systems thinking the assumption is that the world is systemic, which means that phenomena is understood to be an emergent property of the interrelated whole. Firstly, using non-linear ordinary differential equations, we formulate a deterministic mathematical model for the substance abuse and drug-related crime syndemic, evaluate the threshold number and use sensitivity analysis to analyze the model. Secondly, a dynamic system, called the Substance Abuse and Drug-related Crime in theWestern Cape (SADC-WC) system is constructed using the STELLA in order to explore and classify the underlying relationships and structures within the substance abuse and drug-related crime system. Both the sensitivity analysis, and the simulations of the SADC-WC system indicate that an increase of successful convictions will have a significant influence on the syndemic, and promise to reduce drug-related crime cases. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING : In hierdie studie ondersoek on die syndemie (‘syndemic’) van dwelmmisbruik en dwelmverwante misdaad in die Wes-Kaap provinsie, in Suid-Afrika. Die moontlikhede wat sistemiese denke en dinamiese sisteme inhou vir sosiale en gesondheid kwale in ’n diverse en komplekse omgewing soos Suid-Afrika, word ondersoek. Hierdie studie waag interdisiplinêre werk tussen Epidemiologie, Biowiskunde en Dinamiese sisteme, met die hoop om navorsers van verskillende velde aan te moedig om saam te werk om die plaag van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in Suid-Afrika te bekamp. Dwelmmisbruik en die gepaardgaande gesondheid en maatskaplike gevare soos dwelmverwante misdaad is ’n groot probleem in dieWes-Kaap. Die SAPD se vermelde dwelmverwante midaad het ’n groei van 311,5% ondergaan in die afgelope dekade, en is aanduidend vir hoe die beheer en beperking van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in die Wes-Kaap provinsie bevordering van beide die veiligheid en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap sal verseker. Dit beklemtoon hoe die vermindering van dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad in dieWes-Kaapland, sal ’n elikser vir die veiligheid en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskappe. Die stryd teen dwelmmisbruik is gedryf deur ’n multi-sektorale benadering waarby verskeie regeringsdepartemente, nie-regerings organisasies en gemeenskappe. Stelsels denke en dinamiese sisteme is gebasseur op die aanname, dat die wÃłreld is sistemiese en dat verskynsels verstaan word ten opsigte van die ontluikende eienskap van die omvattende geheel. Eerstens stel ons ’n kompartementele model op wat deur nie-liniêre gewone differensiële vergelykings beskryf kan word vir die dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad epidemies. Ons evalueer die drumpel getal en gebruik sensitiwiteitsanalise om die parameters van die model te analiseer. Tweedens, is ’n dinamiese sisteem genaamd die Middelmisbruik en dwelmverwante misdaad in dieWes-Kaap (SADC-WC) stelsel gebou met behulp van die STELLA platform om te verken en klassifiseer die onderliggende verhoudings en strukture binne die dwelmmisbruik en dwelm-verwante misdaad stelsel. Beide die sensitiwiteitsanalise, en die simulasies van die SADC-WC stelsel dui aan dat ’n toename in suksesvolle vonisse ’n beduidende invloed op die epidemies sal hê; en beloof om sake van dwelmverwante misdaad te verminder.

The Swedish community and social services face major challenges regarding the management of honor-related violence and oppression. Lack of knowledge and an ambiguous understanding of violence affect the work of social services and may complicate the situation of vulnerable individuals. The main purpose of this study was to investigate social workers, within the section of children and family in a Swedish municipality, perceived knowledge and confidence in honor-related cases and the need for support in their work. The social workers’ views on honor-related violence and oppression were also investigated. The survey was based on a quantitative approach and questionnaires were used for data collection. The main results demonstrate that the social workers to some extent perceive themselves as having expertise in the field of honor. Nevertheless, they feel insecure in the work with honor-related cases. Furthermore, it appears that social workers are in need of specific support from the organization such as education and case supervision. Regarding the view of honor violence, a majority indicated that a gender perspective and a cultural perspective were important to understand the problem. / Samhället och socialtjänsten står inför stora utmaningar gällande hanteringen av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Bristande kunskap och en tvetydig förståelse för våldet påverkar socialtjänstens arbete och kan komma att försvåra situationen för utsatta individer. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka hur socialarbetare, inom sektionen barn och familj i Falu Kommun, upplever sin kunskap och trygghet i hedersrelaterade ärenden samt behovet av stöd i arbetet. Vidare kartlades socialarbetarnas syn på hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Undersökningen utgick ifrån en kvantitativ ansats, där enkäter användes som datainsamlingsmetod. Resultatet påvisar att socialarbetarna i viss mån upplever sig ha kunskap inom området hedersvåld. Dock känner de sig otrygga i arbetet med hedersrelaterade ärenden. Vidare framkom det att socialarbetarna är i behov av specifikt stöd från verksamheten såsom utbildning och ärendehandledning. Gällande synen på hedersvåld angav majoriteten ett könsmaktsperspektiv och ett kulturellt perspektiv som viktiga för att förstå problemet.

Sixteen samples from 8 locations within and surrounding the Björkdal mine area in northern Sweden were chosen in order to reevaluate and characterize previous interpretations of the lithology and hydrothermal alteration. Geochemical analysis by ICP-MS was made in order to chemically classify the lithology of the area and petrological studies were made by study of thin sections and core logging. Three different sets of major alteration types with similar protolith were noted where two dominated: a) a silicified, sericitic, deformed unit; b) a felspathic altered unit with various intensity of epidote; c) amphibole and a so called green banded unit that has undergone Ca-Mg-metasomatism. The main host rock lithology could be identified as a coarse grained, equigranular, plagioclase and (Na-K)-feldspar dominated rock with slightly elongated, stubby grains that have an interlocked, igneous texture. Apatite is a reoccurring accessory mineral in all samples and remains relatively undamaged. Fragmental quartz occur in the samples and is primary to later forming alteration minerals.Amphiboleis also considered to be primary, but can also been formed during regional metamorphism. Two lithologies could be identified in addition to the main protolith. Two samples were located above the marble horizon and was classified as basaltic unit with Ca-plagioclase, biotite and amphibole. One sample mainly consisted of aligned amphibole and biotite and is considered to be an amphibolite xenolith or a dyke intruding the main protolith rock. An increase in the alteration minerals albite, amphibole, epidote and allanite, with peak intensity found north-east of the mine site. This is confirmed by the geochemistry of major elements Fe2O3, MgO, CaO and the ratio between Na2O and K2O. The zonation is explained by a suggested increase in temperaturecondition during metamorphosis. This could be explained by either an underlying intrusion or bystructurally controlled variation in metamorphism by e.g. major faults running through the area.Comparisons with previous work in Björkdal favors an intrusion-related origin for the gold deposit.