<p><p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Vid stroke utlöses olika reaktioner och kriser i familjen och deras välmående är av stor vikt för rehabiliteringen av den familjemedlem som insjuknat. Genom en djupare förståelse för anhörigas situation kan omvårdnaden bättre individanpassas i syfte att minska psykiska och sociala problem som annars är vanligt förekommande i familjer där en familjemedlem insjuknat i stroke. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Att beskriva hur anhöriga till en familjemedlem som insjuknat i stroke upplever sin situation. <strong>Metod:</strong> Studien är kvalitativ. En innehållsanalys gjordes av det manifesta innehållet i fem skrivna berättelser. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Två kategorier framkom: Emotionella utmaningar och En förändrad livssituation. De anhöriga engagerade sig relaterat till sin kärlek vilket också gjorde att de åsidosatte sig själva. Anhöriga beskrev en stor variation av känslomässiga reaktioner där oro och ovisshet var utmärkande. Anhöriga upplevde ett beroende av andra då livssituationen förändrades. Sociala kontakter blev lidande, de upplevde problem i kommunikationen och de genomgick ett rollbyte till familjemedlemmen som insjuknat . Anhöriga accepterade motvilligt den nya livssituationen. När stödet inte upplevs som rätt anpassat så skapar detta en känsla av beroende hos den anhörige och ett behov att aktivt påverka vårdgivaren till en förändring.<strong> </strong></p></p><p><p> </p><p> </p></p><p> </p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> Stroke triggers various reactions and crises in the family and their wellbeing is of great importance for the rehabilitation of the family member who fell ill. Through a deeper understanding of the family situation a better individualized care reduces the psychological and social problems that are otherwise common in families with stroke. <strong>Aim:</strong> To describe how the relatives of a family member who fell ill in stroke perceive their situation. <strong>Method:</strong> A qualitative content analysis of the manifest content of five narratives. <strong>Results:</strong> Two categories emerged: Emotional challenges and A changed life situation. The commitments of relatives were based on their love which subsequently led to the neglect of themselves. Relatives described a variety of emotional reactions in which the concerns and uncertainties were distinctive. Relatives experienced a dependency of others when the situation changed. Social contacts suffered, they experienced problems in communications and their roles in the family underwent a change. Relatives reluctantly accepted their new life situation. When the aid given to families with stroke is not perceived as adapted to their needs, it created a sense of dependence and a need to actively affect the care provider.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Vid palliativ vård ligger fokuset på patienten, medan anhöriga kommer i andrahand. Det är viktigt att de inte åsidosätts eftersom de utgör ett stort stöd och ger trygghetoch kärlek till den sjuke. I Sverige har det blivit vanligt att familjen tar hand om den döende i hemmet med stöd från hälso- och sjukvård. För många är detta en självklarhet,medan det för andra kan innebära stora uppoffringar. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa anhörigvårdarens upplevelser av att vårda en närstående med cancer i livetsslutskede i hemmet. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturstudie. Studien resulterade i femhuvudkategorier: (1) Vill vara närvarande, (2) Osäkerhet och rädsla en del av vardagen, (3)Otillräcklig information, (4) Stöd från vårdpersonalen är betydelsefullt och (5) Upplevelser av psykisk och fysisk påfrestning. Resultat: Resultatet visar att anhörigvårdare i allmänhetär outbildade inom området, vilket kan leda till att de känner sig osäkra och rädda för att göra fel. Anhörigvårdarna upplever att informationen som ges angående den sjukessjukdom och behandling som otillräcklig. Information och stöd från vårdpersonalenuppfattas som mycket viktig.</p> / <p>Background: In palliative care the focus is on the patient, while relatives are perceived as being of secondary importance. It is, however, important that they are not set aside as they are a great support and provide security and love for the sick. In Sweden, it has become common for the family to take care of the terminally ill at home with support of health care services. For many, this is a natural choice, while for others it can mean big sacrifices. Aim: The aim of this study was to illustrate the experience that the carers have in caring for terminal cancer patients in the final stages of their illness in the home. Method: The method was a qualitative literature review. The study resulted in five main categories: (1)Want to be present, (2) Uncertainty and fear in day to day work, (3) Insufficient information, (4) Support from health professionals is important and (5) Experiences of mental and physical stress. Result: The result shows that carers are generally uneducated in the field, which can lead to feelings of insecurity and fear of making mistakes. Carers often feel that the information provided about the relatives’ illness and treatment is inadequate and that the information and support from health professionals is perceived as very important.</p>

Relative permeabilities for three-phase flow are commonly predicted from two-phase flow measurements using empirical models. These models are usually tested against available steady state data. However, the oil flow is unsteady state during various production stages such as gas injection after water flood. Accurate measurement of oil permeability([subscript ro]) during unsteady tertiary gas flood is necessary to study macroscopic oil displacement rate under micro scale events including double drainage, coalescence and reconnection, bulk flow and film drainage. We measure the three-phase oil relative permeability by conducting unsteady-state drainage experiments in a 0.8m water-wet sandpack. We find that when starting from capillary-trapped oil, k[subscript ro] starts high and decreases with a small change in oil saturation, and shows a strong dependence on both the flow of water and the water saturation, contrary to most models. The observed flow coupling between water and oil is stronger in three-phase flow than two-phase flow, and cannot be observed in steady-state measurements. The results suggest that the oil is transported through moving gas/oil/water interfaces (form drag) or momentum transport across stationary interfaces (friction drag). We present a simple model of friction drag which compares favorably to the experimental data. We also solve the creeping flow approximation of the Navier-Stokes equation for stable wetting and intermediate layers in the corner of angular capillaries by using a continuity boundary condition at the layer interface. We find significant coupling between the condensed phases and calculate the generalized mobilities by solving co-current and counter-current flow of wetting and intermediate layers. Finally, we present a simple heuristic model for the generalized mobilities as a function of the geometry and viscosity ratio. To identify the key parameter controlling the measured excess oil flow during tertiary gasflood, we also conduct simultaneous water-gas flood tests where we control water relative permeability and let water saturation develop naturally. The measured data and pore scale calculations indicate that viscous coupling can not explain completely the observed flow coupling between oil and water. We conclude that the rate of water saturation decrease, which controls the pore scale mechanisms including double drainage, reconnection, and film drainage significantly influences the rate of oil drainage during tertiary gas flood. Finally, we present a simple heuristic model for oil relative permeability during tertiary gas flood, and also explain how Stone I and saturation-weighted interpolation should be used to predict the permeability of mobilized oil during transient tertiary gasflood. / text

Folivores do not exhibit a direct relationship between group size and daily path length and are consequently believed to experience little feeding competition. However, previous studies lacked sufficient control for ecological variation and did not account for the underlying hierarchical structure inherent in closely related taxa (phylogeny). The present analysis examined daily path length and relative ranging cost in 37 primate species, including 18 folivores, while controlling for ecological variation and phylogeny. Group size effects on group spread, changes in activity budget, and infant to female ratios were similarly investigated as these have been found to indicate feeding competition in folivorous primates. Although relative ranging cost was a not a significant predictor of folivore group size, large groups traveled significantly farther per day, increased group spread per individual, and had lower infant to female ratios than small groups. Large groups spent more time feeding and less time resting than small groups; however, these trends were not significant. A strong phylogenetic signal was detected among species’ mean values for average group size (λ = 0.827). Because primate group size and behavior represent the combination of adapting to present-day environments and phylogenetic inertia, future comparative analyses of feeding competition should account for both current ecological conditions and the phylogenetic signals inherent in the taxa being compared. As suggested by the current study, folivorous primates may utilize a number of foraging strategies, other than increasing daily path length, to alleviate feeding competition. To better assess feeding competition, future research should include alternative correlates of feeding competition such as increased group spread, changes in activity budgets, and decreased female fecundity. The information gained from such research may improve our current interpretations of the ‘folivore paradox’ and redefine the competitive regime of leaf eating primates. / text

This dissertation addresses probabilistic inference via relative entropy minimization subject to expectation constraints. A canonical representation of the solution is determined without the requirement for convexity of the constraint set, and is given by members of an exponential family. The use of conjugate priors for relative entropy minimization is proposed, and a class of conjugate prior distributions is introduced. An alternative representation of the solution is provided as members of the prior family when the prior distribution is conjugate. It is shown that the solutions can be found by direct optimization with respect to members of such parametric families. Constrained Bayesian inference is recovered as a special case with a specific choice of constraints induced by observed data. The framework is applied to the development of novel probabilistic models for multitask learning subject to constraints determined by domain expertise. First, a model is developed for multitask learning that jointly learns a low rank weight matrix and the prior covariance structure between different tasks. The multitask learning approach is extended to a class of nonparametric statistical models for transposable data, incorporating side information such as graphs that describe inter-row and inter-column similarity. The resulting model combines a matrix-variate Gaussian process prior with inference subject to nuclear norm expectation constraints. In addition, a novel nonparametric model is proposed for multitask bipartite ranking. The proposed model combines a hierarchical matrix-variate Gaussian process prior with inference subject to ordering constraints and nuclear norm constraints, and is applied to disease gene prioritization. In many of these applications, the solution is found to be unique. Experimental results show substantial performance improvements as compared to strong baseline models. / text

This dissertation explores language comprehension in native speakers (NSs) and second language (L2) speakers of French. Recent findings suggest that whereas NSs process complex sentences using both syntax and semantics, late learners of a L2 process shallowly, relying on lexical, semantic, and pragmatic cues to interpretation. Studies supporting this Shallow Structure Hypothesis (Clahsen & Felser, 2006b) rely on limited methodologies, however, and are challenged by reports demonstrating proficiency and cognitive effects on processing. In addition, recent research suggests that native language comprehension is not always complete or accurate (Ferreira & Patson, 2007) and is subject to variability (Dabrowska, 2012). This dissertation brings new evidence to bear on NS-L2 differences through the structural priming paradigm and investigates several factors thought to contribute to NS-L2 differences, including the exploratory effect of relative language dominance. Evidence from a self-paced reading task examining off-line and on-line priming of relative clause attachment height suggests that prior exposure to structural information through comprehension influences NSs' subsequent comprehension at the post-interpretive stage. Results argue for priming at the level of abstract hierarchical syntax and an implicit learning account of persistence. This study is one of few to demonstrate priming of ambiguously attached modifiers during comprehension and the first to do so within a L2. Unlike for NSs, the nature of the L2 priming effect is linked to discourse information. Age of acquisition was found to be a more important factor in L2 priming than language dominance. The results also argue that both native and L2 speakers are susceptible to shallow processing, though they use slightly different strategies. While NSs in the current study were more willing to accommodate competing syntactic and semantic analyses, ultimately accepting a less-than-complete analysis, the L2 parsing mechanism preferred to settle on one interpretation. The evidence here lends partial support to the hypothesis that L2 processing relies more on semantic/pragmatic information than NS processing but crucially does not exclude the possibility of L2 syntactic processing and highlights NS-L2 similarities in terms of the contexts that trigger shallow processing. / text

The development of a control-oriented dynamic relative humidity model for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack is presented. This model is integrated with a first law based thermal model, which tracks energy flow within four defined control volumes in the fuel cell; the cathode channel, anode channel, coolant channel, and fuel cell stack body. Energy and mass conservation equations are developed for each control volume. On top of mass conservation, electro-drag and osmosis models were also implemented within the model to account for the major modes of vapor transfer through the membrane between the anode and cathode. Requisite alterations to the thermal model as well as mass flow rate calculations are also discussed. Initially, the model utilized a single lumped control volume for the calculation of all values each channel (anode and cathode). This lumped value method is computationally inexpensive, and makes the model optimal for control design. However, investigation of the mass-based Biot number showed the need for greater granularity along the length of the channels to properly capture the relative humidity dynamics. In order to improve the resolution of the model, while still minimizing the computation expense, the model was subdivided into a series of lumped value models. The cathode channel was the point of focus as it is the major concern from a controls perspective. This method captures the proper trends found in far more complex CFD models, while still maintaining a quick calculation time. Different levels are subdivision (3 and 6 submodels) are investigated, and the differences discussed. Particularly, temperature range, relative humidity range, the effect on the modeled voltage, and calculation time are compared. This control-oriented model is low order and based on lumped parameters, which makes the computational expense low. Formulation of this model enables the development of control algorithms to achieve optimal thermal and water management. / text

DL-Methionine (Met) has been conventionally used in swine diets with assumption of similar bioefficacy with L-Met. However, because L-Met is the form that is utilized by animals for protein synthesis, L-Met could, theoretically, be more available. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate L-Met bioavailability in nursery pigs with 21-day growth trials. A total of 105,105,112 and 84 crossbred pigs were used in Exp. 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Each experiment had a low Met basal diet and 3 levels of the Met sources (DL-Met and L-Met). In addition to the basal diet, supplementation levels were 0.053%, 0.107% and 0.160% in Exp. 1, 0.040%, 0.080% and 0.120% in Exp. 2, 0.033%, 0.067% and 0.100% in Exp.3, 0.040%, 0.080% and 0.120% in Exp. 4. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain: feed (G:F) were measured and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was analyzed in blood samples weekly. In Exp. 3 and 4, preference studies were conducted with the basal diet and the second highest level of each Met source. When additional DL-Met or L-Met were supplemented to the basal diet, BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio increased (P < 0.05). In the comparison between the DL-Met and L-Met diets in Exp. 1, pigs in the L-Met group had greater ADG and G:F ratios in the d 0-7 (P < 0.05) period than those in the DL-Met group. However, there were no differences for the overall experimental period. In Exp. 2, pigs in the DL-Met group had greater BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05) and ADFI (P < 0.05) than those in the L-Met group for the overall period whereas no differences were observed in G:F ratios and PUN concentrations. In Exp. 3 and 4, there were no differences in BW, ADG, ADFI, G:F ratios or PUN concentrations between L-Met and DL-Met groups for the overall period. There was no preference exhibited for either the DL-Met or L-Met diet. In the results of relative bioavailability of L-Met to DL-Met, the values was 111.1% for d 0-14 based on the estimation by ADG in Exp. 1; L-Met bioavailability was lower than DL-Met based on all response measures in Exp. 2. However, in Exp. 3, relative bioavailability of L-Met to DL-Met was 100.4, 147.3, and 104.1% for d 0-14 ADG, G:F ratio and PUN concentrations. In Exp 4, the relative bioavailability of L-Met was 92.9, 139.4 and 70.4% for d 0-14 ADG, G:F ratio and PUN concentrations. In conclusion, using L-Met in the nursery diet demonstrated no consistent beneficial effect on ADG, G:F ratio or relative bioavailability compared to conventional DL-Met.

When CO₂ is injected in deep saline aquifers on the scale of gigatonnes, pressure buildup in the aquifer during injection will be a critical issue. Because fracturing, fault activation and leakage of brine along pathways such as abandoned wells all require a threshold pressure (Nicot et al., 2009); operators and regulators will be concerned with the spatial extent of the pressure buildup. Thus a critical contour of overpressure is a convenient proxy for risk. The location of this contour varies depending on the target aquifer properties (porosity, permeability etc.), the geology (presence of faults, abandoned wells etc.), and boundary conditions. Importantly, the extent also depends on relative permeability (Burton et al., 2008). First we describe ways of quantifying the risk due to pressure buildup in an aquifer with a constant pressure boundary, using the three-region injection model to derive analytical expressions for a specific contour of overpressure at any given time. All else being the same, the two-phase-region mobilities (and hence relative permeability characteristics) provide a basis for the ranking of storage formations based on risk associated with pressure elevation during injection. The pressure buildup during CO₂ injection will depend strongly upon the boundary conditions at the boundary of the storage formation. An analytical model for pressure profile in the infinite-acting aquifer is developed by combining existing water influx models in traditional reservoir engineering (Van-Everdingen and Hurst model, Carter-Tracy model) to the current problem for describing brine efflux from the storage aquifer when CO₂ injection creates a "three-region" saturation distribution. We determine evolution of overpressure with time for constant pressure, no-flow and infinite-acting boundary conditions, and conclude that constant pressure and no-flow boundary conditions give the most optimistic and pessimistic estimates of risk respectively. Compositional reservoir simulation results, using CMG-GEM simulator are presented, to show the effect of an isolated no-flow boundary on pressure buildup and injectivity in saline aquifers. We investigate the effect of multiple injection wells on single-phase fluid flow on aquifer pressure buildup, and demonstrate the use of an equivalent injection well concept to approximate the aquifer pressure profile. We show a relatively inexpensive method of predicting the presence of unanticipated heterogeneities in the formation, by employing routine measurements such as injection rate and injection pressure to track deviation in the plume path. This idea is implemented by combining Pro-HMS (probabilistic history matching software, that carries out geologically consistent parameter estimation), and a CMG-GEM model which has been tuned to the physics of the CO₂-brine system. / text

In northern Canada, the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) response of the Earth to the former Pleistocene Laurentide and Innuitian ice sheets contributes significantly to the Earth's past and ongoing sea-level change and land deformation. In this dissertation, measurements of Holocene sea-level change and observations of GPS-measured vertical crustal uplift rates are employed as constraints in numerical GIA models that examine the thickness and volume history of the former ice sheets in northern North America. The study is divided into two main sections; the first provides new measurements of Holocene sea-level change collected west of Hudson Bay, while the second presents a GIA modelling analysis for the entire study area of northern Canada. Radiocarbon dating of post-glacial deposits collected in an area just west of central Hudson Bay provides several new constraints on regional Holocene sea-level change. The field collection area is near a former load centre of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), and the sea-level measurements suggest that following deglaciation, regional sea level fell rapidly from a high-stand of nearly 170 m elevation just after 8000 cal yr BP to 60 m elevation by 5200 cal yr BP. Sea level subsequently fell at a decreased rate (approximately 30 m since 3000 cal yr BP). The fit of GIA model predictions to relative sea-level (RSL) data and present-day GPS-measured vertical land motion rates from throughout the study area constrains the peak thickness of the LIS to be 3.4-3.6 km west of Hudson Bay, and up to 4 km east of Hudson Bay. The ice model thicknesses inferred for these two regions represent, respectively, a 30% decrease and an average 20-25% increase to the load thickness relative to the ICE-5G reconstruction (Peltier 2004), generally consistent with other studies focussing on space geodetic measurements of vertical crustal motion. Around Baffin Island, the fit of GIA model predictions to RSL data indicate peak regional ice thicknesses of 1.2-1.3 km, a modest reduction compared to ICE-5G. A new reconstruction of the Innuitian Ice Sheet (IIS), which covered the Queen Elizabeth Islands at LGM, incorporates the current glacial-geological constraints on its spatial extent and timing history. The new IIS reconstruction provides RSL predictions that are more consistent with regional observations of post-glacial sea-level change than ICE-5G. The results suggest that the peak thickness of the IIS was 1600 m, approximately 400 m thicker than the minimum peak thickness indicated by glacial geology studies, but between 1000-1500 m thinner than the peak thicknesses used in previous regional ice sheet reconstructions. On Baffin Island and in the Queen Elizabeth Islands, however, the modelled elastic crustal response of the Earth to present-day ice mass changes is large. Accounting for this effect improves the agreement between GPS measurements of vertical crustal motion and the GIA model predictions. However, improvements such as the inclusion of spatially non-uniform mass loss and a sensitivity analysis that examines uncertainties of this effect should be incorporated into the modelling of present-day changes to glaciers and ice caps. / Graduate