Background and problem: The capital gain tax was introduced in Sweden as late as 1991. Previous studies has shown that capital gain tax can explain differences in investors behaviour that can lead to trading changes and a lock-in effect on the stock market, which directly affects the liquidity of stocks. The problematic is that an illiquid stockmarket, among other things, could lead to that capitals stays in already mature companies and hamper IPOs. Purpose: The study ́s purpose is to study the relationship between capital gains tax and liquidity with control of others factors that might explain differences in liquidity on the stock market. Method: The study is conducted with a quantitative method and it ́s based on data collected from 1992-2000 for companies listed on Stockholm Stock Exchange. The method generated 939 observations for each variable and the study yielded a total of 5643 observations with a final loss of 34,6 % of the study ́s sample. We formed a hypothesis to answer the research question and achieve the purpose of the study. Conclusions: The study ́s results do not reject the study hypothesis of a negative relationship between capital gains tax and liquidity, which means that liquidity falls when capital gain tax rate increase in accordance with the existing theory. A negative correlation between capital gain tax and liquidity, might hamper IPOs of new companies, because the capital stays in the already mature companies and investors are discouraged from more productive investments. / Bakgrund och problem: Kapitalskatten infördes i Sverige så sent som 1991. Tidigarestudier har visat att kapitalskatt kan förklara skillnader i investerares beteende som kange upphov till tradingförändringar och en inlåsningseffekt på aktiemarknaden vilketdirekt påverkar aktiers likviditet. Med bakgrund av denna problematik skulle en illikvidaktiemarknad bland annat kunna leda till att kapital stannar i redan mogna bolag ochförsvårar börsintroduktioner. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att studera sambandet mellan kapitalskatt och likviditet medkontroll för andra faktorer som kan tänkas förklara skillnader i likviditet påaktiemarknaden. Metod: Studien genomförs med en kvantitativ undersökningsmetod och baseras på datainsamlad från åren 1992-2000 för företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. Denna metodgenererade 939 observationer för studiens respektive variabel vilket gav totalt 5643observationer med ett slutgiltigt bortfall på 34,6% av studiens mätpunkter. Vi utformadeen hypotes för att besvara studiens frågeställning och uppnå syftet med studien. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat förkastar inte studiens hypotes om ett negativt sambandmellan kapitalskatt och likviditet, vilket innebär att likviditeten sjunker närkapitalskattesatsen ökar i enlighet med befintlig teori. Eftersom ett negativt sambandföreligger mellan kapitalskatt och likviditet, finns risken att en hög kapitalskattförsvårar börsintroduktion av nya bolag, att kapital stannar i redan mogna bolag samt attinvesterare avskräcks från mer produktiva investeringar.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

iv ABSTRACT Benthic diatoms are due to a number of positive characteristics (such as high abundances, diversified communities, sensitive responses to environmental conditions, capturing long-term changes in the environmental conditions) currently the most commonly used bioindicators of the ecological status of freshwater ecosystems. However, due to problems associated with the use of traditional methods based on species composition (time-consuming identification, presence of species complexes, and requirements for calibration of water quality indexes for geographical regions) searching for alternative methods has been induced. The monitoring of the size structure of diverse diatom communities has been proposed as one of the methods. This approach would mainly eliminate the necessity of time-consuming determination of species. The main purpose of this thesis was therefore to determine the relationship between the size structure of benthic diatom communities, expressed as the relative biovolume, and selected environmental factors (pH, conductivity, habitat type) within freshwater lentic habitats. Furthermore, the variability of biovolume in dependence on environmental variables was compared with the change in species composition. If there would be a similar response pattern of both the biovolume and species...

Previous research has uncovered a large, positive and causal link between education and health. This paper is devoted to examining the topic in the former Czechoslovakia. My analysis is conducted on a data set pooled from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). I utilize a continuum of ages at school entry, caused by the use of a single school cut-off, to identify the effect of education on health, which is uniquely created from the PCA method and using 30 questions of the SHARE. Therefore, I apply instrumental variable approach with a month of birth as an instrument for education. The results from the first-stage suggest that the instrument is not valid, since a correlation between the instrumental (Month of birth) and the instrumented variable (education) is very low and insignificant. The results remain insignificant even after adjusting for different measures of education, health, institutional changes or heterogeneous effects. As the most probable cause, I state the inability to control for non-compliers in my instrumental variable regressions. As a consequence, all the results regarding the link between education and health are inconclusive. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This diploma thesis compares the Spanish verb system with the Czech one in terms of expressing temporal relations. We use the InterCorp parallel synchronic corpus to examine the Spanish tenses of presente, pretérito imperfecto, pretérito perfecto simple, futuro simple, condicional simple, pretérito perfecto compuesto, pretérito pluscuamperfecto, pretérito anterior, futuro compuesto a condicional compuesto in the indicative mode and also the infinitive verb forms of infinitivo simple, infinitivo compuesto, gerundio simple a gerundio compuesto. We look for the Czech equivalents to the complex temporal meanings of the Spanish verb.

Performance testing is a mean used to evaluate speed of software projects. In an ideal state a project has a set of tests attached to it and such set may be repeat- edly executed in order to verify that all performance expectations are satisfied. The most widespread method of constructing these tests nowadays is based on measuring absolute time values. A test executes a chosen application unit and then compares the time it took to complete with a precise bound, which has been determined in advance. However, this approach has several disadvantages that affect reliability of such tests. First of all, the way in which those precise bounds should be established is not clear. And even if it is, then the bounds are tied to a certain hardware configuration. As a remedy, this thesis demonstrates a whole another approach, which is based on relative performance comparison. Using a logic built on top of a research published by the issuing department, chosen application units are compared together in a manner that makes results of such tests more reliable even to a change of hardware configuration. The presented theory is also implemented and verified on selected use cases. 1

Titel: Anhörigas erfarenheter av att leva med en person med bipolär sjukdom. Bakgrund: Bipolär sjukdom är en psykisk sjukdom som ungefär 60 miljoner människor världen över drabbas av. I Sverige uppges 1-2 procent av befolkningen någon gång under livet drabbas av bipolär sjukdom. Sjukdomen medför många komplicerade beteenden och gör livssituationen för de anhöriga komplex. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var beskriva anhörigas erfarenheter av att leva med en person som har bipolär sjukdom. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes med åtta vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Dessa analyserades och sammanställdes för att sedan bli litteraturstudiens resultat. Artikelsökningen gjordes i databaserna; CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus och PsycINFO. Resultat: Resultatet sammanställdes i fyra kategorier; anhörigas känslor och tankar kring de drabbade och till sjukdomens yttringar, förändringar i dagligt liv, svårigheter att få stöd från omgivningen och syn på framtiden samt tillhörande underkategorier. Konklusion: Erfarenheterna av att leva med en person med bipolär sjukdom är många och varierande. Brist på stöd, information och förståelse från sjukvården är återkommande i litteraturstudien. Callista Roys adaptionsteori har använts i diskussionen. / Title: Relatives’ experiences of living with a person with bipolar disorder. Background: Bipolar disorder is a mental illness that affects about 60 million people worldwide. In Sweden, 1-2 percent of the population are reported at some point during life to suffer from bipolar disorder. The disease causes many complicated behaviors and makes the life situation of the relative’s complex. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the close relative’s experiences of living with a person that is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Method: A literature study was conducted with eight scientific articles with a qualitative approach. These were analyzed and compiled to be the result of the literature study. The article search was made in these databases; CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO. Result: The result was compiled in four categories; relative’s feelings and thoughts about the affected and the expressions of the disease, changes in everyday life, difficulties to get support from the society and visions of the future and associated subcategories. Conclusion: The experience of being a close relative to a person with bipolar disorder are many and varying. A lack of support, information and understanding from health care is recurrent in the literature study. Callista Roy’s adaption theory has been used in the discussion.

Ce travail de thèse traite de la caractérisation par Spectroscopie d'Impédance de l'impédance d'une pile à combustible en charge et plus particulièrement de l'évaluation de l'influence de l'humidité sur les performances de la pile. Après un état de l'art sur les différentes méthodes de caractérisation de l'impédance d'une pile et les différentes méthodes de mesure de l'humidité, la problématique est posée. Nous modélisons la pile Nexa de 47 cellules de type PEMFC, en intégrant des mesures expérimentales au niveau du modèle. Le modèle dynamique décrit en VHDL-AMS est un modèle au niveau macroscopique prenant en compte le côté électrique des différentes cellules constituant la pile. Ce modèle prend en compte la caractéristique des deux dernières cellules qui présentent un phénomène d'inondation remarqué lors des mesures expérimentales. Le système de purge de la Nexa est également pris en compte dans le code. L'étude expérimentale passe par la mise en place d'un banc de mesure pour la caractérisation de l'impédance de la pile Nexa par Spectroscopie d'Impédance, ainsi que la mesure de l'humidité en sortie de la pile. Les mesures d'impédances complexes corrélées à celles de l'humidité nous ont amenées à déterminer l'influence de l'humidité sur les performances de la pile. La concordance entre les résultats du modèle et ceux du banc de mesure, tant en DC que en AC, sont concluants. L'erreur constatée à l'issue de la comparaison entre les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux est inférieure à 1.5%. / This thesis deals with the characterization of the impedance of an on load fuel cell by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy method and particularly the assessment of the humidity influence on the fuel cell performances. After a state of the art on different methods to characterize the impedance of a fuel cell and different methods of measuring humidity, the problem is posed. We model the PEM Nexa stack which consists of 47 cells, integrating experimental measurements. The dynamic model described in VHDL-AMS is a model at the macroscopic level, taking into account the electrical side of individual cells constituting the fuel cell. This model takes into account the characteristics of the last two cells exhibiting the phenomenon of flooding seen in experimental measurements. The purge system of the Nexa is also reflected in the code. The experimental study involves the establishment of a Testbench for characterizing the impedance of the Nexa fuel cell by Impedance spectroscopy method, and measuring the humidity at the output of the stack. The complex impedance measurements correlated with those of humidity led us to determine the influence of humidity on the performance of the fuel cell. The correlation between the model results and those of the Testbench, both in DC than in AC, are conclusive. The error in between theoretical and experimental results is less than 1.5%.

The extended Kalman lter (EKF) has a long history in the field of non-linear tracking. More recently, statistically-based estimators have emerged that avoid the need for a deterministic linearisation process. The Unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is one such technique that has been shown to perform favourably for some non-linear systems when compared to an EKF implementation, both in terms of accuracy and robustness. In this Thesis, the UKF is applied to a high energy physics particle tracking problem where currently the EKF is being implemented. The effects of measurement redundancy are investigated to determine improvements in accuracy of particle track reconstruction. The relationship between measurement redundancy and relative observability is also investigated through an experimental and theoretical analysis. Smoothing (backward filtering), in the high energy physics experiments, is implementedusing the Rauch Tung Striebel (RTS) smoother with the EKF , however, in Unscented Kalman filter algorithms, the Jacobian matrices required by the RTS method, are not available. The Unscented Rauch Tung Striebel (URTS) smoother addresses this problem by avoiding the use of Jacobian matrices but is not effi cient for large dimensional systems such as high energy physics experiments. A technique is implemented in the RTS smoother to make it suitable for the UKF. The method is given the name the Jacobian Equivalent Rauch Tung Striebel (JE-RTS) smoother. The implementation of this method is quite straight forward when the UKF is used as an estimator.