本文关注近代以来发生在华北乡村社会中的社区集体仪式。这些集体仪式以村落（及村落联盟）的求雨和庙会为其主要形式。在这些社区集体仪式之中，有相当一部分由多个村落共同协作完成。共同参与这些仪式的村落在一定程度上构成了仪式合作的关系。在本项研究中，这种村落间的关系往来模式被称之为多村落的仪式联合。 / 本文选用冀中地区的乡村的社区集体仪式作为研究对象，将关注点放在多村落的仪式联合之上。在两个个案民族志描写的基础上，试图回答这样的问题：华北民众的宗教生活所依赖的地方社会网络是怎样运作的？第一个个案为现北京房山河套沟地区的黑龙关庙会，该地区有着多村落联合举办庙会及求雨的传统。围绕着这些社区集体仪式，当地村落间形成了诸如“六山会这样的地方组织。黑龙关庙会的民族志资料证实，当地多村落的仪式联合，其形成和维系在相当程度上是以村落间花会的互动为主要依托。笔者将花会表演的互动视作仪式性的礼物流动。通过诸如走会和献会的行为描写，河套沟地区村落间的关系网络得以在宗教生活层面展现。黑龙关庙会的个案试图证实：仪式性的互惠作用于多村落仪式联合的形成及维系过程；第二个个案是河北的安国药王庙会。以安国药王庙为中心，文章首先对安国药王庙会与地方社会进行了历时性的文献梳理；继而对当代的药王庙会进行共时性的田野考察，展现当代的安国药王庙会与临近的村落庙会同处于一个关系网络之中。这个关系网络表现在庙会间的往来关系之中，这又被称之为“讲礼。讲礼对于地方仪式联合的形成起到了重要作用。 / 以礼物馈赠的视角来看待乡村社会的宗教生活，这是本项研究的基本方法。花会的走会、献会或庙会间的讲礼实践，是建构和维系多村落仪式联合的重要途径，它们遵循着乡村社会的一套生活逻辑。这套逻辑在地方社会被表述为关系、面子、人情等地方术语。从这个角度说，多村落的仪式联合亦受到这套生活逻辑的制约和影响。 / This dissertation focuses on the local community rituals in rural North China since modern times taking the praying-for-rain rituals and temple festivals of the villages as examples. There were many forms of ritual cooperation among the villages in rural North China. In this research, we would examine a mode of ritual interaction among selected villages by examining two cases in Central Hebei, China. / The first case is the Heilongguan Temple festival in Hetaogou area of Fangshan district around Peking. In Hetaogou, a large amount of villages performed the praying-for-rain rituals and temple festivals together. In these community rituals, the local organizations called Liushan Association(六山会) had played a crucial role. The ethnographic data of Chapter Two aim to show that the construction of multi-village alliance builds on the interaction of Flower fairs (花会）from different villages. In the forms of visiting each other during a temple festival parade known as Zouhui (走会）and xianhui(献会），villages built up the network of their alliance. The exchange of performance of Flower fairs is regarded as a mode of ritual exchange. The second case concerns the Medicine King Temple Festival(药王庙会）in Anguo County which is the main topic of Chapter Three. Using the methodology of historical anthropology to analyze the Anguo local society helps us to place the Medicine King Temple Festival(药王庙会）in a network of temple festivals from different villages. In Anguo, this interaction is called ‘treating each other with courtesy’ or Jiangli(讲礼）. / Finally we would like to argue that visiting each other in a temple festival parade (Zouhui, Xianhui) and treating each other with courtesy Jiangli, were the main strategies of the villagers to construct their multi-village alliance. Their logics were not different from ‘returning the favor’ and ‘face saving’ which were common in rural society. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 徐天基. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Xu Tianji. / 摘要 --- p.3-4 / Chapter 第一章 --- 近代以来冀中乡村社会中的多村落仪式联合：研究计划及刍议 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章： --- 仪式性互惠与多村落的仪式联合：黑龙关的例子 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章 --- 礼物经济与多村落的仪式联合--安国县“讲礼的例子 --- p.64 / Chapter 第四章 --- 多村落的仪式联合：礼俗之中看地方宗教 --- p.103 / Chapter 附录一： --- 京西河套沟地区的花会 --- p.115 / Chapter 附录二： --- 安国民间曲艺概述 --- p.139 / Chapter 附录三： --- 民国时期安国县集市分布及周期 --- p.156 / Chapter 附录四： --- 民国二十年祁州药市十三帮组织 --- p.157 / Chapter 附录五： --- 图1 民国时期安国南关地方宗族分布图 --- p.161 / Chapter 附录六： --- 图2 药王邳彤传说结构分析图 --- p.162 / 参考书目 --- p.163-174

Doctor of Philosophy / This study considers the adequacy of explanatory accounts of recruitment to New Religious Movements [NRMs], defined by their doctrinal innovation or importation from another culture, and formed around a charismatic leader. It considers the coercive persuasion paradigm [brainwashing] which assumes no predisposing features of those who become involved in NRMs and a sociological account by Snow Zurcher and Ekland-Olsen (1980) which seeks to redress overly exclusive attention to psychological variables by emphasising the importance of structural variables such as the existence of 'discretionary time' and having a friend involved in the NRM. It is suggested that a psychological focus in explaining movement involvement need not entail a de-emphasis of the relevance of current life circumstances, such as social bonds, and life stress, nor a failure to acknowledge the importance of the group's ideology in lending definition to a person’s felt difficulties. A new model of personal change is proposed, termed the Rites de Passage model, which entails the disruption, transition and reincorporation of a socially sustained sense of identity and suggests conversion can be viewed as an example of re-socialisation. The historical lineage of the model is traced from Van Gennep's (1908) anthropological work to studies of brainwashing in the work of Schein (1957) and Lifton (1961). Since the emphasis is on the profile of a seeker, specific focus is placed on the early phases of this process where disruption occurs in existing coping techniques and social supports as a result of disruptive life events, and consideration is given to other relevant precursors of movement involvement. Lofland and Stark's (1965) model forms the conceptual framework from which literature regarding differences in life stress, social bonds, prior behavioural involvement in NRMs, and prior cognitive spiritual orientation can be addressed. The work of Galanter (1980, 1989), Barker (1981, 1984), Heirich (1977) and Snow and Phillips (1980) provides substantial evidence for the existence of pre-existing differences between affiliates (who make contact with such movements) and nonaffiliates (who do not). In this thesis two facets of differential involvement are addressed: i) why does one individual rather than another become involved ii) with a given genre of movement rather than another? The Rites de Passage model proposed here, which is a modified version of Lofland and Stark's (1965) account of cult conversion, is tested placing NRMs in a comparative context with a secular self-help agency: a therapy group. People with disrupted social identities might seek movement involvement, but what distinguishes whether they seek out a secular or spiritual movement, and if spiritual – what determines the appeal of eastern or western spiritual groups? To explore these questions, four groups of affiliates to three different eastern NRMs are compared to a therapy group, (Richardson and Kilbourne, 1984), two control groups (a student sample, and a sample from the general population) and a western NRM. There are 160 subjects overall, who completed a battery of questionnaires at point of first contact with the movement, to distinguish the precursors for movement involvement from the sequelae. Exceptions to this prospective data collection were the western NRM and the inclusion of a graduate rebirthing group. The latter was deliberately included to facilitate pre-involvement and post-involvement comparisons. The former's adept status was due to the leader's reluctance to burden new members with a three hour test battery. Measures were taken regarding life events and their psychological impact using Henderson, Byrne and Ducan-Jones (1981) recent life events inventory and impact scales using a twelve month time frame. A modified version of the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (by Henderson et al, 1981) was used to assess the availability and adequacy of acquaintance-level and intimate bonds in the recent past. Mental health was assessed using Galanter's (1980) General Wellbeing Scale and Tellegen's Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (1982). Recollections of early family relations were assessed using Likert scales derived from the detailed comparative study by Ullman (1982) which suppported the psychoanalytic hypothesis regarding troubled early parental relations, suggesting that current life difficulties re-evoked early life problems. Since disruption is seen as a necessary but not sufficient condition for movement involvement (Greil, 1977) the therapy and eastern groups were not expected to differ from each on the disruption and loneliness measures, and they did not differ. They were expected to have experienced more disruption in greater isolation than the control groups and those already belonging to a spiritual group – namely the western NRM. The therapy and eastern NRM groups did differ from the others in these respects. The value-added form of the model merely specifies that a substrate of stress and disruption suffered in relative isolation and loneliness will increase the probability that some for of social agency will be sought. Disruption experienced in relative loneliness is the first component of differential recruitment to movement involvement, or ‘differential openness’ as it is termed here. So the brainwashing model does not hold as there are differences between those drawn to movements compared to control groups. Do personality differences contribute to which movement genre appeals? A strikingly different personality profile emerged of those drawn to eastern NRMs. Differences were predicted and found between the eastern groups on the one hand and therapy group, control groups and western group on the other, when personality variables were considered. Relevant features of the profile included: a lack of traditionalism, a challenging attitude to conventional authority (assessed by Ray's (1971) balanced F scale) and absorption - a tendency to experience perceptual phenomena indicative of an absorptive or mystical tendency (Tellegen's MPQ was used to assess this personality feature). The eastern groups have a personality profile of being: unconventional, somewhat impulsive and highly absorptive in perceptual style. This profile distinguished them from all other groups. When the additional feature of the model was considered the profile of a potential seeker was more strongly delineated: the consonance between an individual’s intensity and orientation of spiritual beliefs and the orientation of movement ideology was highly influential. This was assessed by a spiritual orientation scale [the SOS] developed by the author across three pilot studies using Coombs Unfolding Technique (Coombs, 1964) to produce a metric ordinal scale which assesses general spiritual beliefs (which underlie any spiritual worldview), eastern and western spiritual beliefs. A major finding of the study was that a markedly distinctive feature of those drawn to NRMs is a spiritual orientation consonant with that of the movement approached. The SOS revealed a strongly demarcated pre-existing eastern spiritual orientation in those drawn to make contact with Eastern NRMs, which set them apart significantly from all other groups. The Western NRM, (already members of their group) had a western spiritual orientation, to the exclusion of an eastern orientation, while the eastern groups were more eclectic. Both eastern and western NRMs were spiritually more intense on the general spiritual items of the SOS, suggesting these items are central to any spiritual worldview. All of the major predictions of the Rites de Passage model were supported. The model provides a welcome link between a sociological and psychological focus on movement involvement. The systematic differences between affiliates and non-affiliates of NRMs at point of first contact, suggest (contra contemporary brainwashing models, though not the sophisticated models of Schein and Lifton) that recruitment is unlikely to be completely due to NRM design: the results suggest participants are likely to be interested and consenting. In summary, it is shown that those drawn to New Religious Movements of an eastern kind are indeed non-traditional, have a high incidence of recent life events and suffer a sense of community isolation, and loneliness which are considered as factors which might lead a person to modify an unfulfilling lifestyle. A portrait of a seeker is lightly (sketched against a background of this dissatisfaction) which includes personality variables like an impulsive, present-oriented pleasure/pain regulatory style, being high on absorption -a mystical perceptual style, and having both an intensity and a congruence of spiritual orientation with that of the ideology of the movement approached. These are considered potential influences on the genre of movement contacted, and are suggested as explanatory of the second facet of differential openness to movement involvement. Disruption sets a person seeking; personality shapes to which appeals s/he is open. The relative privilege of the Western NRM in terms of reduced stress, availability of community and intimate social support suggests that involvement does provide a relief effect, though caution must be exercised in interpreting this difference as these groups differ in membership status and spiritual orientation. The distress and neediness of those contacting movements for the first time is apparent, which suggests that movement contact might be a response to felt dissatisfaction interpreted within a spiritual worldview. An eastern spiritual worldview is a highly significant distinguishing feature of affiliates, and is the final phase of the Rites de Passage Model. Speculative theoretical consideration is offered of the data's implications for a psychoanalytic consideration of movement involvement, in the light of Cushman (1986), Deutsch (1983), Halperin (1983) Doi (1971) and Kohut's (1977). Theory and research is adumbrated concerning differential openness to charismatic appeal.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Religion)--Vanderbilt University, May 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Doctor of Philosophy / This study considers the adequacy of explanatory accounts of recruitment to New Religious Movements [NRMs], defined by their doctrinal innovation or importation from another culture, and formed around a charismatic leader. It considers the coercive persuasion paradigm [brainwashing] which assumes no predisposing features of those who become involved in NRMs and a sociological account by Snow Zurcher and Ekland-Olsen (1980) which seeks to redress overly exclusive attention to psychological variables by emphasising the importance of structural variables such as the existence of 'discretionary time' and having a friend involved in the NRM. It is suggested that a psychological focus in explaining movement involvement need not entail a de-emphasis of the relevance of current life circumstances, such as social bonds, and life stress, nor a failure to acknowledge the importance of the group's ideology in lending definition to a person’s felt difficulties. A new model of personal change is proposed, termed the Rites de Passage model, which entails the disruption, transition and reincorporation of a socially sustained sense of identity and suggests conversion can be viewed as an example of re-socialisation. The historical lineage of the model is traced from Van Gennep's (1908) anthropological work to studies of brainwashing in the work of Schein (1957) and Lifton (1961). Since the emphasis is on the profile of a seeker, specific focus is placed on the early phases of this process where disruption occurs in existing coping techniques and social supports as a result of disruptive life events, and consideration is given to other relevant precursors of movement involvement. Lofland and Stark's (1965) model forms the conceptual framework from which literature regarding differences in life stress, social bonds, prior behavioural involvement in NRMs, and prior cognitive spiritual orientation can be addressed. The work of Galanter (1980, 1989), Barker (1981, 1984), Heirich (1977) and Snow and Phillips (1980) provides substantial evidence for the existence of pre-existing differences between affiliates (who make contact with such movements) and nonaffiliates (who do not). In this thesis two facets of differential involvement are addressed: i) why does one individual rather than another become involved ii) with a given genre of movement rather than another? The Rites de Passage model proposed here, which is a modified version of Lofland and Stark's (1965) account of cult conversion, is tested placing NRMs in a comparative context with a secular self-help agency: a therapy group. People with disrupted social identities might seek movement involvement, but what distinguishes whether they seek out a secular or spiritual movement, and if spiritual – what determines the appeal of eastern or western spiritual groups? To explore these questions, four groups of affiliates to three different eastern NRMs are compared to a therapy group, (Richardson and Kilbourne, 1984), two control groups (a student sample, and a sample from the general population) and a western NRM. There are 160 subjects overall, who completed a battery of questionnaires at point of first contact with the movement, to distinguish the precursors for movement involvement from the sequelae. Exceptions to this prospective data collection were the western NRM and the inclusion of a graduate rebirthing group. The latter was deliberately included to facilitate pre-involvement and post-involvement comparisons. The former's adept status was due to the leader's reluctance to burden new members with a three hour test battery. Measures were taken regarding life events and their psychological impact using Henderson, Byrne and Ducan-Jones (1981) recent life events inventory and impact scales using a twelve month time frame. A modified version of the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (by Henderson et al, 1981) was used to assess the availability and adequacy of acquaintance-level and intimate bonds in the recent past. Mental health was assessed using Galanter's (1980) General Wellbeing Scale and Tellegen's Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (1982). Recollections of early family relations were assessed using Likert scales derived from the detailed comparative study by Ullman (1982) which suppported the psychoanalytic hypothesis regarding troubled early parental relations, suggesting that current life difficulties re-evoked early life problems. Since disruption is seen as a necessary but not sufficient condition for movement involvement (Greil, 1977) the therapy and eastern groups were not expected to differ from each on the disruption and loneliness measures, and they did not differ. They were expected to have experienced more disruption in greater isolation than the control groups and those already belonging to a spiritual group – namely the western NRM. The therapy and eastern NRM groups did differ from the others in these respects. The value-added form of the model merely specifies that a substrate of stress and disruption suffered in relative isolation and loneliness will increase the probability that some for of social agency will be sought. Disruption experienced in relative loneliness is the first component of differential recruitment to movement involvement, or ‘differential openness’ as it is termed here. So the brainwashing model does not hold as there are differences between those drawn to movements compared to control groups. Do personality differences contribute to which movement genre appeals? A strikingly different personality profile emerged of those drawn to eastern NRMs. Differences were predicted and found between the eastern groups on the one hand and therapy group, control groups and western group on the other, when personality variables were considered. Relevant features of the profile included: a lack of traditionalism, a challenging attitude to conventional authority (assessed by Ray's (1971) balanced F scale) and absorption - a tendency to experience perceptual phenomena indicative of an absorptive or mystical tendency (Tellegen's MPQ was used to assess this personality feature). The eastern groups have a personality profile of being: unconventional, somewhat impulsive and highly absorptive in perceptual style. This profile distinguished them from all other groups. When the additional feature of the model was considered the profile of a potential seeker was more strongly delineated: the consonance between an individual’s intensity and orientation of spiritual beliefs and the orientation of movement ideology was highly influential. This was assessed by a spiritual orientation scale [the SOS] developed by the author across three pilot studies using Coombs Unfolding Technique (Coombs, 1964) to produce a metric ordinal scale which assesses general spiritual beliefs (which underlie any spiritual worldview), eastern and western spiritual beliefs. A major finding of the study was that a markedly distinctive feature of those drawn to NRMs is a spiritual orientation consonant with that of the movement approached. The SOS revealed a strongly demarcated pre-existing eastern spiritual orientation in those drawn to make contact with Eastern NRMs, which set them apart significantly from all other groups. The Western NRM, (already members of their group) had a western spiritual orientation, to the exclusion of an eastern orientation, while the eastern groups were more eclectic. Both eastern and western NRMs were spiritually more intense on the general spiritual items of the SOS, suggesting these items are central to any spiritual worldview. All of the major predictions of the Rites de Passage model were supported. The model provides a welcome link between a sociological and psychological focus on movement involvement. The systematic differences between affiliates and non-affiliates of NRMs at point of first contact, suggest (contra contemporary brainwashing models, though not the sophisticated models of Schein and Lifton) that recruitment is unlikely to be completely due to NRM design: the results suggest participants are likely to be interested and consenting. In summary, it is shown that those drawn to New Religious Movements of an eastern kind are indeed non-traditional, have a high incidence of recent life events and suffer a sense of community isolation, and loneliness which are considered as factors which might lead a person to modify an unfulfilling lifestyle. A portrait of a seeker is lightly (sketched against a background of this dissatisfaction) which includes personality variables like an impulsive, present-oriented pleasure/pain regulatory style, being high on absorption -a mystical perceptual style, and having both an intensity and a congruence of spiritual orientation with that of the ideology of the movement approached. These are considered potential influences on the genre of movement contacted, and are suggested as explanatory of the second facet of differential openness to movement involvement. Disruption sets a person seeking; personality shapes to which appeals s/he is open. The relative privilege of the Western NRM in terms of reduced stress, availability of community and intimate social support suggests that involvement does provide a relief effect, though caution must be exercised in interpreting this difference as these groups differ in membership status and spiritual orientation. The distress and neediness of those contacting movements for the first time is apparent, which suggests that movement contact might be a response to felt dissatisfaction interpreted within a spiritual worldview. An eastern spiritual worldview is a highly significant distinguishing feature of affiliates, and is the final phase of the Rites de Passage Model. Speculative theoretical consideration is offered of the data's implications for a psychoanalytic consideration of movement involvement, in the light of Cushman (1986), Deutsch (1983), Halperin (1983) Doi (1971) and Kohut's (1977). Theory and research is adumbrated concerning differential openness to charismatic appeal.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

Published edition of Thesis (doctoral)--Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 270-285).

Trabalho sobre as práticas utilizadas em centros espíritas localizados nas cidades de Recife, Olinda, Jaboatão dos Guararapes e Paulista, com foco na doutrina organizada por Allan Kardec. A pesquisa foi elaborada com o objetivo de analisar os relatos de lideranças dos centros espíritas sobre como eram realizadas as práticas doutrinárias, buscando interpretar, compreender e explicar tais fenômenos e suas causalidades, atentando-se à subjetividade e suas representações. Com essa finalidade, uma metodologia qualitativa foi utilizada para obter os melhores resultados possíveis. Como instrumento de pesquisa optou-se pela observação em 11 centros espíritas, além de entrevistas com 19 líderes espíritas e aplicação de questionários. Os dados coletados foram categoriz ados e analisados, com base na fundamentação dos teóricos da Sociologia da Religião, da Antropologia, da Pedagogia Espírita e os preceitos da doutrina espírita, codificados por Allan Kardec. O estudo possibilitou constatar que, dentro do "universo espírita", existem diferenças nas práticas da doutrina, tendo em vista a herança cultural, isto é, os símbolos e mitos arraigados na sociedade e transmitidos através dos tempos, que resultam em uma resistência a novos costumes, o que influenciou diretamente as práticas espíritas. Desse modo, o motivo da variação na diversidade das práticas está relacionado com o nível de conhecimento da doutrina, pelos seus praticantes

Em nossos dias, fala-se muito em crise de transmissão de valores, especialmente atingindo adolescentes e jovens em sua dinâmica existencial no que concerne-a sua formação ética e social. O presente trabalho visa a entender o que está acontecendo com os indivíduos que compõem a sociedade e a saber quais as influências do Ensino Religioso na formação ética e social dos alunos das escolas públicas de Boa Vista-RR. A pesquisa será conduzida com alunos voluntários, selecionados em uma escola estadual. Será utilizado um questionário misto, com questões fechadas e abertas e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizada como complemento, aos professores e gestão da escola. Também realizar-se-ão observações no contexto escolar do comportamento e atitudes dos alunos durante as aulas de ensino religioso. A metodologia empregada é uma abordagem de cunho qualitativo e de natureza descritiva, apoiada em pesquisa de campo. A análise de conteúdo orientará o processo de interpretação das respostas às questões abertas. As perguntas fechadas serão submetidas a tratamento estatístico simples, que possibilitará a construção de gráficos. Os dados analisados da pesquisa resultarão na construção do Produto: um Manual de Orientação para o Ensino Religioso para a formação de valores éticos e sociais. / Nowadays so much of the crisis of transmission of values is spoken in the society, especially reaching the adolescents and young in their existential dynamics concerning to their ethical and social formation. The present work seeks to understand what is happening with the individuals that compose the society and to know hat influences of religious education in ethic sand social education of adolescents in public schools in Boa Vista-RR. There search will be conducted with student volunteers, selected in a public school. A mixed questionnaire with closed and open and semi-structured interviews, conducted as a supplement to teachers and school management issues will be used. Also observation s in the context of school behavior and attitudes of the students during school religious teaching will take place. The methodology is an approach to qualitative nature and descriptive in nature, based on field research. Content analysis will guide the process of interpreting the answer to open questions. Closed question s are subjected to simple statistical analysis, which enable us to construct graphs. The data analyzed in the study will result in the construction of the Product: A Manual for Religious Education for the formation of ethical and social values.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_adauria_azevedo.pdf: 541695 bytes, checksum: 23b5ffdf6b91cc590cd6614751ce12a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / This work explain the practices inside of Spirit Centers in the cities of Recife, Olinda, Paulista and Jaboatão dos Guararapes, focusing doctrine organized by Allan Kardec. The research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the reports of leaders of the Spirit Centers on how to perform doctrinal practices, seeking to interpret, understand and explain these phenomena and their causes, paying attention to the subjectivity and its representations. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology was used to obtain the best possible results. As a research tool was chosen for observation on 11 spiritual centers, and interviews and questionnaires with its 19 leaders. The collected data were categorized and analyzed based on the theoretical foundations of the Sociology of Religion, Anthropology, Spirit Pedagogy and the precepts of spiritual doctrine, codified by Allan Kardec. The study made it possible to see that, inside of "The Spiritism's Universe", there are differences among the practice of the doctrine based on the cultural inheritance, in other words, the symbols and myths ingrained in society and transmitted through time, resulting in a resistance to new behaviors, which directly influences the Spiritism practices. Thus the "reason" for the variation in the diversity of practice is related to the level of knowledge of doctrine, by its practitioners / Trabalho sobre as práticas utilizadas em centros espíritas localizados nas cidades de Recife, Olinda, Jaboatão dos Guararapes e Paulista, com foco na doutrina organizada por Allan Kardec. A pesquisa foi elaborada com o objetivo de analisar os relatos de lideranças dos centros espíritas sobre como eram realizadas as práticas doutrinárias, buscando interpretar, compreender e explicar tais fenômenos e suas causalidades, atentando-se à subjetividade e suas representações. Com essa finalidade, uma metodologia qualitativa foi utilizada para obter os melhores resultados possíveis. Como instrumento de pesquisa optou-se pela observação em 11 centros espíritas, além de entrevistas com 19 líderes espíritas e aplicação de questionários. Os dados coletados foram categoriz ados e analisados, com base na fundamentação dos teóricos da Sociologia da Religião, da Antropologia, da Pedagogia Espírita e os preceitos da doutrina espírita, codificados por Allan Kardec. O estudo possibilitou constatar que, dentro do "universo espírita", existem diferenças nas práticas da doutrina, tendo em vista a herança cultural, isto é, os símbolos e mitos arraigados na sociedade e transmitidos através dos tempos, que resultam em uma resistência a novos costumes, o que influenciou diretamente as práticas espíritas. Desse modo, o motivo da variação na diversidade das práticas está relacionado com o nível de conhecimento da doutrina, pelos seus praticantes

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pre-textuais.pdf: 371030 bytes, checksum: d02406c078d25b4c6f210ff425385ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-01 / Following a worldly trend, the Brazilian towns have come across great changes in the last fifty years, in which one observe a quick displacement of the rural population toward big urban centers. A lot of them have been turned into real metropolises, bringing out with themselves their virtues and limitations and them they have built a new social tissue, that also has gradually been inserted in the larger post-modernity context. In post-modern cities, the relations distance-proximity and sacred-profane were submitted to changes, leading to new configurations within the religions field, bringing out a clear distinction between religion and religiosity and transforming the full living experience regarding to faith into a big tergiversation through individualization and valorization of subjectivity. The city also arises itself as an space for transition and consume, existing, in this case, a full strategy, in which one seeks to make the distinction among the social classes, placing them into a certain competition and so obstructing that one could arrive to a level of saturation and satisfaction of needs. It is in this context that urban pastoral is inserted, being defined as church s evangelizing mission in the city. In Brazil, one has a centenarian church, with an also centenarian structure, that intends to accomplish that task. In this research, we aimed to problematize the urban pastoral, departing from the point of view of the theologian Joseph Comblin, situating him in post-modernity context, and seeking to accomplish an analysis regarding to the receptivity, by the Catholic Church, of his ideas. We also sought to make more careful reflections regarding to the practices fully lived within the pastoral, analyzed according to Comblin s thought and viewpoint. We used hermeneutics for evaluating that theologian s ecclesiological work, as well as in order to emphasize his life aspects, concerning his life according to interviews conducted with the author. Comblin presents himself as a theologian with a complex thought, and that manifests himself in a cross disciplinary way. He diverges, with certain facility, from the positions adopted by the Church and, since he does not believe in the actual structure, he proposes alternatives for it, so that Church could, departing from a new pastoral model, be more inserted into society and could partake in the changes that unavoidably go on happening in the cities / Acompanhando uma tendência mundial, as cidades brasileiras passaram por grandes mudanças nos últimos cinquenta anos, nos quais se observou um rápido deslocamento da população rural para os grandes centros urbanos. Muitos deles foram transformados em metrópoles, trazendo consigo suas virtudes e limitações, e com isso formaram um novo tecido social, que gradativamente também se foi inserindo no contexto mais amplo da pósmodernidade. Na cidade pós moderna, as relações tempo-espaço, distância-proximidade e sagrado-profano, vão sofrer alterações, fazendo surgir novas configurações no campo religioso, trazendo novos elementos para a sociologia da religião, com clara distinção entre religião e religiosidade e que transformará a vivência da fé em uma grande bricolagem, com maior valorização da individualização e da subjetividade. Ela também se apresenta como espaço de transição e de consumo, existindo, nesse caso, toda uma estratégia na qual se procura fazer a distinção entre as classes sociais, colocando-as em concorrência, e impedindo dessa maneira que se chegue a um grau de saturação ou satisfação das necessidades. É nesse contexto que se insere a Pastoral Urbana, definida como a ação evangelizadora da Igreja na cidade. No Brasil, tem-se uma Igreja centenária, com estrutura também centenária e que se propõe realizar essa tarefa. Nesta pesquisa, objetivou-se problematizar a pastoral urbana, a partir da compreensão do teólogo Joseph Comblin, situando-a no contexto da pósmodernidade, buscando fazer uma análise da receptividade de suas ideias pela Igreja Católica. Procurou-se também fazer reflexões mais apuradas de práticas vivenciadas dentro da pastoral, relacionadas com a teologia da cidade e analisadas sob o viés do seu pensamento. Utilizou-se a hermenêutica para apreciação da obra eclesiológica do teólogo em questão, bem como para ressaltar aspectos de sua vida colhidos a partir de entrevistas com o próprio autor. Comblin apresenta-se como um teólogo com um pensamento complexo, difuso e que se manifesta de maneira interdisciplinar. Diverge com facilidade das posições adotadas pela Igreja Católica oficial e, por não acreditar na atual estrutura, propôs então alternativa para que a Igreja viesse, a partir de um novo modelo de pastoral, se inserir mais na sociedade e participar das mudanças que inevitavelmente continuam acontecendo nas cidades. Palavras-chave: pós-modernidade, sociologia da religião, teologia da cidade, pastoral urbana