Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / Reissued 5 May 2017 to correct misspelled Second Reader’s name on title page. / The number of disconnected youth, those ages 16 to 24 who are not in school and are not employed, has reached significant levels in the United States and Western Europe. This trend is coupled with the fact that more and more foreign fighters are joining Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in Iraq and Syria. In particular, Western youth have been the target of radicalization by ISIS and other terrorist groups, and the appeal and lure of such groups seem unlikely to subside. A similar trend is also evident among youth in Muslim countries where the number of foreign fighters to terrorist groups seems unlikely to decrease. According to recent estimates, over 28,000 foreign fighters have joined ISIS in Syria and Iraq since 2011. The fact that so many youth have been radicalized to join terrorist groups is a cause for concern that requires closer scrutiny, understanding, and action by Western and other governments. The explanations and motivations as to why youth join terrorist groups abound; these include lack of education, poverty, religion discrimination, family background, and political and economic marginalization, among others. This research seeks to answer the question, are the youth in the United States, who are disconnected, more likely to become radicalized to terrorism? To answer this, various theoretical frameworks were researched and examined, such as relative deprivation, social movement theory, and psychological perspectives, to shed light on understanding this issue. / Director, Personnel Support Services and Benefits, Transportation Security Administration

The objective of this study was to examine whether the factors which constitute the manufacturer/industrial-representative relationship, influence performance as predicted by control theory. In addition, the study evaluated the contribution of selected demographic factors such as size of the firm, and the representative's experience, on performance.

Representative democracy at the European level This thesis deals with representative democracy, as one of the fundamental principles underpinning the organisation of states or, as the case may be, interstate-type entities. At the European level, this principle is embodied by the European Parliament and the national parliaments of the Member States whose functions and competences complement each other. In the context of the role of the European Parliament the fundamental question concerns direct elections as an instrument of political legitimacy. This thesis offers a comparison of the findings of the Czech and the German Constitutional Courts, which took different views on the case of the electoral treshold in elections to the European Parliament. Arguments of these courts enable the reader to see European Union, position of the European Parliament in its institutional structure and its democratic legitimacy in wider context.

- Position of the general meeting of a limited liability company This diploma thesis concentrates on the general meeting of a limited liability company and its position within the organizational structure of the company. The goal of the diploma thesis is to provide a basic overwiev of selected institutes and analyse the relationship between the general meeting and other company bodies. This most often concerns the statutory body and possibly also the supervisory board, as a whole, or their individual members. Individual chapters are chosen as to enable to illustrate the mutual arrangement of relationships on them. The thesis is divided into two basic parts. The first part considers how the general meeting can impact on other company bodies, or their members. That's why the first chapter deals with election and dismissal of a statutory representative, or a member of the supervisory board. It for example describes the concrete process, or the possibilities, which the general meeting has in this connection. The second chapter considers the contract of execution of office, which together with the regulation of rewarding of the body members has to be compulsorily approved by the general meeting itself, the reward, which can be granted by an internal regulation approved by the general meeting and other...

Conflicts of Legitimacies within the European Union - abstract In the beginning of first part, the thesis focuses on the very concept of legitimacy. The point of reference is rather a sociological conception of legitimacy. Then, the critical overview of theoretical contributions to the topic of EU's legitimacy deficit is provided. On this analytical background it is held that the democratic legitimacy is indispensable for the Union and that there is a necessity of its creating even on union-wide (transnational) level. Subsequently, in the second part dealing with particular modalities of legitimacy within the EU, the thesis makes use of the conteporary democratic theory focusing on the concept and functioning of democratic representation. The framework for the second part is a spatio-mechanical metaphor of four modalities ("vectors") of legitimacy (legitimation) formulated previously in the literature. It consists of indirect legitimacy, parliamentary legitimacy, technocratic legitimacy and procedural legitimacy. Changes in their balance after the Lisbon Treaty are discussed. The chapter on indirect legitimacy focuses on theoretical questions and then looks into the institutional and legislative development. It also provides an analysis of the relevant case-law of the Federal Constitutional Court of the...

Le mandat ad hoc est le nom donné à une technique ancienne, utilisée à différentes fins, pour conférer une mission particulière à une personne désignée par l'autorité judiciaire. Le terme "ad hoc", une locution latine, signifie "pour cela" et "en remplacement de". Cette expression s'applique : "à toute personne ou à tout organe à qui est assigné une mission précise et momentanée et qui reçoit des pouvoirs limités à cette fin". On retrouve ainsi dans différentes branches du droit des "mandataires" aux noms divers mais qui pourtant entrent dans la définition du mandat ad hoc : mandataire successoral, administrateur ad hoc, etc.... Une distinction entre ces différentes notions et celle de mandataire ad hoc, au sens du Livre 6 du Code de commerce, s'est alors imposée dans la présente étude puisqu'il n'existe pas un statut commun du mandataire ad hoc. Le mandat ad hoc du Livre VI du Code de commerce est issu de la pratique prétorienne du tribunal de commerce de Paris qui avait considéré qu'il entrait dans la mission du président du tribunal de commerce de faciliter la recherche d'une solution lorsqu'une entreprise éprouve des difficultés graves, d'ordre juridique, économique ou financier. Il se rapproche du mandataire ad hoc en matière de copropriété en pré-difficulté dans sa mission de négociation. Il a néanmoins été possible de dégager deux rôles essentiels des mandataires ad hoc, à savoir, un rôle de représentation et un rôle de négociation. Les réformes en cours en matière d'entreprises et de copropriétés en difficulté visent à mettre en place un véritable statut du mandataire ad hoc. Dans toutes les branches du droit, le mandataire ad hoc n'a pas de statut juridique mais simplement un embryon de statut. Cette notion de mandataire ad hoc, son succès mais également ses failles sont à mettre en exergues. La nécessité d'harmoniser les règles existantes afin de créer un statut homogène en vue de renforcer la sécurité juridique s'avère nécessaire. / The ad hoc mandate is the name given to an ancient procedure, used for different purposes, to confer a particular mission to a person designated by the judicial authority. The term "ad hoc" is a Latin expression which means "for this" and "replacement for". This term applies to "any person or a body who/which is assigned a specific and temporary mission and receives limited powers to do so"."Representatives" going by different names can therefore be found in various branches of the Law but nonetheless fall within the definition of ad hoc mandate: personal representative, ad hoc administrator, etc. A distinction between these concepts and the one of the ad hoc representative as defined in Book 6 of the Commercial Code had then to be made in the present study since there is no common status applying to ad hoc representatives. The ad hoc mandate as defined in Book VI of the Commercial Code is the result of the Praetorian practice of the Commercial Court of Paris which considered that facilitating the search for a solution when a company was experiencing serious legal, economic or financial difficulties was a mission of the President of the Commercial Court. It is similar to the role of an ad hoc representative dealing as a negotiator with pre-difficulties in condominium matters. However, it was possible to identify two essential roles of ad hoc representatives, namely the representation role and the negotiation role. Ongoing reforms concerning businesses and condominiums in difficulty aim to establish a real status for the ad hoc representative. In all branches of the Law, the ad hoc representative has no legal status per se but merely an embryo of a status. The notion of ad hoc representative, its success as well as its shortcomings has to be highlighted. It has now become a necessity to harmonize the existing rules in order to create a uniformed status so as to reinforce the judicial security.

The current forms of representative democracy have come to face various fundamental challenges such as: decrease in political participation, distrust in partisan politics and politicians and perhaps increase of ideological polarization. To take solace in the belief that the current democratic tools are far from perfect yet the finest in modern societies, has not contributed to solution-oriented modifications of its efficacy. In this thesis Lua Nazerian intends to address the inadequacies and inherent limitations in the current form of representative democracy, by analyzing its underlying assumptions through a critical examination of the fundamental challenges in Classical pluralism, Agonist and Deliberative democratic theory. Furthermore, it proposes some modifications drawn from the Socratic idea of the non-pursuit of power, the bottom-up political approach and the learnings from the worldwide Baha’i community. The study is carried out within the field of international relations with a normative approach as well as it incorporates a case study of the Baha’i electoral and decision-making principle. Nevertheless, by using the Socratic idea together with the Baha’i principles in a bottom-up approach shifts then the paradigm from the inherent competitive culture of representative democracy to a more inclusive solution-oriented culture of learning.

Esta tese examina a representação política em arenas extraparlamentares, que são fóruns de deliberação com impacto importante sobre as políticas públicas nas democracias contemporâneas. Para tanto, são analisadas as concepções dos representantes que atuam em nome da sociedade civil nos Conselhos Gestores de Políticas Públicas. Com base em diferentes perspectivas teóricas a respeito da representação, foram pesquisadas as seguintes dimensões empíricas: as regras de composição dos Conselhos, o processo de autorização dos conselheiros, a forma como os representantes tomam decisões e prestam contas das suas ações, o controle sobre suas atividades e a visão dos conselheiros a respeito da legitimidade das suas práticas de representação. O estudo constatou que a composição dos Conselhos, o processo de escolha dos conselheiros, a prestação de contas e o controle sobre as ações dos representantes são restritos aos ativistas de organizações civis que acompanham os Conselhos. Apesar dessa restrição, os representantes consideram que defendem interesses gerais e causas universais. Também foi averiguado que quando os conselheiros são ligados a organizações compromissadas com os espaços de discussão em contextos de alta mobilização popular, eles são mais próximos dos usuários dos serviços públicos e dos militantes da área. / This thesis examines the political representation in extra-parliamental arenas, which are deliberation fora with major impact over public policies in contemporary democracies. To achieve this, we analyze the conceptions of the representatives who act on behalf of the civil society in the Sectoral Policy Councils. Based upon the different theoretical perspectives of representation, the following empirical dimensions were researched: the rules of the Councils composition, the councilors authorization process, the way representatives make decisions and the way they are accountable for their actions, the control over their activities and the councilors visions with respect to the legitimacy of their representation practices. The study verified that the composition of the Councils, the process of choosing the councilors, they way representatives make decisions and the way they are accountable for their actions are restricted to activists from civil organizations that follow the Councils. Despite this restriction, the representatives consider they defend general interests and universal causes. It was also verified that when councilors are connected with organizations committed to discussion spaces in contexts of high popular mobilization, they are closer to public services beneficiaries and activists in the area.

The Representative Agent is nowadays a ubiquitous methodological tool used in modern economics. However its history is not fully developed. This thesis contributes to fill that gap by analyzing three separate, yet overlapping, contexts. The first chapter examines the rise of the representative consumer from the 1950s to the 1970s in the contributions to intertemporal economics by Tjalling Koopmans. In the first decade, the 1950s, Koopmans was an important figure in the Cowles Commission\'s incursion into decision theory, and, as an econometrician, an active participant in the debate on aggregation problems in economics. In the 1960s, Koopmans wrote the bulk of his contributions to the subfield of infinite horizon economies (including his optimal growth model) and it is in this decade that he fully articulated his views on the representative agent. Finally, in the 1970s, Koopmans continued contributing to the preference-based approach to individual decision-making leading to his intertemporally separable utility functions. Over these three decades, Koopmans went from an ambiguous stance toward the representative consumer to a more supportive one. Interestingly, his 1965 growth paper, that helped spread the use of the representative agent in macroeconomics, can be seen as a turning point. Part of this change is due to the ever-increasing use of the device in macroeconomics, a movement that he did not initiate but helped intensify. The second chapter asks whether the representative agent might have emerged as the outcome of transformations that occurred in microeconomics from the 1930s throughout the 1940s, especially in the subfield of demand theory. To tell this story, I begin with a particular historical interpretation of this subfield, propounded by Wade Hands and Philip Mirowski in the 1990s, centered on the theoretical formulations and the ensuing econometric testing of the system of demand functions that involved the mathematician Harold Hotelling and the economist Henry Schultz, known as the Hotelling-Schultz impasse. Although this impasse was abandoned by the end of the 1930s, this debate continued in the profession, including at the Cowles Commission, then directed by Koopmans. He played an important role in the emergence of the representative agent in the microeconomics of aggregation problems. The significance of Paul Samuelson\'s introduction of homothetic preferences into general equilibrium theory and its connection to Koopmans\'s writings during the 1950s is also scrutinized. The third chapter identifies the emergence of the representative agent in the development of the optimal growth literature. Although Paul Samuelson used infinitely-lived representative consumers to shed light on macroeconomic topics in his works from the mid-1930s to the early 1950s, this tool only gained more adepts after it was \"agreed upon\" at the beginning of the 1960s. It is shown that the main center of research in growth economics at the time, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), by congregating faculty members and graduate students working with the golden rule of growth as well as the turnpike theory, helped sanction the representative agent as a legitimate tool for macroeconomic investigations. Furthermore, in communities beyond MIT, economists such as Koopmans and Lionel McKenzie could have also played a role in spreading the methodological device, given the possible sway Samuelson had on them. / O Agente representativo é atualmente uma ferramenta metodológica onipresente em economia. No entanto sua história ainda não está totalmente desenvolvida. Essa tese contribui com esse estudo histórico através da análise de três contextos separados, mas, sobrepostos. O primeiro capítulo examina a ascensão do consumidor representativo nas décadas de 1950 a 1970 nas contribuições à economia intertemporal de Tjalling Koopmans. Na primeira década, de 1950, Koopmans foi um nome importante na incursão da Comissão Cowles na teoria da decisão e, como econometrista, também participou ativamente do debate sobre problemas de agregação na economia. Na década de 1960, Koopmans escreveu a maior parte de suas contribuições para o subcampo da economia do horizonte infinito (incluindo seu modelo de crescimento ótimo) e é nessa década que ele articulou de forma completa suas visões sobre o agente representativo. Finalmente, na década de 1970, Koopmans continuou contribuindo para a teoria das decisões individuais baseada nas preferências, levando-o à elaboração das funções de utilidade intertemporalmente separáveis. Ao longo dessas três décadas, Koopmans passou de um posicionamento ambíguo em relação ao consumidor representativo para outro mais inclusivo. Curiosamente, seu artigo de crescimento de 1965, que ajudou a disseminar o agente representativo em macroeconomia, pode ser visto como um ponto de virada no entendimento de Koopmans. Parte dessa mudança se deve ao uso cada vez maior do dispositivo na macroeconomia, um movimento que ele não iniciou mas ajudou a intensificar. O segundo capítulo pergunta se o agente representativo pode ter emergido como o resultado de transformações que ocorreram na microeconomia ao longo das décadas de 1930 e 1940, especialmente no subcampo da teoria da demanda. Para contar essa história, começo com uma interpretação histórica particular desse subcampo, proposta por Wade Hands e Philip Mirowski na década de 1990, centrada nas formulações teóricas e nos testes econométricos subsequentes do sistema de funções de demanda que envolviam o matemático Harold Hotelling e o economista Henry Schultz, conhecido como o impasse de Hotelling-Schultz. Embora esse impasse tenha sido abandonado ao final da década de 1930 por Schultz e Hotelling, o mesmo continuou na profissão, inclusive na Comissão Cowles, então dirigida por Koopmans. Ele desempenhou um papel importante no surgimento do agente representativo na microeconomia derivado dos problemas de agregação. O significado da introdução de preferências homotéticas de Paul Samuelson na teoria do Equilíbrio Geral e sua conexão com os escritos de Koopmans durante a década de 1950 também é examinado. O terceiro capítulo identifica o surgimento do agente representativo no desenvolvimento da literatura de crescimento ótimo. Embora Paul Samuelson tenha usado consumidores representativos de vida infinita para lançar luz sobre tópicos macroeconômicos em seus trabalhos de meados da década de 1930 até o início da década de 1950, essa ferramenta só ganhou mais adeptos depois de ter sido \"acordada\" no início dos anos 60. É mostrado que o principal centro de pesquisa em economia de crescimento na época, o Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT), reunindo membros do corpo docente e estudantes de pós-graduação que trabalhavam com a regra de ouro do crescimento, bem como a Teoria da Turnpike, ajudou a sancionar o agente representativo como ferramenta legítima para investigações macroeconômicas. Além disso, em comunidades além do MIT, economistas como Koopmans e Lionel McKenzie também poderiam ter desempenhado um papel na divulgação do dispositivo metodológico dado uma possível influência que Samuelson teve sobre eles.

O clima apresenta uma importância indiscutível, constituindo-se num dos mais relevantes elementos da biosfera, desta forma imprescindível o conhecimento minucioso de sua dinâmica, bem como de sua interação com os outros elementos do ambiente. Optou-se pelo estudo de uma \"bacia hidrográfica\" pelas facilidades de análise que a mesma oferece, pois por se tratar de uma unidade bem delimitada, todos os processos geológicos, geomorfológicos, hidrológicos, pedológicos, climatológicos, entre outros, ocorrem, em seu limite natural. Para tanto, selecionou-se a Bacia do Ribeirão do Lobo, por apresentar uma consistência de dados meteorológicos fundamentais para este estudo, e por abranger uma área de foco de muitas pesquisas em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Assim, uma das metas desta pesquisa foi apresentar informações climatológicas que subsidiarão a compreensão dos fenômenos interligados em outras áreas. A concepção climática elaborada por SORRE (1951) e na análise rítmica preconizada por MONTEIRO (1971) foram os conceitos norteadores desta pesquisa, entretanto, numa primeira etapa efetuou-se uma abordagem climática tradicional, utilizando-se de estatística e de computação, para definir as tendências ao longo da referida bacia hidrográfica. Assim, sob a temática do clima, foram analisados quatro episódios representativos, descrevendo o comportamento da circulação atmosférica e as repercussões nos elementos climáticos. / The climate presents an unquestionable importance, being constituted in one of the most important elements of the biosphere, thus becoming indispensable the meticulous knowledge of its dynamics, as well as its interaction with the other elements ofthe atmosphere. The study of a hydrographic basin was opted due to its easiness of analysis therefore for being a well delimited physical unit, all the geological processes, geomorphologic, hidrologic, pedologic, climatological, amog others, occur in its natural boundary. For this purpose, the Wolf River System was selected, by presenting a consistence of fundamental meteorological data for this study, and for comprising a focus area of many researches in several areas of knowledge. Thus, one of the goals of this research was to present climatological information that will subsidize the understanding of the interlinked phenomena in other areas. The climactic conception elaborated by SORRE (1951) and in the rhythmic analysis extolled by MONTEIRO (1971) were the guideline of this research, however, in a first stage it occurred a traditional climactic approach, making use of the statistics and of the computation, to define the tendencies along referred hydrographic basin. So, under the optics dynamics of the climate, four representative episodes were analyzed, describing the behavior of the atmospheric circulation and the repercussions in the climactic elements.