This paper explores what kinds of paintings do children of a particular locale really like and what are some of the reasons for their choices. This information could be of use in planning methods of developing and nurturing aesthetic experiences through more wisely chosen reproductions of masterpieces of paintings.

Esta dissertação está inserida no âmbito do estudo das imagens em livros didáticos de História. A partir da coleção História em Movimento (2014), pertencente ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático 2015 (PNLD) para o Ensino Médio, investiguei um registro imagético específico, nesse caso, as reproduções de obras de arte. Busquei compreender de que modo essa coleção articula saberes históricos com saberes artísticos, identificando e refletindo sobre as estratégias pedagógicas e metodológicas utilizadas para tal, bem como sobre as relações entre o ensino de História e o de Artes Visuais. Para tanto, me detive na análise documental do Edital de Convocação para o processo de inscrição e avaliação de obras didáticas para o PNLD 2015 Ensino Médio (01/2013), no exame do Manual do Professor da coleção História em Movimento, na realização e na análise de um levantamento quantitativo dos registros imagéticos e artísticos que compõem a referida coleção e na investigação de uma seção específica – Olho Vivo. A pesquisa demonstra que a presença de registros imagéticos e, particularmente, de reproduções de obras de arte em coleções didáticas é fruto de uma série de fatores ligados a demandas educacionais específicas. No caso da coleção História em Movimento, as reproduções de obras de arte são utilizadas na medida em que tematizam representações de personagens e indivíduos históricos, sendo interpretadas enquanto símbolos e alegorias que possuem significados específicos a serem decifrados. / This dissertation inserts itself in the scope of the study of images in History textbooks. Based on the História em Movimento collection (2014), which belongs to the 2015 National Textbook Program (PNLD) for High Schools, I have investigated a specific imagetic record, in this case, the reproductions of artworks. I have tried to understand how this collection articulates both historic and artistic knowledge, identifying and reflecting on the pedagogical strategies and methodologies used for doing so, as well as the relations between History and Visual Arts teaching. Hence, I have focused on the documental analysis of the convocation public notice for the process of enrollment and evaluation of textbooks for the 2015 National Textbook Program for High School (01/2013), on the examination of the teacher’s manual of the História em Movimento collection, on the realization and analysis of a quantitative survey of the imagetic and artistic records that compose the referred collection and on the investigation of a specific section - Olho Vivo. The research shows that the presence of imagetic records and, particularly, of artwork reproductions in textbook collections is the outcome of a series of factors connected to specific educational demands. In the História em Movimento collection, the artwork reproductions are used as far as they conceptualize representations of characters and historical individuals, being interpreted as symbols and allegories which have specific meanings and need to be deciphered.

Using critical discourse analysis, the study examines, based on previous research how the construction of menstruation in news media has changed after the me too uprising. The study is based on previous research that shows that the construction of menstruation reflects and contributes to women's lower social status in society. Faircought three-dimensional model means that a communicative event is both constituted by and at the same time constitutes the social practice, which in the study is put into a social context using theories as; discourse, power, gender, purity and danger. The empirical material includes 22 newspaper articles from the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen. The empirical material has been thematised into four different themes that have been analyzed, where counter power and the contradictions within the women's issues are illustrated. The study results discerns to some degree reproduction of current order but most prominent are the clear signs of interdiscussivity, which shows a discursive change that indicates that the current system is challenged.

Esta dissertação está inserida no âmbito do estudo das imagens em livros didáticos de História. A partir da coleção História em Movimento (2014), pertencente ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático 2015 (PNLD) para o Ensino Médio, investiguei um registro imagético específico, nesse caso, as reproduções de obras de arte. Busquei compreender de que modo essa coleção articula saberes históricos com saberes artísticos, identificando e refletindo sobre as estratégias pedagógicas e metodológicas utilizadas para tal, bem como sobre as relações entre o ensino de História e o de Artes Visuais. Para tanto, me detive na análise documental do Edital de Convocação para o processo de inscrição e avaliação de obras didáticas para o PNLD 2015 Ensino Médio (01/2013), no exame do Manual do Professor da coleção História em Movimento, na realização e na análise de um levantamento quantitativo dos registros imagéticos e artísticos que compõem a referida coleção e na investigação de uma seção específica – Olho Vivo. A pesquisa demonstra que a presença de registros imagéticos e, particularmente, de reproduções de obras de arte em coleções didáticas é fruto de uma série de fatores ligados a demandas educacionais específicas. No caso da coleção História em Movimento, as reproduções de obras de arte são utilizadas na medida em que tematizam representações de personagens e indivíduos históricos, sendo interpretadas enquanto símbolos e alegorias que possuem significados específicos a serem decifrados. / This dissertation inserts itself in the scope of the study of images in History textbooks. Based on the História em Movimento collection (2014), which belongs to the 2015 National Textbook Program (PNLD) for High Schools, I have investigated a specific imagetic record, in this case, the reproductions of artworks. I have tried to understand how this collection articulates both historic and artistic knowledge, identifying and reflecting on the pedagogical strategies and methodologies used for doing so, as well as the relations between History and Visual Arts teaching. Hence, I have focused on the documental analysis of the convocation public notice for the process of enrollment and evaluation of textbooks for the 2015 National Textbook Program for High School (01/2013), on the examination of the teacher’s manual of the História em Movimento collection, on the realization and analysis of a quantitative survey of the imagetic and artistic records that compose the referred collection and on the investigation of a specific section - Olho Vivo. The research shows that the presence of imagetic records and, particularly, of artwork reproductions in textbook collections is the outcome of a series of factors connected to specific educational demands. In the História em Movimento collection, the artwork reproductions are used as far as they conceptualize representations of characters and historical individuals, being interpreted as symbols and allegories which have specific meanings and need to be deciphered.

Esta dissertação está inserida no âmbito do estudo das imagens em livros didáticos de História. A partir da coleção História em Movimento (2014), pertencente ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático 2015 (PNLD) para o Ensino Médio, investiguei um registro imagético específico, nesse caso, as reproduções de obras de arte. Busquei compreender de que modo essa coleção articula saberes históricos com saberes artísticos, identificando e refletindo sobre as estratégias pedagógicas e metodológicas utilizadas para tal, bem como sobre as relações entre o ensino de História e o de Artes Visuais. Para tanto, me detive na análise documental do Edital de Convocação para o processo de inscrição e avaliação de obras didáticas para o PNLD 2015 Ensino Médio (01/2013), no exame do Manual do Professor da coleção História em Movimento, na realização e na análise de um levantamento quantitativo dos registros imagéticos e artísticos que compõem a referida coleção e na investigação de uma seção específica – Olho Vivo. A pesquisa demonstra que a presença de registros imagéticos e, particularmente, de reproduções de obras de arte em coleções didáticas é fruto de uma série de fatores ligados a demandas educacionais específicas. No caso da coleção História em Movimento, as reproduções de obras de arte são utilizadas na medida em que tematizam representações de personagens e indivíduos históricos, sendo interpretadas enquanto símbolos e alegorias que possuem significados específicos a serem decifrados. / This dissertation inserts itself in the scope of the study of images in History textbooks. Based on the História em Movimento collection (2014), which belongs to the 2015 National Textbook Program (PNLD) for High Schools, I have investigated a specific imagetic record, in this case, the reproductions of artworks. I have tried to understand how this collection articulates both historic and artistic knowledge, identifying and reflecting on the pedagogical strategies and methodologies used for doing so, as well as the relations between History and Visual Arts teaching. Hence, I have focused on the documental analysis of the convocation public notice for the process of enrollment and evaluation of textbooks for the 2015 National Textbook Program for High School (01/2013), on the examination of the teacher’s manual of the História em Movimento collection, on the realization and analysis of a quantitative survey of the imagetic and artistic records that compose the referred collection and on the investigation of a specific section - Olho Vivo. The research shows that the presence of imagetic records and, particularly, of artwork reproductions in textbook collections is the outcome of a series of factors connected to specific educational demands. In the História em Movimento collection, the artwork reproductions are used as far as they conceptualize representations of characters and historical individuals, being interpreted as symbols and allegories which have specific meanings and need to be deciphered.

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) reproduction and survival on the LaSal Mountains, Utah were studied from 1978-81. Reproductive rates were high, suggesting that summer and fall forage quality was adequate and was not responsible for low recruitment observed in recent years. The combined fetal rate, determined from laparotomies and carcasses, was 1.72 for all females older than 1 year (N = 114). Fetal rates were 1.15 for yearlings (N = 20), 1.80 for prime females (2-7 years, N = 78), and 1.75 for old females (8+ years, N = 16). No evidence of breeding was found among fawns (N = 18). Estimated intrauterine mortality was 3.9%. A compensatory response to inadequate winter nutrition was not identified as a factor in maintaining high reproductive potentials, although its role might have been obscured by the high predation rate on young fawns. During 1979 and 1980, an average of 67% of the total annual loss of radio-monitored fawns occurred within 54 days postpartum. Survival of transmittered fawns (N = 54) from capture to December averaged 42.7%. Direct causes of mortality during the summer included predation (73%}, primarily by coyotes (Canis latrans} and black bears (Ursus americanus}; starvation, accidents, and illegal kills (9%}; and unknown factors (18%}. Overwinter survival of fawns and does was inversely related to winter intensity. Fawn survival from January to June was 58.3% of the December population in 1980 and 88.9% in 1981. During this period, predation or probable predation, primarily by coyotes, accounted for 82% of the observed deaths and accidents for 18%. Substantial losses to malnutrition and domestic dogs occurred in Castle Valley during the severe winter of 1978-79. Total annual survival of transmittered fawns was similar both years, 28.9% for the 1979 cohort and 31.8% for the 1980 cohort. Application of a change-in-ratio estimator yielded estimates of fawn survival that were similar to survival rates from samples of radio-monitored fawns, except during summer 1979 when prenatal and immediate postpartum mortality may have been high following the severe 1978-79 winter. Annual survival rates of radio-monitored does were 68.9% in 1979 (N = 38) and 86.6% (N = 22) in 1980. Causes of death included malnutrition and predation by coyotes and domestic dogs. No mortality occurred among radio-monitored females (N = 32} between January and June 1981. Recruitment rates, estimated from spring fawn proportions were 15% in 1979, 18% in 1980, and 32% in 1981, suggesting herd declines in the first 2 years and herd growth in 1981.

This thesis analyzes the emergence, presence, and use of digital reproductions in the scholarship of art history and how these reproductions impact individual encounters with art. It will address matters related to the authenticity of reproductions, the development of modern technologies, and the rise of new media, reflecting on issues related to integrating technology into the discipline and proposing how to deal with the digital reproductions in the study of art history.

A resposta ao stress, que inclui a liberação de glucocorticóides (GCs), ajuda animais a lidarem com mudanças ambientais. Espécies selvagens de muitos taxa modulam sazonalmente a liberação de GCs. Segundo a Hipótese Preparatória, a variação sazonal destes hormônios aumenta a eficácia da resposta fisiológica em períodos de maior freqüência de estressores. Hormônios sexuais interagem com GCs e podem modificar a resposta ao stress no contexto reprodutivo. Neste trabalho, nós testamos a Hipótese Preparatória por meio da análise de metabólitos fecais de hormônios e do comportamento de um grupo de macacos-prego (Cebus nigritus) selvagens, e de dados ambientais da região da Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho onde o grupo vive. Nós comparamos os níveis hormonais entre indivíduos, categorias etárias, sexos, ranking, períodos do dia e meses, e com o ambiente físico e social durante o período de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2008. Os principais resultados foram: picos de metabólitos de cortisol (MC) do macho alfa no período de acasalamento e da fêmea adulta grávida durante o final do período de gravidez, acompanhados por níveis elevados de metabólitos de andrógenos e de progesterona, respectivamente. O macho subordinado, jovens e infantes apresentaram um pico de MC durante a baixa disponibilidade de frutos. Estes dados indicam que a reprodução, para adultos, e a disponibilidade de alimentos ricos em energia, para subordinados e imaturos, são fatores importantes para a variação sazonal de glucocorticóides em macacos-prego selvagens da Mata Atlântica / The stress response, including the release of glucocorticoids (GCs), helps animals to cope with environmental changes. Wild species of many taxa seasonally modulate the release of GCs. According to the Preparatory Hypothesis, the seasonal variation of these hormones increases the effectiveness of the physiological response during periods of high frequency of stressors. Sex hormones interact with GCs and can modify the stress response in the reproductive context. In this work we investigate this hypothesis by measuring fecal hormones metabolites and by behavioral observation of a wild blackcapped capuchins monkeys (Cebus nigritus) group living in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analyzed data collected from August 2007 to July 2008. We compared hormones levels among individuals, age-sex classes, rankings, periods of day and seasons, and environmental features and social context. The main results were: peak of cortisol metabolites (CM) of the alpha male during the breeding season, CM peak of the pregnant adult female during the late period of pregnancy, both accompanied by high levels of sexual hormones metabolites (androgens and progesterone, respectively). Subordinate male, juveniles and infants showed a peak of CM during the low fruit availability. These data indicate that the reproduction to adults and the availability of high energetic food to subordinates, juveniles and infants are important factors for the seasonal variation of glucocorticoids of wild capuchin monkeys in the Atlantic Forest

A resposta ao stress, que inclui a liberação de glucocorticóides (GCs), ajuda animais a lidarem com mudanças ambientais. Espécies selvagens de muitos taxa modulam sazonalmente a liberação de GCs. Segundo a Hipótese Preparatória, a variação sazonal destes hormônios aumenta a eficácia da resposta fisiológica em períodos de maior freqüência de estressores. Hormônios sexuais interagem com GCs e podem modificar a resposta ao stress no contexto reprodutivo. Neste trabalho, nós testamos a Hipótese Preparatória por meio da análise de metabólitos fecais de hormônios e do comportamento de um grupo de macacos-prego (Cebus nigritus) selvagens, e de dados ambientais da região da Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho onde o grupo vive. Nós comparamos os níveis hormonais entre indivíduos, categorias etárias, sexos, ranking, períodos do dia e meses, e com o ambiente físico e social durante o período de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2008. Os principais resultados foram: picos de metabólitos de cortisol (MC) do macho alfa no período de acasalamento e da fêmea adulta grávida durante o final do período de gravidez, acompanhados por níveis elevados de metabólitos de andrógenos e de progesterona, respectivamente. O macho subordinado, jovens e infantes apresentaram um pico de MC durante a baixa disponibilidade de frutos. Estes dados indicam que a reprodução, para adultos, e a disponibilidade de alimentos ricos em energia, para subordinados e imaturos, são fatores importantes para a variação sazonal de glucocorticóides em macacos-prego selvagens da Mata Atlântica / The stress response, including the release of glucocorticoids (GCs), helps animals to cope with environmental changes. Wild species of many taxa seasonally modulate the release of GCs. According to the Preparatory Hypothesis, the seasonal variation of these hormones increases the effectiveness of the physiological response during periods of high frequency of stressors. Sex hormones interact with GCs and can modify the stress response in the reproductive context. In this work we investigate this hypothesis by measuring fecal hormones metabolites and by behavioral observation of a wild blackcapped capuchins monkeys (Cebus nigritus) group living in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analyzed data collected from August 2007 to July 2008. We compared hormones levels among individuals, age-sex classes, rankings, periods of day and seasons, and environmental features and social context. The main results were: peak of cortisol metabolites (CM) of the alpha male during the breeding season, CM peak of the pregnant adult female during the late period of pregnancy, both accompanied by high levels of sexual hormones metabolites (androgens and progesterone, respectively). Subordinate male, juveniles and infants showed a peak of CM during the low fruit availability. These data indicate that the reproduction to adults and the availability of high energetic food to subordinates, juveniles and infants are important factors for the seasonal variation of glucocorticoids of wild capuchin monkeys in the Atlantic Forest

Calligraphic rubbing collections or rubbing collections of model calligraphy (fatie 法帖) are frequently described as a source of canonical models for the learning of calligraphy. They are often associated with and usually refer to the calligraphy of the Two Wangs (Wang Xizhi 王羲之, 303-61, or 321-79, and his son Xianzhi 獻之, 344-86). They also became acknowledged as embodying the classical tradition transmitted mostly from the Jin (265-420) Dynasty, one which was well-known as the calligraphy canon. In general, recent scholarship on rubbing collections holds that rubbing collections often transmitted important and highly recognized works which represented the classical tradition or calligraphy canon. This thesis aims to analyze how Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) people received new forms of rubbing collections, and explores some of their social roles in Ming China. Apart from traditional concerns, for instance for the aesthetic value and the origins of various editions of rubbing collections, other aspects of rubbing collections of the Ming, for example, socio-historical and material culture perspectives, have not been explored in detail. The development of this form of calligraphy reproduction in China is important as an instance, alongside original works of calligraphy, of how the history of calligraphy was created and contested. The thesis will evaluate which calligraphers were chosen to be reproduced in rubbing form, which of their works were included, and what proportion of rubbing collections their work occupied, as well as who the patrons were and when the collections were published. An analysis of this information will show how the rubbing collections challenged the calligraphy canon and facilitated social mobility between various social groups particularly, scholars-officials, merchants and commoners. It will be demonstrated that Ming rubbing collections were no longer exclusively devoted to the traditional canon, nor did they contain only calligraphy of high aesthetic value. Calligraphy after masterpieces written in the copiers’ own styles and writings of those without significant reputations in calligraphy were made into rubbing collections as well. The thesis will attempt to show the cause(s) for this change.