Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_virgilio_scheid_filho.pdf: 278218 bytes, checksum: 162a8189af499504bde7a5330085f0e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-02 / Reproductive performance is a key factor for the economical success of dairy production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the occurrence of diseases and the reproductive performance and milk production in four Holstein dairy herds from Castro and Carambeí (PR). An observational study was conducted through database research during the period between March and October 2006, including data corresponding to calvings occurred from March, 2004 to October, 2006. Performance parameters such as calving and calving-conception (CCI) intervals and the daily milk production (DMP) were evaluated as a function of herds, number of artificial inseminations (AI), number of calvings, number of clinical occurrences, and occurrence of mastitis, metritis and retention of fetal membranes. The CCI was longer for cows presenting three or more clinical occurrences than for those having no clinical occurrence and also with increased number of AI (P < 0.0001). Such interval was 24.1 days shorter for cows that presented retained fetal membranes than for those that did not present such condition (P = 0.0263). The CCI for cows presenting clinical mastitis up to 60 days post-partum was shorter than for those presenting mastitis after such period (P < 0.0001). The occurrence of clinical mastitis was influenced by neither the occurrence of metritis nor of retention of fetal membranes (P > 0.05). However, the occurrence of retention of fetal membranes was associated with metritis occurrence (P < 0.0001). The DMP observed for cows diagnosed with three or more clinical occurrences was higher (P < 0.0001) than for those with only one occurrence or no diagnosis, although the cows that were not diagnosed with any clinical occurrence presented the lowest DMP (P < 0.0001). / O desempenho reprodutivo é o maior fator limitante para que a produção de leite seja uma atividade economicamente eficiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a ocorrência clínica de algumas enfermidades e o desempenho reprodutivo e produtivo de quatro rebanhos leiteiros da raça Holandês, localizados nos municípios de Castro e Carambeí (PR). Um estudo observacional foi realizado a partir da pesquisa de índices de desempenho destes plantéis, entre março a setembro de 2006, compreendendo partos ocorridos durante o período de março de 2004 a outubro de 2006. Indicadores de desempenho como os intervalos entre partos, parto-concepção (IPC) e a produção diária de leite (PDL), foram avaliados para as quatro propriedades, em função do número de inseminações artificiais (NOIA), número de partos (NP), número de ocorrências clínicas (ND), ocorrência de mastite, metrite e retenção de membranas fetais. O IPC foi mais longo em vacas que apresentaram três ou mais ocorrências clínicas do que naquelas que não foram acometidas por doenças e em função do aumento no número de IA (P < 0,001), mas foi 24,1 dias mais curto nas vacas acometidas por retenção de membranas fetais do que nas vacas não acometidas (P = 0,0263). As vacas acometidas por mastite clínica, até os 60 dias pós-parto, apresentaram IPC mais curto que aquelas com mastite após os 60 dias pós-parto (P < 0.001). A ocorrência de mastite não foi influenciada pela ocorrência tanto de metrite, quanto de retenção de membranas fetais (P > 0,05). Porém, a ocorrência de retenção de membranas fetais foi associada com a ocorrência de metrite (P < 0,001). A PDL das vacas com três ou mais ocorrências clínicas foi superior (P < 0,001) às observadas para as vacas sem ocorrências clínicas ou com apenas uma ocorrência, mas as vacas que não apresentaram ocorrências clínica apresentaram PDL inferior a todas as outras categorias (P < 0,001).

Master of Science in Veterinary Biomedical Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Robert L. Larson / The selection of young replacement animals can have a significant impact on beef herd reproductive performance. Replacement heifers can be utilized to improve reproductive performance by replacing mature animals that failed to meet the production with young, cycling heifers that can have the potential of improving the reproductive momentum of a herd. The use of yearling bulls in natural breeding herds has the advantage of shortening the generational interval of the herd and has the potential of reducing the cost per cow exposed as additions to the bull battery. This thesis involves two studies that investigated methods used for the selection of peripubertal replacement animals in beef herds. The first study evaluated the ability of the novel Ready-Intermediate-Problem (RIP) replacement heifer evaluation matrix to classify heifers into groups that allow producers to select for replacements that meet production goals. Beef heifers (n=341) were classified according to the RIP matrix guidelines and then exposed to AI breeding, bull breeding, or a combination of both as per the management plans for each participating herd. Following breeding season the heifers were evaluated to determine pregnancy status, pregnancy status to single AI exposure, days bred, and the number of 21 day cycles needed during breeding season to become pregnant. After breeding season, 298 (87%) of the heifers were pregnant, 204 (68%) of which became pregnant in the first 21 days of the breeding season. Probability of overall pregnancy and pregnancy after single AI exposure was not significantly associated with RIP classification. There was a significant interaction in RIP classification by 21 day cycle. The second study was a retrospective study using BSE result data to determine the proportion of yearling beef bulls that are classified as satisfactory potential breeders when reevaluated after failing their initial breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) and to identify any predictive factors at initial BSE for satisfactory performance at revaluation. The study included 2,805 beef bulls between 11 and 14 months of age at first BSE evaluated at KABSU from 2006 to 2014. Generalized linear mixed models were created to assess potential associations among breed, age, and interaction between breed and age and passing the initial evaluation and identify predictive factors for risk of passing BSE after initial failure. The majority (93%) of the study bulls passed one of up to three BSEs. There was a significant interaction between age and breed of bull at initial BSE. Identification of suitable peripubertal replacement animals that will improve herd reproductive performance remains a challenge for producers. There are several factors that can affect replacement animals’ ability to perform according to expectations at the beginning of the breeding season. Classification of heifers into categories that can predict performance during breeding season with reasonable confidence can assist producers in identifying heifers that complement the reproductive performance goals of the herd. Utilizing BSE to identify bulls that have adequate semen quality as well as other traits important for breeding soundness is similarly important in reducing the risks of using young bulls for breeding.

Twenty-two primiparous Holstein heifers were allocated to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of: l) basal ration plus 226.8 g inorganic mineral supplement (control); and 2) basal ration plus 226.8 g inorganic mineral and metal proteinate supplement (50:50). Individual heifer performance was measured during the final l 0 weeks of the prepartum period. Feed intake and refusals were recorded daily. Individual heifer body weights recorded weekly did not differ significantly. Blood samples taken at 4-week intervals did not differ in plasma concentration between treatments. Calf birth weights for control heifers were not significantly higher than calves from the treatment heifers. The same twenty-two Holstein heifers used in the prepartum period were assigned to the same treatment groups for the 20-week postpartum lactation period. Treatments consisted of: 1) basal ration plus 453.6 g inorganic mineral supplement (control); and 2) basal ration plus 453.6 g inorganic mineral supplement and metal proteinate supplement (50:50). Dry matter intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Milk composition and body weights were recorded weekly. Feed and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent nutrient digestibility, using acid insoluble ash as an internal marker. Blood samples taken at. 4-week intervals showed no significant difference (Ρ < .05) in plasma mineral composition. No statistical difference was observed in milk yield between treatments (Ρ < .05). Percent lactose in milk samples from the treatment group was significantly higher (Ρ < .05) than that of the control group. Apparent nutrient digestibilities did not differ between treatment groups. Starting on day 5 postpartum, cows were observed for signs of estrus and bred at first observed estrus after 60 days postpartum. Days to first estrus were significantly lower (Ρ< .05) in the treatment group. The feet of each heifer were critically evaluated and scored according to six separate criteria at the start and at the finish of the trial. The texture category of the hoof evaluation score was significantly lower (Ρ < .05), favoring the treatment group over the control group.

No description available.

Large White turkey breeder hens were used to examine the effect of duration of feed restriction, prebreeder protein content, and nesting material on subsequent growth and reproductive performance. Day old poults were raised following standard commercial practices with feed and water for ad libitum consumption until 6 wk of age (WOA). At this time, hens were equally divided among six grower feeding regimens. The treatments were as follows: a) a control group fed standard commercial diets for ad libitum consumption (CON); b) a second control group like (a) but fed plain white oats from 19 through 26 wk (OATS). In contrast, the 4 remaining treatment groups were feed restricted beginning at 6 WOA to achieve body weights 45% less than the full-fed CON at 16 WOA. Birds were kept at this level of restriction until either 17.0 (R17.0), 18.3 (R18.3), 19.6 (R19.6), or 20.9 (R20.9) WOA. Thereafter, feed allowance was gradually increased to achieve a predetermined minimum target BW of 10.8 kg at photostimulation. An additional prebreeder protein treatment was superimposed from 27 to 31 WOA. Treatments reduced BW but none of the four quantitatively restricted groups achieved the target BW of 10.8 kg at photostimulation. Feed restriction reduced feed consumption and improved feed conversion. There were no differences in flock uniformity, sexual maturity, mortality, body composition at photostimulation, and total egg production. The R18.3 treatment achieved the highest peak production. The quantitative restriction treatments exhibited low laying persistency. There were no differences in number of large yellow follicles, egg weight, fertility, or hatchability, but poult weight was reduced in the R18.3 treatment. Dietary protein influenced the proportions of multiple follicle sets and percentage misshaped eggs.Three nesting materials were compared and were as follows: 1) all nests filled with shavings (S), 2) all nests filled with paper chips (P), and 3) two nests filled with shavings and two nests with paper chips (S/P). There were significant differences in percentage floor and broken eggs. Nesting materials did not affect total egg production, fertility, or hatchability. The data suggest, if restriction is too severe and is continued too near to the time of conventional photostimulation, BW recovery and egg production will be depressed. Oat feeding was the easiest treatment to implement and resulted in equivalent reproductive performance. Dietary protein content may affect proportions of multiple follicle sets. Turkey breeder hens can and do distinguish between nesting materials and this may affect floor laying. Combinations of various types of nesting materials within the same breeder unit should be avoided. (Key words: turkey breeder hens, feed restriction, prebreeder protein, egg production, body composition, nesting material) / Ph. D.

A eficiência reprodutiva é um parâmetro de extrema importância para a indústria moderna de leite, influenciando diretamente o desempenho econômico global das fazendas leiteiras. Aproximadamente metade da população de vacas leiteiras após o parto apresentam doenças uterinas, causando alterações do útero e ovário podendo levar a infertilidade, aumentando a possibilidade de descarte, gerando grande prejuízo econômico aos produtores leiteiros. Com o intuito de minimizar tais doenças e seus prejuízos, este trabalho teve como objeto avaliar a progressão da microbiota encontrada nas vaginas de vacas leiteiras Holandesas, durante o período de transição e as diferenças na composição bacteriana e carga bacteriana total (CBT) associada a doenças uterinas e fertilidade. Para tal, foram coletados uma swabs vaginais em duplicata de 573 vacas holandesas de uma fazenda leiteira comercial, nos dias -7, 0, 3 e 7 dias relativos ao parto. O presente estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos: No primeiro, foram selecionados swabs vaginais de 111 vacas. A microbiota foi caracterizada pelo sequenciamento do gene bacteriano 16S rRNA e a CBT foi determinada por PCR quantitativa em tempo real. Os fatores de risco relacionados com doença uterina foram Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria e Bacteroidetes. Vacas com retenção de placenta e vacas saudáveis apresentaram CBT similar no dia do parto, mas no D7, pós-parto, as vacas com a placenta retida demonstraram uma CBT significativamente maior, principalmente pela presença de grande quantidade de Fusobacteria e Bacteroidetes. Vacas diagnosticadas com metrite tiveram carga significativamente maior de Proteobactérias no D-7 e no D0 e maiores cargas estimadas de Fusobacteria no D3 e D7. Além disso, a carga de Bacteroidetes no D7 pós-parto foi maior para vacas diagnosticadas com endometrite aos 35 dias pós parto. Vacas que apresentaram febre no pós-parto, primíparas e que pariram gêmeos, também apresentaram maiores cargas de Fusobacteria e Bacteroidetes. Isso sugere que a composição da microbiota e 11 CBT estão associados à conhecidos fatores de risco para doenças uterina e falhas reprodutivas no periparto aumentando o risco de doenças uterinas e falhas reprodutivas incluindo número de partos, distocia e retenção de placenta. No segundo experimento, Swabs vaginais de 573 vacas leiteiras, foram coletadas de cada vaca nos seguintes pontos: 7, 0, 3, e 7 dias referentes ao parto, com o objetivo de monitorar o desenvolvimento da microbiota vaginal em um meio de cultura bacteriana cromogênico (Accumaster&reg;), para identificação do desenvolvimento de patógenos Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. e bactérias Gram-negativas (Escherichia coli). Houve diferença no crescimento bacteriano para Sthaphyloccus spp em todos os dias relativos ao parto, para E.coli no D-7 e D7 e (p&lt;0,05). A quantidade de animais com crescimento bacteriano para Sthaphyloccus spp e E.coli aumentou no parto e pós parto Foram fatores de risco para metrite a cetose (p&lt; 0,001), parto gemelar (p&lt;0,05), retenção de placenta e parto na maternidade (p&lt; 0,001). Varios fatores de risco ligados a doenças e doenças uterinas foram significativamente diferentes para as vacas que apresentaram crescimento bacteriano para E.coli no pós parto. / Reproductive efficiency is an extremely important parameter for the modern dairy industry, affecting the overall economic performance of dairy farms. Approximately half of the cows after childbirth present uterine diseases, causing changes in the uterus and ovary, leading to infertility, increasing the possibility of discarding, causing great economic harm to dairy farmers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiota found in Holstein dairy cows during the transition period and the differences in bacterial composition and total bacterial load (CBT) associated with diseases and fertility. The present study was divided into two experiments: first, vaginal swabs from 111 Dutch cows from a commercial dairy farm were collected on days 7, 0, 3 and 7 days of delivery. The microbiota was characterized by the sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the CBT was determined by quantitative realtime PCR. The risk factors related to uterine disease were Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Cows with retained placenta and healthy cows presented similar CBT on the day of calving, but in D7, postpartum cows with retained placenta demonstrated a significantly higher CBT, mainly due to the presence of large amounts of Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Cows diagnosed with metritis had significantly higher burden of D-7 and D0 Proteobacteria and higher estimated Fusobacteria loads on D3 and D7. In addition, Bacteroidetes load in postpartum D7 was higher for cows diagnosed with endometritis at 35 days postpartum. Cows that presented postpartum fever, primiparous and who gave birth twins, also presented higher loads of Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes. This suggests that the composition of the microbiota and CBT are associated with known risk factors for uterine diseases and peripartum reproductive failures, increasing the risk of uterine diseases and reproductive failures including number of deliveries, dystocia and retained placenta. In the second experiment, vaginal swabs from 573 dairy cows were collected from each cow at the following points: -7, 0, 3, and 7 days of delivery, with the objective of monitoring the development of the vaginal microbiota in a chromogenic culture medium (Accumaster&reg;) to identify the development of pathogens (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. And Gram-negative bacteria). (E. coli) on the D-7 and D7, and on the other hand, the presence of E. coli in E. coli (p &lt;0.05). The number of animals with bacterial growth for Sthaphyloccus spp and E.coli increased at delivery and postpartum were risk factors for ketosis metritis (p &lt;0.001), twin birth (p &lt;0, 05), placenta retention and childbirth in the maternity ward (p &lt;0.001). Several risk factors related to uterine diseases and diseases were significantly different for cows that presented bacterial growth for E. coli in the postpartum period.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar as associações entre variáveis plasmáticas ligadas ao metabolismo energético, com outras ligadas ao metabolismo protéico, hepático e renal, em vacas leiteiras durante o período de transição, como também durante o início de lactação no inverno e no verão, de modo que algumas destas variáveis possa ser utilizadas como preditoras da saúde e da fertilidade em vacas leiteiras nos três primeiros serviços. O experimento foi realizado em uma granja leiteira Comercial (Fazenda Colorado, município de Araras SP) com 245 vacas leiteiras, multíparas da raça Holandesa. Os animais foram distribuídos, de forma retrospectiva, de acordo com a produção média durante o pico de lactação (45,9 Kg/ leite/ dia). Posteriormente, as vacas foram alocadas dentro dos grupos experimentais (Alta Produção (AP), &#8805; 45,9 até 65 kg/leite no Pico de lactação; média Produção (MP), entre 30 e 45,8 kg/leite no Pico de lactação). As vacas eram alocadas para o galpão a partir de 35 dias da data de parto prevista, para adaptação prévia de 15 dias antes do período de avaliação e também na eventualidade de algum parto ser antecipado. As dietas foram formuladas de acordo com o NRC (2001). As coletas de amostra de sangue e as avaliações foram realizadas durante o período de transição e durante os protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. As variações nos teores de globulinas (GLOB) durante o período de transição foram mais evidentes e significativas nas vacas que desenvolveram metrite, como também nas vacas que não ficaram prenhez após três serviços. Aumentos das concentrações da enzima creatina quinase (CK), foram observados para todos os grupos experimentais durante o pico de lactação. Ainda em relação as variações das enzimas medidas, as vacas do grupo de alta produção de ambos os períodos (API e APV), tiveram valores de Superóxido dismutase (SOD) mais elevados do que as vacas de média produção (MPI e MPV), sendo essas mudanças significativas a para as vacas do grupo AP a partir de 7 dias antes do parto, se mantendo mais elevada até os 104 dias de lactação. Foram observados maiores teores de glicose entre as vacas prenhes no primeiro serviço (menores teores) e aquelas vazias depois da terceira inseminação. As diferenças no perfil lipídico, foram observadas tanto no modelo animal de grupo de produção, como também no modelo animal baseado na prenhez para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas, destacando principalmente as mudanças nos teores de AGNE. Para esta variável, houve de grupo de produção (P <0,001), dia (P <0,001) e interações entre dia x estação (P<0,001) e entre grupo x dia x estação do ano (P=0,009). Nas analises baseadas no modelo de prenhez, houve somente efeito de dias (P<0,001) para as variações das concentrações de AGNE. As vacas APV tiveram valores mais elevados, bem como um padrão de variação de uréia diferente dos demais grupos até os 100 dias em lactação (DEL). De acordo com o modelo de prenhez, as vacas vazias do período de verão tiveram valores mais elevado de uréia, enquanto que no pico de lactação foram as do inverno. Não foi observada diferença na incidência de doenças entre as vacas de alta ou média produção leiteira, ou entre os períodos (P>0,05). Houve somente tendência para a incidência de retenção de placenta (P=0,09) e de metrite (P=0,07). Houve tendência para a antecipação do parto (P=0,1), peso da cria (P=0,07) e metrite no período de verão (P=0,08). Baseado no modelo de prenhez, foram observadas, diferenças significativas para as variáveis: antecipação do parto (P=0,03), auxilio parto (P=0,05), retenção de placenta (P=0,009), metrite (P=0,04) e tendências de efeito nas variáveis peso da cria (P=0,07), deslocamento de abomaso (P=0,06), cetose (P=0,08) e endometrite (P=0,08). Baixas concentrações de glicose (por volta de 45 mg/dL), aliadas a altas concentrações de AGNE (>0,4 mmol/L) no pré-parto, foram características das vacas que tiveram distocia, retenção de placenta e metrite, além disso, essas vacas tiveram uma pior taxa de prenhez no primeiro serviço. Os teores de AGNE (0,4 mmol/L) e BHBA (0,7 mmol/L) foram altamente correlacionados com a ocorrência de doenças uterinas. Foi verificado tanto nas vacas com cetose, como nas vacas com deslocamento de abomaso altos teores de AST (por volta de 128 U/L), no pré parto. No presente estudo, as variáveis: glicose, AGNE, são importantes preditoras da fertilidade, podendo ser mensuradas no D21 pós parto ou no dia da inseminação artificial (P<0,05). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode se concluir que a produção leiteira não foi um fator de risco para as vacas permanecerem vazias após os três primeiros serviços. / The present study aimed to examine the associations between plasma variables related to energy metabolism, with other related to the protein, hepatic and kidney metabolism in dairy cows during the transition period, and during early lactation in winter and summer. So these variables can be used as predictors of health and fertility for dairy cows in the first three services. The experiment was conducted on a dairy farm Commercial (Fazenda Colorado, Araras - SP) with 235 dairy cows, multiparous, Holstein. The animals were divided, retrospectively, according to the average production during peak lactation (45.9 kg / milk / day). Thereafter, the cows allocated within the experimental groups (High Production (AP), &#8805; 45.9 to 65 kg / milk at peak lactation; Medium production (MP), between 30 and 45.8 kg / milk at peak lactation). The cows were allocated to the shed from 35 days from the date of delivery provided , prior to 15 days before the adaptation period of assessment and also in the event of any delivery be anticipated. Diets were formulated according to NRC (2001). Blood samples and evaluations ocurred during the transition period and during the protocols for artificial insemination. Variations in levels of globulins (GLOB) during the transition period were more evident and significant in cows that developed metrits, as well as in cows that were not pregnancy after three services. Increases in concentrations of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) were observed for all experimental groups during peak lactation. Variations of the enzymes measures , the cows of the group of high production of both periods ( API and APV), had higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than cows of medium production (MPI and MPV), with these significant changes to the cows in the AP group from 7 days before calving and remained higher until 104 days of lactation. Higher glucose levels between pregnant cows at first service (lower levels) and those empty after the third insemination were observed. The differences in lipid profile were observed in both the animal model of group production, as well as in the animal model based on pregnancy rates for most variables, particularly highlighting the changes in the levels of NEFA. To this variable, there was a production group ( P < 0.001 ), day ( P < 0.001 ) and day x season interactions ( P < 0.001) and between group x day x season ( P = 0.009 ). In analyzes based on the model of pregnancy, affected only days (P < 0.001) for changes in NEFA concentrations. The APV cows had higher values, as well as a variation pattern of urea different from the other groups until 100 days in milk (DEL). According to the model of pregnancy, the pregnant cows of the summer had higher values of urea; while at the peak of lactation were the winter. No difference in the incidence of disease among the cows of high or average milk production, or between periods (P > 0.05). There was only trend in the incidence of retained placenta (P = 0.09) and metritis (P = 0.07). There was a tendency for earlier calving (P = 0.1), calf weight (P = 0.07) and metritis in the summer period (P = 0.08). Earlier calving ( P = 0.03 ) , dystocia ( P = 0.05 ), retained placenta ( P = 0.009 ), metritis ( P = 0,04) : Based on pregnancy model , significant differences were observed for the variables 04 ) and tendencies in effect creates weight (P = 0.07) , displaced abomasum (P = 0.06), ketosis (P = 0.08) and endometrits (P=0.08) variables. Low glucose concentrations (about 45 mg / dL), allied to high NEFA concentrations (> 0.4 mmol / L) before calving, and were characteristic of cows with dystocia, retained placenta and metritis in addition these cows had a poor pregnancy rate in the first service. The levels of NEFA (0.4 mmol / L) and BHBA (0.7 mmol / L) were highly correlated with the occurrence of uterine diseases. Was observed both in cows with ketosis, as in cows with abomasal displacement high levels of AST (around 128 U / L) pre calving. In this study, the variables: glucose, NEFA, are important predictors of fertility, can be measured in D21 postpartum or the day of insemination (P < 0.05). According to the results obtained, concluded that milk production was not a risk factor for cows remain empty after the first three services.

A ivermectina é uma lactona macrocíclica usada como agente antiparasitário de amplo espectro de ação contra nematelmintos e artrópodes. É empregada, principalmente, no controle de infecções parasitárias de animais domésticos, e recentemente vem sendo utilizada em seres humanos para o tratamento da oncocercose, escabiose e pediculose. Em mamíferos, diversas evidências indicam que as lactonas macrocíclicas interagem com canais de cloro mediados pelo ácido gama-aminobutírico (GABA). Sabe-se que o sistema GABAérgico está envolvido com a manifestação do comportamento sexual e estudo prévios mostraram que a ivermectina prejudicou o comportamento sexual de ratos machos e fêmeas. Assim, considerando que a ivermectina pode interferir na esfera sexual, este trabalho avaliou os efeitos temporais da exposição à ivermectina (0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg, por via subcutânea) em parâmetros reprodutivos e hormonais de ratos e de coelhos. Em ratos avaliou-se peso relativo dos órgãos de machos e fêmeas, o índice gonadossomático de machos, os achados histopatológicos; o receptor de andrógeno em testículos por imunohistoquímica; concentração sérica de testosterona, FSH e LH; expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR-RT); ciclo estral, desempenho reprodutivo e concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Em coelhos machos avaliou-se a concentração, a motilidade e a morfologia de espermatozoides; a integridade das membranas plasmáticas, acrossomal e mitocondrial de espermatozoides; o peso relativo dos órgãos e o índice gonadossomático; a concentração sérica testosterona; os achados histopatológicos; e a análise hematológica e bioquímica sérica. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de ivermectina em ratos: não alterou o peso relativo dos testículos, epidídimos, próstata e vesícula seminal; não modificou o índice gonadossomático; promoveu prejuízo nas células germinativas do epitélio seminífero dos testículos, achado sugestivo de prejuízo na espermatogênese e na espermiogênese de machos; não interferiu na expressão de receptor andrógeno dos testículos, bem como a expressão relativa de enzimas da via esteroidogênica; não interferiu na concentração sérica de testosterona e FSH, porém diminuiu a concentração sérica de LH; não interferiu no ciclo estral, no desempenho reprodutivo e na concentração de estradiol nas fezes de ratas. Os resultados de ratos e ratas foram discutidos considerando a interferência da ivermectina na neurotransmissão GABAérgica, bem como na via de produção dos hormônios hipofisários-gonadais. Em coelhos, não foram observadas alterações nos parâmetros da fertilidade de machos, avaliada pela concentração, motilidade e morfologia de espermatozoides, e nem no potencial de fertilização, avaliado pela integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides; não houve interferência nos níveis séricos de testosterona, na bioquímica sérica e em parâmetros do hemograma. Esses resultados em conjunto são indicativos de que a ivermectina causa poucos efeitos prejudiciais em aspectos reprodutivos de ratos e coelhos. / Ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent against nematelmints and arthropods. It is mainly used in the control of parasitic infections of domestic animals, and recently has been used in humans to treat onchocerciasis, scabies and pediculosis. In mammals, various evidences indicate that macrocyclic lactones interact with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated chloride channels. It is known that the GABAergic system is involved in the manifestation of sexual behavior and previous studies have shown that ivermectin impaired sexual behavior in male and female rats. Thus, considering ivermectin may interfere with the sexual sphere, this study evaluated the temporal effects of exposure to ivermectin (0.2 and 1.0 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously) on reproductive and hormonal parameters of rats and rabbits. In rats it was evaluated organ weights of male and female, the gonadossomatic index of males, histopathological findings; the immunohistochemical of the androgen receptor in the testes; serum LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations; relative expression of steroidogenic pathway enzymes by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. In male rabbits it was evaluated the spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology; the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; the organ weights, the gonadosomatic index; serum testosterone concentrations; histopathological findings; and hematological and serum biochemical analysis. The results showed that ivermectin administration in rats: not alter the relative weights of the testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle; not modified gonadosomatic index; caused damage in the germinal cells of the seminiferous epithelium of the testes, finding suggestive of impairment in spermatogenesis and male spermiogenesis; did not interfere with the androgen receptor expression of the testes, as well as the relative expression of enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway; did not interfere in the serum testosterone and FSH concentrations, but it decreased the serum LH concentration; did not interfere in the estrous cycle, reproductive performance and estradiol concentration in the feces of female rats. The results of male and female rats were discussed considering the interference of ivermectin in GABAergic neurotransmission as well as in the production pathway of pituitary-gonadal hormones. In rabbits, no changes were observed in male fertility parameters evaluated by spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphology, nor the potential for fertilization evaluated by the integrity of the membranes plasmatic, acrosomal and mitochondrial of the spermatozoa; there was no interference in serum testosterone concentration, serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. These results together are indicative that ivermectin causes few adverse effects on reproductive aspects of rats and rabbits.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar as associações entre variáveis plasmáticas ligadas ao metabolismo energético, com outras ligadas ao metabolismo protéico, hepático e renal, em vacas leiteiras durante o período de transição, como também durante o início de lactação no inverno e no verão, de modo que algumas destas variáveis possa ser utilizadas como preditoras da saúde e da fertilidade em vacas leiteiras nos três primeiros serviços. O experimento foi realizado em uma granja leiteira Comercial (Fazenda Colorado, município de Araras SP) com 245 vacas leiteiras, multíparas da raça Holandesa. Os animais foram distribuídos, de forma retrospectiva, de acordo com a produção média durante o pico de lactação (45,9 Kg/ leite/ dia). Posteriormente, as vacas foram alocadas dentro dos grupos experimentais (Alta Produção (AP), &#8805; 45,9 até 65 kg/leite no Pico de lactação; média Produção (MP), entre 30 e 45,8 kg/leite no Pico de lactação). As vacas eram alocadas para o galpão a partir de 35 dias da data de parto prevista, para adaptação prévia de 15 dias antes do período de avaliação e também na eventualidade de algum parto ser antecipado. As dietas foram formuladas de acordo com o NRC (2001). As coletas de amostra de sangue e as avaliações foram realizadas durante o período de transição e durante os protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. As variações nos teores de globulinas (GLOB) durante o período de transição foram mais evidentes e significativas nas vacas que desenvolveram metrite, como também nas vacas que não ficaram prenhez após três serviços. Aumentos das concentrações da enzima creatina quinase (CK), foram observados para todos os grupos experimentais durante o pico de lactação. Ainda em relação as variações das enzimas medidas, as vacas do grupo de alta produção de ambos os períodos (API e APV), tiveram valores de Superóxido dismutase (SOD) mais elevados do que as vacas de média produção (MPI e MPV), sendo essas mudanças significativas a para as vacas do grupo AP a partir de 7 dias antes do parto, se mantendo mais elevada até os 104 dias de lactação. Foram observados maiores teores de glicose entre as vacas prenhes no primeiro serviço (menores teores) e aquelas vazias depois da terceira inseminação. As diferenças no perfil lipídico, foram observadas tanto no modelo animal de grupo de produção, como também no modelo animal baseado na prenhez para a maioria das variáveis avaliadas, destacando principalmente as mudanças nos teores de AGNE. Para esta variável, houve de grupo de produção (P <0,001), dia (P <0,001) e interações entre dia x estação (P<0,001) e entre grupo x dia x estação do ano (P=0,009). Nas analises baseadas no modelo de prenhez, houve somente efeito de dias (P<0,001) para as variações das concentrações de AGNE. As vacas APV tiveram valores mais elevados, bem como um padrão de variação de uréia diferente dos demais grupos até os 100 dias em lactação (DEL). De acordo com o modelo de prenhez, as vacas vazias do período de verão tiveram valores mais elevado de uréia, enquanto que no pico de lactação foram as do inverno. Não foi observada diferença na incidência de doenças entre as vacas de alta ou média produção leiteira, ou entre os períodos (P>0,05). Houve somente tendência para a incidência de retenção de placenta (P=0,09) e de metrite (P=0,07). Houve tendência para a antecipação do parto (P=0,1), peso da cria (P=0,07) e metrite no período de verão (P=0,08). Baseado no modelo de prenhez, foram observadas, diferenças significativas para as variáveis: antecipação do parto (P=0,03), auxilio parto (P=0,05), retenção de placenta (P=0,009), metrite (P=0,04) e tendências de efeito nas variáveis peso da cria (P=0,07), deslocamento de abomaso (P=0,06), cetose (P=0,08) e endometrite (P=0,08). Baixas concentrações de glicose (por volta de 45 mg/dL), aliadas a altas concentrações de AGNE (>0,4 mmol/L) no pré-parto, foram características das vacas que tiveram distocia, retenção de placenta e metrite, além disso, essas vacas tiveram uma pior taxa de prenhez no primeiro serviço. Os teores de AGNE (0,4 mmol/L) e BHBA (0,7 mmol/L) foram altamente correlacionados com a ocorrência de doenças uterinas. Foi verificado tanto nas vacas com cetose, como nas vacas com deslocamento de abomaso altos teores de AST (por volta de 128 U/L), no pré parto. No presente estudo, as variáveis: glicose, AGNE, são importantes preditoras da fertilidade, podendo ser mensuradas no D21 pós parto ou no dia da inseminação artificial (P<0,05). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode se concluir que a produção leiteira não foi um fator de risco para as vacas permanecerem vazias após os três primeiros serviços. / The present study aimed to examine the associations between plasma variables related to energy metabolism, with other related to the protein, hepatic and kidney metabolism in dairy cows during the transition period, and during early lactation in winter and summer. So these variables can be used as predictors of health and fertility for dairy cows in the first three services. The experiment was conducted on a dairy farm Commercial (Fazenda Colorado, Araras - SP) with 235 dairy cows, multiparous, Holstein. The animals were divided, retrospectively, according to the average production during peak lactation (45.9 kg / milk / day). Thereafter, the cows allocated within the experimental groups (High Production (AP), &#8805; 45.9 to 65 kg / milk at peak lactation; Medium production (MP), between 30 and 45.8 kg / milk at peak lactation). The cows were allocated to the shed from 35 days from the date of delivery provided , prior to 15 days before the adaptation period of assessment and also in the event of any delivery be anticipated. Diets were formulated according to NRC (2001). Blood samples and evaluations ocurred during the transition period and during the protocols for artificial insemination. Variations in levels of globulins (GLOB) during the transition period were more evident and significant in cows that developed metrits, as well as in cows that were not pregnancy after three services. Increases in concentrations of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) were observed for all experimental groups during peak lactation. Variations of the enzymes measures , the cows of the group of high production of both periods ( API and APV), had higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) than cows of medium production (MPI and MPV), with these significant changes to the cows in the AP group from 7 days before calving and remained higher until 104 days of lactation. Higher glucose levels between pregnant cows at first service (lower levels) and those empty after the third insemination were observed. The differences in lipid profile were observed in both the animal model of group production, as well as in the animal model based on pregnancy rates for most variables, particularly highlighting the changes in the levels of NEFA. To this variable, there was a production group ( P < 0.001 ), day ( P < 0.001 ) and day x season interactions ( P < 0.001) and between group x day x season ( P = 0.009 ). In analyzes based on the model of pregnancy, affected only days (P < 0.001) for changes in NEFA concentrations. The APV cows had higher values, as well as a variation pattern of urea different from the other groups until 100 days in milk (DEL). According to the model of pregnancy, the pregnant cows of the summer had higher values of urea; while at the peak of lactation were the winter. No difference in the incidence of disease among the cows of high or average milk production, or between periods (P > 0.05). There was only trend in the incidence of retained placenta (P = 0.09) and metritis (P = 0.07). There was a tendency for earlier calving (P = 0.1), calf weight (P = 0.07) and metritis in the summer period (P = 0.08). Earlier calving ( P = 0.03 ) , dystocia ( P = 0.05 ), retained placenta ( P = 0.009 ), metritis ( P = 0,04) : Based on pregnancy model , significant differences were observed for the variables 04 ) and tendencies in effect creates weight (P = 0.07) , displaced abomasum (P = 0.06), ketosis (P = 0.08) and endometrits (P=0.08) variables. Low glucose concentrations (about 45 mg / dL), allied to high NEFA concentrations (> 0.4 mmol / L) before calving, and were characteristic of cows with dystocia, retained placenta and metritis in addition these cows had a poor pregnancy rate in the first service. The levels of NEFA (0.4 mmol / L) and BHBA (0.7 mmol / L) were highly correlated with the occurrence of uterine diseases. Was observed both in cows with ketosis, as in cows with abomasal displacement high levels of AST (around 128 U / L) pre calving. In this study, the variables: glucose, NEFA, are important predictors of fertility, can be measured in D21 postpartum or the day of insemination (P < 0.05). According to the results obtained, concluded that milk production was not a risk factor for cows remain empty after the first three services.

<p>U intenzivnoj proizvodnji svinja, životinje su izložene brojnim stresogenima, koji smanjuju njihovu prirodnu otpornost na infektivne bolesti. Osim toga, primena klasičnih antimikrobnih preparata ima sve manji terapijski efekt, zbog povećanja rezistencije infektivnih agenasa na ove preparate. Sve ovo značajno povećava ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji svinja. U poslednje vrme se, sve vi&scaron;e, koriste razni prirodni probiotici, za povećanje prirodnog imuniteta životinja i kao zamena za upotrebu klasičnih antimikrobnih preparata u animalnoj proizvodnji (stimulacija rasta tovnih životinja) i veterinarskoj medicini (profilaksa i terapija infektivnih bolesti). Zbog toga je cilj ove doktorske disertacije bio da se ustanovi da li ishrana gravidnih i krmača u laktaciji, obrocima sa dodatkom probiotskog preparata &quot;Actisaf Sc 47&quot;, koji sadrži živu kulturu kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae (proizvod Lesaffre Group, France), može smanjiti pojavu puerperalnih infektivnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena, smanjiti pojavu infektivne diareje i mortalitet prasadi tokom laktacije, povećati produktivne performanse prasadi do zalučenja i povećati reproduktivnu aktivnost krmača posle zalučenja. Drugi cilj istraživanja je bio da se ustanovi da li individualni peroralni tretman probioticima, samo novorođene prasadi, može smanjiti pojavu infektivne diareje i povećati produktivne parametre prasadi do zalučenja. U prvom delu disertacije su prikazane vrednosti reproduktivne performanse krmača u na&scaron;im proizvodnim uslovima na velikim vojvođanskim farmama svinja. Drugi deo je bio eksperimentalni i podeljen je udva odvojena istraživanja. U prvom delu je 120 krmača podeljeno u tri grupe, po 40 u svakoj: Prva grupa (G+P) je, tokom gravidnosti, hranjena standardnim koncentovanim obrokom sa dodatkom probiotskog preparata. Druga grupa (L+P) je ovakvim obrocima hranjena tokom laktacije. Treća grupa (K) bila je kontrolna i ove krmače su hranjene standardnim obrocima, ali bez dodatka probiotskog preparata. U drugom delu je ukupno 120 legala novorođene prasadi, podeljeno u dve grupe. Prva grupa (60 legala sa ukupno 572 živo rođene prasadi) je formirana od krmača koje nisu manifestovale kliničke znake puerperalnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena (grupa ZK). Druga grupa (60 legala sa ukupno 571 živo rođene prasadi) je formirana od bolesnih krmača (grupa BK). Krmače nisu tretirane probioticima. Neposredno po pra&scaron;enju, 283 prasadi (30 legala) od ZK krmača i 287 prasadi (30 legala) od BK krmača, individualno je tretirano peroralno probiotskim preparatima (One Shot, Coloron Forte Plus i Piggy Guard Forte Plus, proizvod firme &raquo;Hokovit&laquo;, Switzerland), koji povećavaju imunitet na zaraznu diareju, i stimuli&scaron;u rast i razvoj prasadi tokom laktacije. U kontrolnim grupama je bilo 30 legala (289 prasadi) od zdravih i 30 legala (284 prasadi) od bolesnih krmača. Ova prasad nisu bila tretirana peroralnim probioticima. Tokom laktacije, značajno (p&lt;0,01) manji broj krmača tretiranih probioticima (G+P=7,5%, L+P=12,5%), je imalo kliničke znake puerperalnih obolenja materice i/ili vimena, u odnosu na kontrolne krmače (22,5%). Broj legala sa infektivnom diarejom prasadi je bio značajno (p&lt;0,05) manji kod tretiranih (12,5%) u odnosu na kontrolne krmače (27,5%). Prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu (z/p) i prosečna težina legla kod zalučenja (t/l) tretiranih krmača (G+P=11,6 z/p i 103,6 kg t/l, L+P=11,1 z/p i 102,8 kg t/l), bili su značajno veći (p&lt;0,01 ili p&lt;0,05) od ovih vrednosti u leglima kontrolnih krmača (K=10,0 z/p i 79,1kg t/l). Poređenjem rezultata peroralnog tretmana<br />iv<br />prasadi u leglima zdravih, sa netretiranim leglima bolesnih krmača pokazalo se da je: (a) uginuće prasadi u laktaciji smanjeno za 84% (p&lt;0,01), (b) prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu je smanjen za 98% (p&lt;0,01), (c) prosečan dnevni prirat po prasetu je povećan ta 28% (p&lt;0,01) i (d) prosečna telesna masa praseta kod zalučenja je značajno (p&lt;0,01) povećana za 23,4% u tretiranim leglima zdravih krmača, u odnosu na netretirana legla bolesnih krmača. Dobijeni rezultati jasno pokazuju da primena probiotika značajno pobolj&scaron;ava zdravstveno stanje krmača po pra&scaron;enju, zdravstveno stanje njihove prasadi, kao i produktivne prametre legla (prosečan broj zalučene prasadi po leglu i prosečna težina legla kod zalučenja). Na ovaj način su postignuti ciljevi istraživanja i potvrđene radne hipoteze u ovoj disertaciji.</p> / <p>In the intensive pig production, the animals were exposed to various stressogens, which reduces their natural resistance to infectious diseases. In addition, the therapeutic effects of conventional antimicrobial preparations permanently decrease, due to the increasing resistance of infectious agents to these preparations. All this significantly increase the economic losses in pig production. In the recent years, various natural probiotics are using, to increase the natural animals immunity, as well as a substituents for using the traditional antimicrobial preparation in animal production (as a growth promoters of fattened animals) and veterinary medicine (prophylaxis and therapy of infectious diseases). Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to determine whether feeding pregnant and lactating sows, with diets supplemented with probiotic preparations &quot;Actisaf Sc 47&quot;, containing live culture of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (product of Lesaffre Group, France), has an influence on the: (a) reducing the incidence of puerperal infectious diseases of the uterus and/or the udder, (b) reducing the incidence of infectious diarrhea and mortality of piglets during lactation, (c) increasing the productive performance of piglets within lactation, and (d) increasing the sows reproductive performance up to 45 days after weaning. The secon aim of investigation was to determine whether treatment only newborn piglets with peroral probiotics, can decrease incidence of infectious dirrhea and productive piglets parameters. In the first part of the thesis it was present the reproductive performance of sows in the production conditions on large pig farm in AP Vojvodina. The second part was divided on two separate experiments. In the first part, the total of 120 sows were divided into three groups (40 sows in each): The first group (G+P) were fed standard diets supplemented with probiotic preparation during pregnancy. The second group (L+P) were fed such diets during lactation. The third group (K) was the control and these sows were fed a standard diet, without the probiotic supplementation. In the second experiment, a total of 120 litters of newborn piglets, were divided into two groups. The first group (60 litters with a total of 572 live born piglets) was formed from the sows without clinical signs of puerperal diseases of the uterus and/or the udder (healthy sows, HS). The second group (60 litters with a total of 571 live born piglets) was formed from the sows with clinical signs of puerperal diseases of the uterus and/or the udder (sick sows, SS). Sows were not treated with probiotics. Immediately after farrowing, 283 piglets (30 litters) from the HS sows and 287 piglets (30 litters) from the SS sows, were individually peroral treated with probiotic preparations (One Shot, Colorona Forte Plus and Piggy Guard Forte Plus, products of &quot;Hokovit&quot;, Switzerland), which increase the newborn piglets immunity to infectious diarrhea, and stimulate the development and growth of piglets during lactation. In the control group there were 30 litters (289 piglets) from healthy and 30 litters (284 piglets) from sick sows. These piglets were not treated with oral probiotics. During the lactation period, a significant (p&lt;0.01) smaller proportion of probiotic treated sows (G+P=7.5%, L+P=12.5%) has manifested clinical signs of the uterus and/or the udder disease, as compared to the control sows (22.5%). The incidence of infectious diarrhea in the nursing piglets were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower proportion of litters in the treated sows (12.5%), compared to the control sows (27.5 %). The average number of weaned piglets per litter (p/l) and average litter weight at weaning (l/w) in the treated sows (G+P=11.6 p/l and 103.6 kg l/w, L+P=11.1 p/l and 102.8 kg l/w,) were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01or p&lt;0.05) in sows treated with probiotics, compared to the control sows (C=10 p/l and 79.1 kg l/w). Comparing the results of peroral piglets treatment in the litters of healthy sows, and untreated piglets in the litters of sick sows showed that: (a) the piglets mortality during lactation was reduced by 84% (p&lt;0.01), (b) the average number of weaned piglets per litter was reduced by 98 % (p&lt;0.01), (c) the average daily gain per piglet was increased by 28% (p&lt;0.01), and (d) the average body weight of piglets at weaning was significantly (p&lt;0.01) increased by 23.4%, in the treated litters of healthy sows, as compared to the untreated litters of sick sows. These results clearly show that the use of probiotics significantly improve the health status of sows and nursing piglets, as well as the productive piglets parameters (weaned piglets per litter and litter weight at weaning). On this way, the research objectives have been achieved and the working hypothesis of this dissertation have been confirmed.</p>