The thesis deals with the hemiparasitic species Melampyrum pratense. This species was monitored during the growing season 2009 and the relationship between morphological characteristics and reproductive success of plant individuals was assessed. The relationships between population density, the vegetative biomass and the investments in generative reproduction were investigated. Identity of the host species was determined using the DNA barcoding method.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Marcos_2010_07-05-10.pdf: 927850 bytes, checksum: 13570c6d61616b1413fb06f5e981d383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success. / A fragmentação de habitats é considerada uma das mais poderosas forças de modificações dos ecossistemas, e em grande parte ocorre como resultado das atividades humanas. O Bioma Cerrado apesar de ser um dos hotspots com prioridades de conservação, nas últimas quatro décadas vem perdendo grande parte de sua cobertura vegetal, tornando-se uma paisagem altamente fragmentada com manchas de vegetação de diferentes tamanhos circundados, principalmente, por pastagem e agricultura. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. é uma espécie vegetal presente no Cerrado, pertencente à família Annonaceae, polinizada por besouros pequenos, Lobiopa insularis. Com o objetivo de testar se fragmentos menores apresentam menor sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum e menor abundância do polinizador, L. insularis, foram estudados indivíduos dessa espécie vegetal em 10 fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos no Cerrado do Brasil Central entre julho de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. O sucesso reprodutivo foi mensurado através da taxa de produção de frutos e sementes. Para quantificar a abundância do polinizador se fez necessário a coleta das flores, uma vez que o polinizador, L. insularis, se encontrava no interior da câmara floral. Houve uma relação positiva entre o sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum e o tamanho do fragmento. Não houve relação entre a abundância do polinizador e o tamanho do fragmento. Os fragmentos pequenos estão mais distantes da vegetação natural mais próxima, e assim como os fragmentos maiores, possuem matriz do tipo pasto. Isso pode estar dificultando a dispersão do polinizador L. insularis e consequentemente impedindo o fluxo gênico de Cardiopetalum calophyllum entre os fragmentos, levando ao aumento da endogamia e causando falha na fertilização ou aborto de sementes durante o desenvolvimento nesses fragmentos. A abundância do polinizador Lobiopa insularis parece estar mais associada ao seu hábito generalista e a abundância de recursos, do que ao tamanho do fragmento. Nesse estudo o efeito do tamanho do fragmento no sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum foi mais acentuado nos fragmentos < 10 ha. Entretanto, nos fragmentos com até 20 ha também houve redução no sucesso reprodutivo dessa espécie vegetal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Marcos_2010_07-05-10.pdf: 927850 bytes, checksum: 13570c6d61616b1413fb06f5e981d383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Habitat fragmentation is one of the main causes of environmental degradation and a great threat to world biodiversity. Fragmentation can disrupt pollination processes, affecting directly or indirectly pollinators and plants. In Brazil, the Cerrado Biome has lost most part of its vegetation cover in the last four decades, becoming a highly fragmented landscape with many small fragments, several medium-size and a few continuous areas of vegetation. Those remnants have high biological diversity with high level of endemism, but very little is known about the reproductive success of their species. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. (Annonaceae) occurs in the Cerrado of Central Brazil, has dicogamy and is pollinated by small beetle called Lobiopa insularis. The reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the abundance of its pollinator were analyzed in fragment of different size from July 2009 to January 2010. The reproductive success was estimated using fruit and seed set rates. Flowers in anthesis were collected to quantify the pollinator abundance inside them. A positive correlation between reproductive success of C. calophyllum and the fragment size was found. However, no correlation was found between pollinator abundance and fragment size. The small fragments are more isolated than the larger ones. This can decrease the pollinator dispersion and gene flow among fragments, increasing inbreeding within population of small fragments. The abundance of Lobiopa insularis seems to be more related to its generalist habits than to the fragment size. In our study, the effect of fragment size and reproductive success of C. calophyllum was stronger in fragments smaller than 10 ha. However, fragment smaller than 20 ha also showed decrease in their productive success. / A fragmentação de habitats é considerada uma das mais poderosas forças de modificações dos ecossistemas, e em grande parte ocorre como resultado das atividades humanas. O Bioma Cerrado apesar de ser um dos hotspots com prioridades de conservação, nas últimas quatro décadas vem perdendo grande parte de sua cobertura vegetal, tornando-se uma paisagem altamente fragmentada com manchas de vegetação de diferentes tamanhos circundados, principalmente, por pastagem e agricultura. Cardiopetalum calophyllum Schletdl. é uma espécie vegetal presente no Cerrado, pertencente à família Annonaceae, polinizada por besouros pequenos, Lobiopa insularis. Com o objetivo de testar se fragmentos menores apresentam menor sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum e menor abundância do polinizador, L. insularis, foram estudados indivíduos dessa espécie vegetal em 10 fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos no Cerrado do Brasil Central entre julho de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. O sucesso reprodutivo foi mensurado através da taxa de produção de frutos e sementes. Para quantificar a abundância do polinizador se fez necessário a coleta das flores, uma vez que o polinizador, L. insularis, se encontrava no interior da câmara floral. Houve uma relação positiva entre o sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum e o tamanho do fragmento. Não houve relação entre a abundância do polinizador e o tamanho do fragmento. Os fragmentos pequenos estão mais distantes da vegetação natural mais próxima, e assim como os fragmentos maiores, possuem matriz do tipo pasto. Isso pode estar dificultando a dispersão do polinizador L. insularis e consequentemente impedindo o fluxo gênico de Cardiopetalum calophyllum entre os fragmentos, levando ao aumento da endogamia e causando falha na fertilização ou aborto de sementes durante o desenvolvimento nesses fragmentos. A abundância do polinizador Lobiopa insularis parece estar mais associada ao seu hábito generalista e a abundância de recursos, do que ao tamanho do fragmento. Nesse estudo o efeito do tamanho do fragmento no sucesso reprodutivo de C. calophyllum foi mais acentuado nos fragmentos < 10 ha. Entretanto, nos fragmentos com até 20 ha também houve redução no sucesso reprodutivo dessa espécie vegetal.

The aim of the project was to test female advantages of promiscuous and/or polyandrous mating. Although, previous studies reported improved reproductive success of females copulating with multiple males in many model species, including Eublepharis macularius, this study failed to demonstrate such a benefit of polyandry. Traits reflecting female reproductive success, i.e. the number of produced eggs, egg mass, hatchability, hatchling mass, growth and survival were not influenced by copulation with multiple partners, but some of them were dependent on female condition. Only initial stages of juvenile growth were influenced by female identity and/or investment.

Résumé : En Amérique du Nord, la superficie des monocultures utilisatrices d’intrants tels que des fertilisants et des pesticides couvre aujourd’hui 85 % des surfaces agricoles et autant de pâturages ont disparus en 50 ans afin de répondre aux besoins de l’Homme. Ces changements d’usage des terres ont profondément transformé le paysage et altéré la biodiversité des agro-écosystèmes. Parmi les espèces d’oiseaux champêtres, les insectivores aériens tels l’Hirondelle bicolore, Tachycineta bicolor, ici étudiée, présentent un fort taux de déclin des effectifs, reflétant probablement une dégradation des agro-écosystèmes. Les mécanismes biologiques à l’origine de ce déclin sont encore méconnus ainsi que les patrons de dispersion chez les passereaux migrateurs. Le présent travail vise à étudier les effets environnementaux sur les traits individuels (survie et succès reproducteur) et la dispersion de reproduction (probabilité de disperser et taux d’occupation des sites de reproduction) chez l’Hirondelle bicolore. Pour ce faire, 2200 reproducteurs et 8000 oisillons ont été bagués entre 2004 et 2013 et suivis en reproduction pendant 10 ans sur une aire d’étude au Sud du Québec, laquelle est composée de 40 sites et couvre une mosaïque de paysages agricoles hétérogènes. Le développement d’un nouveau modèle de capture-marquage-recapture, flexible d’utilisation, a permis de réduire les biais d’estimation des probabilités de survie et de dispersion de l’espèce. Cette approche a permis de tester l’effet de plusieurs variables en lien avec la qualité de l’habitat, l’information publique et les caractéristiques individuelles sur la variabilité des paramètres de dispersion, de survie et de succès reproducteur au niveau individuel. Les milieux cultivés intensivement associés à la présence du Moineau domestique, Passer domesticus, un compétiteur pour les cavités de reproduction, diminuaient au maximum de 19 % la survie des mâles. Les femelles étaient quant à elles affectées par le coût de la reproduction, qui était d’autant plus grand en milieu intensif qu’il y avait une présence de moineaux et une disponibilité moindre en ressources alimentaires. Pour autant, la décision de disperser n’était pas affectée par les conditions environnementales que ce soit par la présence de compétiteurs ou la qualité du milieu, et ne dépassait pas les 4 % chez les mâles. Les femelles dispersant jusqu’à 14 fois plus s’appuyaient sur leur expérience personnelle pour décider de disperser. Un échec de reproduction augmentait jusqu’à 7 fois la probabilité de disperser et pour la première fois chez une espèce à courte durée de vie, nous avons montré que la probabilité de disperser était augmentée l’année suivant une première dispersion. Ces patrons de dispersion étaient stables dans le temps. La dispersion semblait donc être un processus coûteux, comparé à la fidélité au site, qui apparaissait comme un phénotype minoritaire dans la population. Elle répondait à des conditions défavorables de reproduction. Enfin, ce travail montre l’utilisation de l’information publique dans la décision de s’établir sur un site généralement fortement dense et productif en jeunes l’année précédente et ce, une fois que la décision de disperser est amorcée. La présence de moineaux et la forte proportion de cultures intensives dans un rayon proche participaient également à ll‘évitement des sites lors de l’établissement. D’après ces résultats, le milieu intensif contribuerait au déclin de l’Hirondelle bicolore. / Abstract : In North America, monoculture areas using high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides cover 85 % of agricultural lands, and as many pastures disappeared in the past 20 years to satisfy human food needs. These land-use changes have deeply transformed landscapes and altered the biodiversity of agro-ecosystems. Among farmland birds, aerial insectivores such as Tree Swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, studied here show a high rate of decline in their abundance, partly reflecting the degradation of agro-ecosystems where they breed. Biological mechanisms leading to the decline and dispersal patterns in migratory passerines are still poorly known. The present work quantifies the environmental effects on Tree Swallow individual traits (survival, reproductive success) and breeding dispersal (probability to disperse and occupation rates of breeding sites). Between 2004 and 2013, 2200 breeders and 8000 chicks were ringed and monitored during 10 breeding seasons on a study area composed of 40 sites and covering a mosaic of heterogeneous agricultural landscapes in southern Québec. The development of a new, flexible capture-mark-recapture model has reduced estimate bias of survival and dispersal probabilities of Tree Swallows. This approach allowed to assess the effect of several variables linked to habitat quality, public information and individual characteristics on dispersal, survival and reproductive success parameters of individuals. Within intensively cultivated landscapes associated to the presence of a nest site competitor, the House sparrow, Passer domesticus, male survival is up to 19 % lower. Females were affected by the cost of reproduction, especially in intensive landscapes where House sparrows and found and where food resources and nest site appear limited. Dispersal probability was not affected by environmental conditions either through the presence of House sparrows or habitat quality, and was restricted to 4 % in males. Females, which dispersed up to 14 times more than males, based their decision on their personal experience. Breeding failure increased up to 7 times the probability to disperse and for the first time in a short-lived species, I show that dispersal likelihood increased if the individual had dispersed in the previous year. These dispersal patterns were stable in time. Dispersal appeared as a costly process compared to site fidelity and was a minority phenotype in the population. It appeared an answer to unfavorable condition for reproduction. Finally, this work shows the use of public information (partners density, fledglings productivity the previous year) on the decision to settle on a site and this, after the dispersal decision had been initiated. The presence of House sparrows and the proportion of intensive areas near nest boxes were used as information to select a breeding site. Based on these findings, agricultural intensification likely plays a role in the decline of Tree swallow populations.

Les animaux font face à des changements environnementaux brutaux dus aux modifications de milieux liés à l'activité humaine et aux changements climatiques, et doivent s'ajuster rapidement à leur nouvel environnement. Certains processus cognitifs comme l'innovation et l'apprentissage permettent aux animaux d'intégrer de nouveaux comportements à leur répertoire comportemental (flexibilité comportementale), leur donnant l'opportunité d'intégrer un comportement plus optimal pour s'ajuster. Les performances cognitives varient entre espèces et les individus d'une même population et bien que des études récentes se soient intéressées aux causes des variations interindividuelles des performances cognitives, les conséquences restent peu explorées. Dans cette thèse, les questions des pressions de sélection s'exerçant sur les capacités cognitives sont abordées afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution de ces traits au sein d'une population naturelle de mésange charbonnière Parus major. Un nouveau test de résolution de problème a tout d'abord été présenté à des couples reproducteurs directement en milieu naturel. Les résultats ont montré que les couples les plus performants à résoudre la tâche surpassaient les couples les moins performants sur plusieurs mesures de succès reproducteur. Afin de vérifier que la motivation à nourrir les poussins ne biaisait pas cette relation, la taille de nichée a ensuite été manipulée, ce qui n'a pas affecté la performance subséquente des parents. Les couples innovateurs démontraient un meilleur succès reproducteur quel que soit le changement de la taille de nichée subit, ce qui suggère que cette performance influence bien le succès de reproduction, et non l'inverse. De plus, les couples innovateurs approvisionnaient leurs poussins plus souvent que les couples non innovateurs, suggérant que les innovateurs pourraient exploiter leur habitat de façon plus optimale. Dans un troisième temps, plusieurs caractéristiques morphologiques, dont la coloration des plumes, ont été reliées aux performances de résolution de problème et d'apprentissage. Ces liens, bien que complexes et condition-dépendants, pourraient indiquer un rôle de ces performances lors de la sélection sexuelle. Enfin, afin de tester l'effet du parasite sanguin du paludisme sur les traits comportementaux, un médicament contre le paludisme a été injecté à des femelles reproductrices. Cette injection n'a pas modifié leurs performances cognitives mais a augmenté leur niveau d'activité et d'exploration du nichoir en réponse à la tâche de résolution de problème. Ce parasite sanguin, très présent chez les populations depassereaux, pourrait donc expliquer les variations interindividuelles et interpopulationnelles de certains traits comportementaux en milieu naturel, au même titre que dans nombreux autres systèmes hôte-parasites étudiés. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont permis de détailler pour la première fois la relation entre une performance cognitive et le succès reproducteur chez une population aviaire naturelle, une relation robuste et non influencée par la motivation à nourrir la couvée. Cette performance cognitive est reliée à plusieurs traits morphologiques, mais non à la charge parasitaire. Une meilleure exploitation de l'habitat et habileté à s'occuper des poussins pourrait expliquer cette relation. / Animals face a rapidly changing world due to anthropogenic habitat destruction and climate change, forcing them to quickly adjust their behaviour to new environmental conditions. Cognitive processes such as innovation and learning can allow animals to incorporate novel behaviours into their behavioural repertoires and facilitate optimal responses to environmental change. Cognitive performances vary between and within species and although several studies have recently addressed the causes of inter-individual variations in cognitive performance, the fitness consequences of this variation remain poorly explored in natural populations. In my PhD thesis, I investigated different selective pressures acting on innovation and learning performance to better understand the evolution of these traits in a natural population of great tits Parus major. Firstly, I designed a novel problem-solving task that involved opening a trap door to access chicks, and presented it to breeding great tit pairs in their natural habitat. I found that the most efficient birds at solving this task performed better at multiple measures of reproductive success than the less efficient. Secondly, to test whether chick provisioning motivation confounded this relationship, I manipulated brood size and recorded whether this affected the problem-solving performance of the parents. My results showed that this was not the case. Instead, solvers had higher reproductive success whatever the brood size manipulation experienced, supporting the hypothesis that this cognitive performance drives reproductive success rather than the opposite. Problem-solving performance correlates positively with reproductive success both at the early stages of breeding (i.e. number of eggs laid and hatched) and during the nestling rearing period (i.e. number and condition of fledged young). Moreover, solvers seem to provision their young at a higher rate than non-solvers, suggesting that solvers exploit their breeding habitat more efficiently than non-solvers. Thirdly, I found multiple links between morphological traits, among which feather colouration, and problem-solving and learning performances. Although complex and condition-dependent, these links suggest that cognitive performances may be under sexual selective pressures, since they can be signaled by morphological traits shown to be important in great tit mate choice. Finally, injecting breeding females with an anti-malaria drug did not affect their cognitive performances, but increased their level of activity and exploration when presented with the novel problem-solving task. This suggests that the presence of these blood parasites, which are frequent in passerine populations, could partly explain between-individual and between-population variation in certain behavioural traits in natural populations, as previously described in many other host-parasite study systems. In summary, my thesis provides the first detailed analysis of the relationship between cognitive performance and reproductive success in a wild bird population. My studies show that this relationship is robust and not confounded by parents’ motivation to provision their young. This problem-solving performance is also correlated with various morphological traits, but not with parasite load. The relationship between cognitive performance and reproductive success might be mediated through habitat exploitation and chick provisioning skills, but requires further investigation.

The evolution of extra-group paternity (EGP) is a contentious issue in evolutionary biology. This thesis examines the factors and adaptive benefits driving EGP in a high-density, group-living population of European badgers (Meles meles). To improve power to assign parentage, I isolated and characterised 21 new polymorphic microsatellite markers. I genotyped 83% of 1410 badger trapped 1987‒2010 using 35 autosomal microsatellite markers. Maternity and paternity were assigned at 80% confidence ca. 82% of individuals. 48% of paternities were extra-group, where 85% were attributable to neighbouring-group males and EGP was detected in 47% of litters; thus badger social group do not correspond with a breeding unit. I tested whether indirect genetic benefits explain these high EGP rates. (1) ‘Good-gene-as-heterozygosity Hypothesis’: Paternal heterozygosity, but not maternal or an individual’s own heterozygosity, associated positively with first-year survival probability. Under benign environmental conditions, cubs fathered by more heterozygous males had a higher first year survival probability. Despite this correlation, the EGP rate per litter correlated with neither average nor maximum within-group heterozygosity of candidate fathers. (2) Fitness benefit Hypothesis: Extra-group offspring (EGO) had lower first-year survival probability and lived 1.3 years less than within-group offspring (WGO). Female WGO produced more litters and offspring over their lifetime than female EGO, whereas male EGO produced more offspring than male WGO. (3) Inbreeding avoidance hypothesis: The EGP rate within a litter increased with greater average pair-wise relatedness between mothers and within-group candidate fathers. No inbreeding depression on first-year survival probability was detected, but small sample sizes limited statistical power. Socio-ecologically, at the litter level, EGP correlated negatively with the number of within-group candidate fathers, and positively with neighbouring-group candidate fathers. In conclusion, EGP in badgers may reduce inbreeding and be maintained in the population through a sex-specific antagonistic selection and indirect genetic benefits may occur when the total fitness benefits of producing extra-group sons outweigh the costs of producing extra-group daughters. These indirect genetic benefits only partially explain the evolution of promiscuity in European badgers, highlighting that evolutionary factors underlying promiscuity remain unclear.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

L'évolution adaptative contribue probablement à l'adaptation des populations à des changements environnementaux rapides, l'observation empirique de nombreux cas d'évolution rapide dans les populations naturelles suivant de forts changements environnementaux abondant en ce sens. Dans cette thèse, je me suis concentrée sur l'estimation du potentiel évolutif d'une population naturelle de hêtre commun (Fagus sylvatica), une espèce à long cycle de vie, subissant des stress hydriques chroniques. Je considère ici une définition du potentiel évolutif dans le sens strict de la capacité d'une population à évoluer ; c'est donc un paramètre directement lié au taux d'évolution futur de la population considérée. Cette thèse a pour but d'apporter des éléments manquants concernant l'étude de l'adaptation chez les arbres, le rôle de l'évolution adaptative dans la capacité des arbres à composer avec les changements environnementaux futurs étant encore largement méconnu.La population étudiée montre un potentiel évolutif important, imputable à divers traits (principalement la phénologie du débourrement végétatif, et le Delta13C) qui présentent une diversité génétique élevée, sont soumis à une forte pression de sélection, et contribuent significativement à la valeur adaptative. Cette thèse appuie donc l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'évolution adaptative jouera un rôle important dans l'adaptation des arbres aux changements environnementaux futurs. Le rôle de la dispersion demeure incertain du fait d'une dispersion du pollen et des graines restreinte, mais également d'indices d'évènements de dispersion à longue distances favorisés par la présence de mortalité densité dépendante. / Adaptive evolution may promote populations' adaptation to rapid environmental changes which is sustained by recurrent empirical demonstrations of rapid adaptive evolution in the wild consecutively to strong environmental changes. In this PhD, I focused on the estimation of the in-situ evolutionary potential of a wild European beech (Fagus sylvatica) population, a long-lived tree species, undergoing chronic water stresses. I here considered the evolutionary potential in the strict sense of “evolvability” i.e. the ability of population to evolve; this parameter is thus directly linked to the rate of future adaptive evolution. This PhD aimed to fill a gap in tree adaptation studies, the role of adaptive evolution in tree populations' ability to cope with future environmental changes remaining largely unresolved.The studied a population displayed a high evolutionary potential because of a strong in-natura genetic variability of some traits and the relevance of these traits in trees adaptation, this PhD support the hypothesis that adaptive evolution is likely to play a key role in trees adaptation to future environmental changes. The role of dispersal remains unclear with apparently very restricted seed and pollen dispersal but also clues of long dispersal events promoted by the occurrence of density-dependent mortality.

Le chevreuil met bas chaque année en mai. À chaque évènement de reproduction, une femelle peut être dans différents états : reproducteur ou non reproducteur et elle peut élever un nombre variable de jeunes. La succession des transitions entre ces différents états constitue la trajectoire de reproduction d’un individu tout au long de sa vie. Chaque trajectoire est donc individuelle et la valeur de cette trajectoire une fois terminée est appréciée par sa valeur sélective qui peut être estimée comme le nombre de petits élevés au cours de la vie d’un individu. Différentes trajectoires individuelles peuvent exister au sein d’une même population et conduire à des valeurs sélectives similaires ou différentes montrant que différentes stratégies sont possibles pour atteindre la même valeur sélective mais aussi que certains individus de meilleure qualité peuvent atteindre une valeur sélective plus élevée que des individus de moins bonne qualité. L’étude d’une population de chevreuil située dans le Nord-Est de la France a permis d’étudier les sources et les conséquences de cette hétérogénéité individuelle sur les trajectoires d’histoire de vie individuelles et sur la dynamique de cette population. Ce travail de thèse a montré que chez le chevreuil, une trajectoire reproductive individuelle est en partie homogène et que les femelles de bonne qualité ont un succès annuel constant et plus marqué que les femelles de mauvaise qualité. La qualité de ces femelles est influencée par les conditions à la naissance comme la date de naissance et les conditions environnementales au cours de leur développement. Les trajectoires individuelles varient également aléatoirement en fonction des conditions environnementales annuelles. Ces dernières décennies, le changement climatique a donné naissance à un mismatch grandissant entre la période des mise-bas du chevreuil et la disponibilité en ressources qui a provoqué une diminution du succès reproducteur et de la croissance de la population. Ce travail a permis de discuter comment l’hétérogénéité individuelle est générée chez une espèce longévive et comment elle influence les stratégies démographiques et la dynamique de cette population / Roe deer give birth each year in May. At each reproductive event, a female can be in different reproductive statuses: breeder or non breeder and can wean a variable number of offspring. The successive transitions between the different statuses of a given female give its individual reproductive trajectory. The performance of a given trajectory is assessed by its fitness which can be approximated by the total number of offspring weaned during the trajectory. Different individual life-history trajectories can exist in a same population and these different trajectories can reach similar or different fitness. This suggests that different strategies can be chosen by different individuals to reach the same fitness but also that individuals of high quality can reach higher fitness than individuals of low quality. The study of a roe deer population located in North-Eastern France allowed analyzing the sources and the consequences of individual heterogeneity on individual life-history trajectories and on population dynamics. This work showed that roe deer individual reproductive trajectories are consistent for a given female such as high quality females have an annual reproductive success higher than low-quality females. Female quality is partly generated by birth condition such as birth date and environmental conditions at birth. Individual life-history trajectories vary also randomly in relation to annual environmental conditions. In particular, climate change led to a decline in annual mean reproductive success and a decrease of the population growth rate in the last decades in relation to an increase of the mismatch between vegetation phenology and roe deer birth period. This work discussed how individual heterogeneity is generated in a long-lived species and how it influences individual life-history strategies and population dynamics