Darbe apžvelgiama ir įvertinama Turkijoje veikianti ES paramos administravimo sistema. Pasitelkus neofunkcionalizmo, tarpvyriausybinio bendradarbiavimo ir daugialypio valdymo teorijas bandoma paaiškinti Turkijos integracijos į ES procesus. Turkijos – ES santykių pradžia laikoma 1963 m. sudaryta ES - Turkijos asociacijos sutartis, o šiuo metu Turkijai yra suteiktas šalies kandidatės statusas. Paskelbdama valstybę šalimi kandidate, ES įsipareigojo finansiškai remti Turkijos pasirengimo narystei ES procesą. Europos Sąjungos finansinė parama skiriama šalims kandidatėms ir potencialioms šalims kandidatėms remiant ne ES šalių narių siekį tapti demokratiškesnėmis, gerbiančiomis žmogaus teises ir įstatymo viršenybę valstybėmis, finansine parama taip pat siekiama spręsti šalių socialines-ekonomines problemas, skatinti šalių vystymąsi ir rinkos ekonomikos veikimą. Parama kandidatėms ir potencialioms šalims kandidatėms skiriama pagal Pasirengimo narystei pagalbos priemonę. Nuo PNPP įsteigimo jos administravimas buvo decentralizuojamas vis daugiau atsakomybės perleidžiant paramą gaunančioms šalims, skatinant jų institucijų administracinius gabumus. Šalys kandidatės ES paramą administruoja decentralizuoto įgyvendinimo metodu. Tik kryptingas, subsidiarumo, partnerystės ir proporcingumo principais paremtas, ES finansinės paramos lėšų panaudojimas, gali būti efektyvus ir užtikrinti, kad užsibrėžti pasirengimo narystei pagalbos priemonės tikslai bus pasiekti. Siekiant geriau suvokti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this paper it is reviewed and evaluated the implemented EU’ assistance administration system in Turkey Republic. By using neo-functionalism, intergovernmental cooperation and multi-level governance theories is tried to explain Turkey’s integration in EU. The beginning of Turkey – EU relations is 1963, when it was made EU – Turkey association treatment, by now to Turkey is given a candidate country status. After declared Turkey as candidate country, EU engaged to provide a financial assistance to Turkey during preparation to the EU membership process. EU provides financial assistance not only to announced candidate countries, but also to potential candidate countries for supporting non-member states to become member to EU, to become more democratic countries which respect and implement human rights, power of law, by providing financial assistance also is trying to solve social-economic problems, to promote development of countries and promote economic market. The financial assistance to candidate and potential candidate countries is provided under Instrument for pre-accession assistance (IPA). From the IPA establishment, the implementation of instrument was gradually decentralized by delegating more and more responsibilities to beneficial countries in this way promoting institutional capacity building. In the candidate countries the assistance is administrated by decentralized implementation method. Only based on subsidiarity and partnership principles EU assistance source... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Title from PDF title page (Ohio State University, viewed on Feb. 22, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 447-453).

This work deals with the foreign trade and economic relations between the Czech Republic and Turkey. Turkey currently belongs to the most perspective developing merkets with high potential of growth. It is situated on the border of the European continent and Muslim part of Asia, thus it is influenced by both of these cultures. Turkish population is mostly Muslim. The essential values, habits and traditions of the Turkish society result from the Islamic philosophy and ideology. On the other hand, the Turkish Muslims are considered among the Islamic nations as the most liberal and open to modern ideas. Due to the legacy of its founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Republic of Turkey is the secular state, which ensures the independency of public affairs on the political influence of the clerical elite. Turkey keeps due to its strategy position very close relations with the Western Europe. It represents the most importanat foreign trade partner of Turkey, but also its economic, political, cultural and social ideal, which inspired Turkey after the downfall of the Ottoman empire when looking for the new identity of the Turkish state. Therefore the Republic of Turkey applied for the association to the European Economic Community just at the end of 1950's. The access negotiation between Turkey and EU started in 2005. However, the prospective membership of Turkey in EU remains very controversial and results in very conflicting reactions of the European population, politicians, non-governmental organizations and various networks. The first part of this work deals with the summary characteristic of Turkey. The second part includes the analysis of the development of foreign trade and economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and Turkey. The second part of this work summarizes the conditions and respective legislation applied in the foreign trade between the Czech Republic and Turkey. It deals with the development of the foreign trade with goods and services (tourism and transportation) and direct foreign investment flow between the countries. It also attends the area of the state support of the Czech export and investment in Turkey. Special chapter is dedicated to the sectors of Turkish economy, which can be considered as most perspective for the Czech exporters and investors, and potential risks that can threaten the success of the Czech trade and investment activities in Turkey.

Depuis la fondation de la République Turque en 1923, la laïcité constitue le principe le plus discuté et controversé, notamment car le rejet d’un des autres principes n’a jamais été perçu, comme c’est le cas pour la laïcité, comme impliquant un rejet de la République elle-même. Que signifie la laïcité pour la Turquie ? Le renforcement de l’autorité des élites ? Ou le sens de la République ? Aujourd’hui, comment comprenons-nous la laïcité, et avons-nous besoin de la redéfinir ? Sans réaliser une analyse poussée des fondements socio-religieux du pays, les travaux étudiant la laïcité turque ont tendance à se borner à des descriptions formelles et rigides. La laïcité est le principe juridique exprimant la neutralité de l’État envers toutes les croyances religieuses, et sa purification de toutes références religieuses. Néanmoins dans les faits, nous n’avons jamais vu une telle application de laïcité, si pure et théorique. Ce qui fait de la laïcité un instrument d’oppression est en réalité, un ensemble de symboles et de mythes encerclant le sens de la laïcité. Cet ensemble de symboles et de mythes constitue une religion politique, rigide et incontestable. Pour cette raison, les travaux étudiant l’application du principe de laïcité ont perçu les symboles de la religion politique comme une laïcité distincte et particulière. Dans notre travail, nous allons étudier les bases historiques et philosophiques de la laïcité en Turquie. Notre but est de mettre en relief les origines de la laïcité et son évolution en tant que religion politique, opposée à l’Islam traditionnel et politique. Dans la dernière partie de notre travail, nous allons étudier la laïcité en Turquie dans le contexte de la démocratie, à la lumière de la jurisprudence de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme, afin de savoir s’il est nécessaire de la redéfinir. / Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the secularism « la laïcité » is discussed much more than any other topic and its denial meant the denial of Turkish Republic. However, what does secularism mean for Turkey? Is it the reinforcement of elite’s authorities? Or is it the definition of Republic? Nowadays, how do we understand secularism and do we need to redefine it? In Turkey most of the academic works about secularism are still not brining any additional value rather than staying as another description of secularism. The dictionary description of secularism « la laïcité » is that, the state must be natural against all religious beliefs and do not stand as a reference point for any religion. But in practice, the secularism cannot be defined as straight as its definition, it never appears with those sharp borders and in that purity. The factors, which are transforming secularism from a legitimate view to a control mechanism, are its symbols and myths that are considered as part of secularism. Actually, these myths and symbols are forming an undeniable political religion. For that reason most of the previous academic works which are analyzing secularism by considering these myths and symbols as an add-on to the term of secularism, pushed us to look and create a new definition of this concept. In this work, we will analyse the historical and philosophical basis of secularism. We will also trace the origin and the formation of secularism as a political religion opposite to the traditional and political Islam. In this work, we will analyse the historical and philosophical basis of secularism. We will also trace the origin and the formation of secularism as a political religion opposite to the traditional and political Islam.The final part of work will observe secularism in the light of the jurisprudence of the European Convention of Human Rights and, the democracy in order to understand if the notion of secularism in Turkey requires redefinition.