Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-11-01T21:34:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JanyfferCavalcanteDeMorais_DISSERT.pdf: 11709580 bytes, checksum: 84384219e3074e2a9ccc87c8056de43c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-08T00:14:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JanyfferCavalcanteDeMorais_DISSERT.pdf: 11709580 bytes, checksum: 84384219e3074e2a9ccc87c8056de43c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T00:14:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanyfferCavalcanteDeMorais_DISSERT.pdf: 11709580 bytes, checksum: 84384219e3074e2a9ccc87c8056de43c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-27 / O advento e expans?o da Revolu??o Industrial Inglesa, a partir de meados do s?culo XVIII e por todo o s?culo XIX, tiveram grande impacto na din?mica urbana das cidades, que se tornaram os polos principais de concentra??o populacional e de atividades econ?micas. A engenharia sanit?ria emergiu como uma solu??o t?cnica aos problemas de insalubridade urbana, causados pelo crescimento urbano acelerado e desacompanhado da infraestrutura necess?ria. Nesse contexto, em ?mbito nacional, destacou-se o Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito, fundado pelo engenheiro Saturnino de Brito em 1920. Seus Planos de Saneamento, Melhoramento e Expans?o para v?rias cidades brasileiras contribu?ram para mudan?as significativas no pensamento urban?stico nacional. Mesmo ap?s a morte de seu fundador, em 1929, o Escrit?rio deu continuidade a suas ideias e princ?pios, sob a coordena??o de Saturnino de Brito Filho. Dentre os planos elaborados pelo Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito, o Plano Geral de Obras para Natal, RN (1935-1939) se destaca ao trazer a concep??o de parques circundando os equipamentos sanit?rios, como reservat?rios e esta??es elevat?rias. A associa??o entre estruturas para o saneamento e parques p?blicos, no entanto, ? algo que j? vinha sendo feito h? algum tempo, como pode ser observado em projetos de Olmsted nos Estados Unidos, como o Central Park e o Emerald Necklace. O interesse nesse tipo de associa??o tem sido retomado em projetos recentes, e, diante dessa retomada contempor?nea, parece fundamental entender qual a g?nese desse tipo de rela??o. Portanto, objetiva-se, nessa disserta??o, compreender a rela??o entre equipamentos sanit?rios e parques nos projetos urban?sticos para a cidade moderna brasileira do in?cio do s?culo XX, a partir da an?lise dos planos do Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito. Para esse estudo prop?e-se a an?lise de casos concretos, por meio de pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental, optando-se pela obra do Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito para algumas cidades do Nordeste brasileiro: Natal (RN), Recife (PE) e Jo?o Pessoa (PB). O principal elemento comum entre os tr?s planos estudados ? a presen?a de uma rela??o de integra??o entre equipamentos sanit?rios e parques ou pra?as. Em Recife e Jo?o Pessoa, elementos de ?gua foram incorporados ao projeto sanit?rio, representados pelos canais, rios e lagoa, trazendo impacto para a paisagem. Em Natal o destaque ? para o aproveitamento das ?reas de reservat?rios para a cria??o de parques. Fica clara a preocupa??o com fatores est?ticos, embora os sanit?rios fossem os norteadores das propostas. / The advent and expansion of the English Industrial Revolution from the mid-eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century had a major impact on the urban dynamics of cities, which became the main centers of population concentration and economic activity. Sanitary engineering emerged as a technical solution to the problems of urban unhealthiness, caused by accelerated urban growth unaccompanied of the necessary infrastructure. In this context, the Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito, founded by the engineer Saturnino de Brito in 1920, stood out in Brazil. Its Sanitation, Improvement and Expansion Plans for several brazilian cities contributed to significant changes in national urban planning. Even after the death of its founder in 1929, the Office continued its ideas and principles, under the coordination of Saturnino de Brito Filho. Among the plans elaborated by the Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito, the General Works Plan for Natal, RN (1935-1939) stands out in bringing the design of parks surrounding sanitary equipment, such as reservoirs and pumping stations. The association between sanitation structures and public parks, however, is something that has been around for some time, as can be seen in Olmsted projects in the United States, such as Central Park and Emerald Necklace. The interest in this type of association has been taken up in recent projects, and in view of this contemporary recovery, it seems fundamental to understand the genesis of this type of relationship. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to understand the relationship between sanitary facilities and parks in urban development projects for the modern Brazilian city of the early twentieth century, based on the analysis of the plans of the Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito. For this study we propose the analysis of concrete cases, by means of bibliographical and documentary research, choosing the work of the Escrit?rio Saturnino de Brito for some cities in the Northeast of Brazil: Natal (RN), Recife (PE) and Jo?o Pessoa (PB). The main common element among the three plans studied is the presence of an integrated relationship between sanitary equipment and parks or squares. In Recife and Jo?o Pessoa, water elements were incorporated into the sanitary project, represented by the canals, rivers and lagoon, bringing impact to the landscape. In Natal the highlight is for the use of the reservoir areas for the creation of parks. The concern with aesthetic factors is clear, although the sanitary factors were the guiding principles of the proposals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanusaSA_TESE.pdf: 4235008 bytes, checksum: c06705336b1d53166f0f5f3024d3b410 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The behavior of the fluid flux in oil fields is influenced by different factors and it has a big impact on the recovery of hydrocarbons. There is a need of evaluating and adapting the actual technology to the worldwide reservoirs reality, not only on the exploration (reservoir discovers) but also on the development of those that were already discovered, however not yet produced. The in situ combustion (ISC) is a suitable technique for these recovery of hydrocarbons, although it remains complex to be implemented. The main objective of this research was to study the application of the ISC as an advanced oil recovery technique through a parametric analysis of the process using vertical wells within a semi synthetic reservoir that had the characteristics from the brazilian northwest, in order to determine which of those parameters could influence the process, verifying the technical and economical viability of the method on the oil industry. For that analysis, a commercial reservoir simulation program for thermal processes was used, called steam thermal and advanced processes reservoir simulator (STARS) from the computer modeling group (CMG). This study aims, through the numerical analysis, find results that help improve mainly the interpretation and comprehension of the main problems related to the ISC method, which are not yet dominated. From the results obtained, it was proved that the mediation promoted by the thermal process ISC over the oil recovery is very important, with rates and cumulated production positively influenced by the method application. It was seen that the application of the method improves the oil mobility as a function of the heating when the combustion front forms inside the reservoir. Among all the analyzed parameters, the activation energy presented the bigger influence, it means, the lower the activation energy the bigger the fraction of recovered oil, as a function of the chemical reactions speed rise. It was also verified that the higher the enthalpy of the reaction, the bigger the fraction of recovered oil, due to a bigger amount of released energy inside the system, helping the ISC. The reservoir parameters: porosity and permeability showed to have lower influence on the ISC. Among the operational parameters that were analyzed, the injection rate was the one that showed a stronger influence on the ISC method, because, the higher the value of the injection rate, the higher was the result obtained, mainly due to maintaining the combustion front. In connection with the oxygen concentration, an increase of the percentage of this parameter translates into a higher fraction of recovered oil, because the quantity of fuel, helping the advance and the maintenance of the combustion front for a longer period of time. About the economic analysis, the ISC method showed to be economically feasible when evaluated through the net present value (NPV), considering the injection rates: the higher the injection rate, the higher the financial incomes of the final project / O comportamento do fluxo de fluidos em campos petrol?feros ? influenciado por diversos fatores e t?m grande impacto na viabiliza??o da recupera??o de hidrocarbonetos. A necessidade de avaliar e adaptar as tecnologias atuais ? realidade dos reservat?rios mundiais existe n?o apenas na fase de explora??o (descoberta dos reservat?rios), mas tamb?m no desenvolvimento daqueles que j? foram descobertos, por?m n?o produzidos. A combust?o in situ (CIS) ? uma t?cnica prop?cia para recupera??o de hidrocarbonetos, todavia, complexa de se implementar. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi estudar a aplica??o da CIS como m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo atrav?s da an?lise param?trica do processo em po?os verticais, utilizando um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro, com intuito de determinar quais destes par?metros t?m influ?ncia expressiva no processo, verificando assim a viabilidade t?cnica e econ?mica do m?todo para a ind?stria petrol?fera. Para tal an?lise foi utilizado um programa comercial de simula??o de reservat?rios de petr?leo usando processos t?rmicos, denominado Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) do Computer Modelling Group (CMG). Esse estudo busca atrav?s da an?lise num?rica computacional resultados que possam melhorar, principalmente, a interpreta??o e compreens?o dos principais problemas ocorridos quando da aplica??o do m?todo CIS, que ainda n?o s?o totalmente dominados. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi comprovada a importante media??o promovida pelo processo t?rmico CIS sobre a recupera??o de ?leo, com vaz?es e produ??o acumulada sensivelmente alteradas, positivamente, pela introdu??o do m?todo. Observou-se que a aplica??o do m?todo CIS melhora a mobilidade do ?leo em fun??o do aquecimento quando da forma??o da frente de combust?o no interior do reservat?rio. Dentre todos os par?metros de reservat?rio analisados, a energia de ativa??o apresentou a maior influ?ncia, ou seja, quanto menor o valor da energia de ativa??o, maior a fra??o de ?leo recuperada, em fun??o do aumento da velocidade das rea??es qu?micas. Foi verificado tamb?m que quanto maior a entalpia da rea??o, maior foi a fra??o de ?leo recuperada devido a maior quantidade de energia liberada no sistema favorecendo assim a CIS. Os par?metros de reservat?rios: porosidade e permeabilidade mostraram-se pouco influentes em rela??o a CIS. Dentre os par?metros operacionais analisados, a vaz?o de inje??o foi o par?metro que apresentou forte influ?ncia para o m?todo CIS, pois quanto maior o valor atribu?do a mesma, maior a resposta obtida, principalmente devido a manuten??o da frente de combust?o. Quanto maior a concentra??o de oxig?nio, maior foi a fra??o de ?leo recuperada em fun??o da maior quantidade de comburente, favorecendo o avan?o e a manuten??o da frente por um per?odo de tempo maior. Em rela??o ? an?lise econ?mica, o m?todo CIS mostrou-se vi?vel economicamente quando da avalia??o do valor presente l?quido (VPL) considerando as vaz?es de inje??o: para maiores valores de vaz?o obteve-se maior retorno financeiro no final do projeto

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAFR.pdf: 4078279 bytes, checksum: 366f0859503e4c45e56db94e388e42e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18 / Steam injection is the most used method of additional recovery for the extraction of heavy oil. In this type procedure is common to happen gravitational segregation and this phenomenon can affect the production of oil and therefore, it shoulds be considered in the projects of continuous steam injection. For many years, the gravitational segregation was not adequately considered in the calculation procedures in Reservoir Engineering. The effect of the gravity causes the segregation of fluids inside the porous media according to their densities. The results of simulation arising from reservoirs could provide the ability to deal with the gravity, and it became apparent that the effects of the gravity could significantly affect the performance of the reservoir. It know that the gravitational segregation can happen in almost every case where there is injection of light fluid, specially the steam, and occurs with greater intensity for viscous oil reservoirs. This work discusses the influence of some parameters of the rock-reservoir in segregation as viscosity, permeability, thickness, cover gas, porosity. From a model that shows the phenomenon with greater intensity, optimized some operational parameters as the rate flow rate steam, distance between the wells injector-producer, and interval of completion which contributed to the reduction in gravity override, thus increasing the oil recovery. It was shown a greater technical-economic viability for the model of distance between the wells 100 m. The analysis was performed using the simulator of CMG (Computer Modeling Group-Stars 2007.11, in which was observed by iterating between studied variables in heavy oil reservoirs with similar characteristics to Brazilian Northeast / A inje??o de vapor ? o m?todo de recupera??o suplementar mais utilizado para a recupera??o de ?leos pesados. Neste tipo de processo ? comum acontecer a segrega??o gravitacional e este fen?meno pode afetar a produ??o de ?leo e, por isso, deve ser considerado nos projetos de inje??o cont?nua de vapor. Por muitos anos, a segrega??o gravitacional n?o era adequadamente considerada em procedimentos de c?lculo em Engenharia de Reservat?rios. O efeito da gravidade faz com que ocorra a segrega??o de fluidos, isto ?, os fluidos tendem a se arranjar dentro do meio poroso de acordo com as suas densidades. Os resultados advindos de simula??o de reservat?rios forneceram a capacidade para lidar com a gravidade, e tornou-se aparente que os efeitos da gravidade poderiam afetar significativamente o desempenho do reservat?rio. Sabe-se que a segrega??o gravitacional pode ocorrer em quase todos os casos onde h? inje??o de fluidos leves, especialmente o vapor, e ocorre com maior intensidade para reservat?rios de ?leos viscosos. Neste trabalho ? abordada a influ?ncia de alguns par?metros da rocha-reservat?rio na segrega??o como viscosidade, permeabilidade, espessura, capa de g?s e porosidade. A partir de um modelo que apresenta o fen?meno com maior intensidade, otimizaram-se alguns par?metros operacionais como vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, dist?ncia entre os po?os injetor-produtor e intervalo de completa??o que contribu?ram para a redu??o do efeito, aumento assim o fator de recupera??o. Foi mostrada uma maior viabilidade t?cnica-econ?mica para o modelo de dist?ncia entre os po?os de 100 m. A an?lise foi realizada utilizando o simulador comercial da CMG (Computer Modelling Group) - Stars 2007.11, onde foi observada a intera??o entre as vari?veis estudadas em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdneyRVPG.pdf: 3193441 bytes, checksum: 9108a5643f51fcfe4a8b7479be215c58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-18 / Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled / Um recurso cada vez mais utilizado pela ind?stria petrol?fera para aumentar a efici?ncia do mecanismo de inje??o de vapor ? a adi??o de solventes. O processo pode ser compreendido como a combina??o de um m?todo t?rmico (inje??o de vapor) com um m?todo misc?vel (inje??o de solvente), promovendo, dessa forma, a redu??o das tens?es interfaciais e da viscosidade do ?leo. O uso do solvente sozinho tende a ser limitado, em fun??o do seu alto custo. Quando coinjetado com o vapor, o solvente vaporizado condensa nas regi?es menos quentes do reservat?rio e mistura-se ao ?leo, criando uma zona de baixa viscosidade entre o vapor e o ?leo pesado. A mobilidade do fluido deslocado ? ent?o melhorada, implicando num aumento do fator de recupera??o. Para melhor compreender esse mecanismo de recupera??o avan?ada, foi realizado um estudo num?rico, onde se verificou a sensibilidade de alguns par?metros operacionais (dist?ncia entre po?os, vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, tipo de solvente injetado e quantidade de solvente) sobre a produ??o acumulada de ?leo, o fator de recupera??o e a raz?o ?leo-vapor. Neste estudo, foram utilizados modelos semi-sint?ticos, por?m com dados de reservat?rio que podem ser extrapolados para situa??es de aplica??es pr?ticas na Bacia Potiguar. As simula??es foram realizadas no m?dulo STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), vers?o 2007.11. Os resultados mostraram que a presen?a do solvente nas quantidades analisadas melhorou os fatores de recupera??o e as vaz?es de ?leo. Al?m disso, a maior parte do solvente injetado foi produzido, podendo ser reciclado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AmandaGO.pdf: 1269225 bytes, checksum: bb3d37e917eb9a6a37d5196f82512218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-27 / The objective of reservoir engineering is to manage fields of oil production in order to maximize the production of hydrocarbons according to economic and physical restrictions. The deciding of a production strategy is a complex activity involving several variables in the process. Thus, a smart system, which assists in the optimization of the options for developing of the field, is very useful in day-to-day of reservoir engineers. This paper proposes the development of an intelligent system to aid decision making, regarding the optimization of strategies of production in oil fields. The intelligence of this system will be implemented through the use of the technique of reinforcement learning, which is presented as a powerful tool in problems of multi-stage decision. The proposed system will allow the specialist to obtain, in time, a great alternative (or near-optimal) for the development of an oil field known / O objetivo da engenharia de reservat?rios ? o de gerenciar campos de produ??o de petr?leo de forma a maximizar a produ??o dos hidrocarbonetos obedecendo a restri??es f?sicas e econ?micas existentes. A defini??o de estrat?gias de produ??o ? uma atividade complexa por envolver diversas vari?veis do processo. Deste modo, um sistema inteligente, que auxilie na otimiza??o das alternativas de desenvolvimento do campo, torna-se bastante ?til no dia-a-dia dos engenheiros de reservat?rios. Este trabalho prop?e o estudo preliminar de um sistema inteligente de aux?lio ? tomadas de decis?es, no que diz respeito ? otimiza??o de estrat?gias de produ??o em campos de petr?leo. A intelig?ncia desse sistema ser? implementada por meio do uso da t?cnica de aprendizado por refor?o, a qual se apresenta como uma poderosa ferramenta em problemas de decis?o multi-est?gios. O sistema estudado visa permitir que o especialista obtenha, em tempo h?bil, a alternativa ?tima (ou quase-?tima) para o desenvolvimento de um campo de petr?leo conhecido

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-16T22:25:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmarAlexandreGuedesJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 5929995 bytes, checksum: a36bb4fc00b8498bf0fbb8727e65d0ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-23T21:46:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmarAlexandreGuedesJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 5929995 bytes, checksum: a36bb4fc00b8498bf0fbb8727e65d0ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T21:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GilmarAlexandreGuedesJunior_DISSERT.pdf: 5929995 bytes, checksum: a36bb4fc00b8498bf0fbb8727e65d0ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / A prov?ncia pr?-sal ? composta por grandes acumula??es de ?leo leve, de excelente qualidade e com alto valor comercial, uma realidade que coloca o Brasil em uma posi??o estrat?gica frente ? grande demanda de energia mundial. Nessa prov?ncia encontram-se as maiores descobertas realizadas no mundo nos ?ltimos dez anos; as ?reas de Libra, de Franco e o Campo de Lula, todas com volumes superiores a 8 bilh?es de barris de ?leo recuper?veis. Para desenvolver e otimizar a produ??o desses campos, foi feito um estudo para escolha dos m?todos de recupera??o avan?ada, tendo como principais motiva??es a presen?a do di?xido de carbono (CO2) como contaminante e a decis?o estrat?gica de n?o o descartar, combinada ? alta RGO (raz?o g?s-?leo) do fluido do reservat?rio. O m?todo deveria tirar vantagem dos ?nicos recursos abundantes: a ?gua do mar e o g?s produzido. Dessa maneira, o processo de combinar esses recursos na inje??o alternada de ?gua e g?s (WAG) passou a ser visto como uma boa op??o. Nessa disserta??o, foi desenvolvido um modelo de reservat?rio com caracter?sticas do pr?-sal brasileiro, sendo aplicado o m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada de inje??o alternada de ?gua e g?s. O potencial de produ??o desse reservat?rio foi analisado por meio de par?metros como: fluido que inicia o processo de inje??o, posi??o das completa??es dos po?os injetores, bem como vaz?es de inje??o de ?gua e de g?s e o tempo de ciclo de cada fluido injetado. Os resultados mostraram um bom desempenho do m?todo WAG-CO2 misc?vel, com ganhos de at? 26% no FR com rela??o a recupera??o prim?ria, j? a aplica??o da inje??o de ?gua e de g?s, de maneira individual, n?o foi capaz de superar o patamar de 10% de ganho. O par?metro de maior influ?ncia nos resultados foi o tempo de ciclo, com maiores valores de FR obtidos com a utiliza??o dos menores tempos. / The pre-salt province is composed by large amounts of light oil and with good quality, a reality that puts Brazil in a strategic position facing the great demand for energy worldwide. In this province are the largest discoveries in the world in the last ten years; areas as Libra, Franco and Lula field, everyone containing volumes greater than 8 billion recoverable oil barrels. To develop and optimize the production of these fields, a study was done for choosing the improved oil recovery methods. The main motivations were the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a contaminant and the strategic decision of do not discard it, combined with high GOR (gas-oil ratio) of the reservoir fluid. The method should take advantage of the unique abundant resources: seawater and produced gas. This way, the process of matching these resources in the water alterning gas injection (WAG) became a good option. In this master?s dissertation, it was developed a reservoir model with average characteristics of the Brazilian pre-salt, where was applied the improved oil recovery method of water alternating gas. The production of this reservoir was analyzed by parameters as: the first fluid injected in the injection process, position of the injection wells completion, injection water and gas rate and cycle time. The results showed a good performance of the method, with up to 26% of gains in the recovery factor regarding the primary recovery, since the application of water injection and gas, individually, was not able to overcome 10 % of gain. The most influential parameter found in the results was the cycle time, with higher recovery factor values obtained with the use of shorter times.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JuskaMSM.pdf: 940466 bytes, checksum: 95c63af4ea67b2fb9341e2034e0242a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-30 / The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08? L e 39? W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gon?alves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20?m.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the ?termol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laborat?rio de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aqu?ticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicol?gical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption / Incid?ncia de flora??es t?xicas de cianobact?rias ? uma das conseq??ncias da eutrofiza??o nos ecossistemas aqu?ticos, sendo comum a sua ocorr?ncia em reservat?rios e viveiros de cultivo de camar?o no Estado Rio Grande do Norte. Cianobact?rias podem produzir toxinas que podem afetar organismos aqu?ticos e o homem atrav?s da cadeia alimentar. Visando contribuir com o desenvolvimento de estudos ecotoxicol?gicos de cianobact?rias no RN, nos propomos avaliar a toxicidade de cianobact?rias isoladas de ambientes de ?guas doces e verificar o efeito de cultura e flora??es naturais ocorridas em reservat?rios para abastecimento humano, no crust?ceo clad?cero Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. O estudo foi conduzido com amostras de flora??es naturais ocorridas em mar?o e outubro de 2004 na Barragem Gargalheiras (08? L e 39? W), em julho de 2004 na Barragem Armando Ribeiro Gon?alves (06o S e 37o W) e em fazendas comerciais de cultivo de camar?o (Litopenaeus vannamei), localizadas em ambientes de ?gua doce do RN (6o 58 S e 38o 36 W). As amostras de flora??es foram coletadas com rede de pl?ncton (20?m) para identifica??o, isolamento e obten??o de biomassa fitoplanct?nica para liofiliza??o e posterior determina??o da toxicidade por bioensaios. A toxicidade das amostras de culturas e flora??es naturais foi investigada atrav?s de bioensaios em camundongos Swiss. A quantifica??o das cianobact?rias foi realizada pelo m?todo de ?termol, utlizando-se amostras (300mL) fixadas com lugol. O teste de toxicidade com Ceriodaphnia silvestrii seguiu as recomenda??es da ABNT (2001) e foram realizadas com amostras de flora??es naturais hepatot?xicas e culturas de C. raciborskii neurot?xica e n?o t?xica. No teste, cinco neonatos com idade entre 6 e 24 horas foram expostos a diferentes concentra??es (0 a 800 mg.L-1) de extrato bruto de cianobact?rias durante 24 e 48 horas. Tr?s replicatas por tratamentos foram usadas. Foram medidos o pH, a temperatura e o oxig?nio dissolvido no in?cio, com 24 e com 48 horas do teste. Atrav?s do m?todo Trimmed Spearman-Karber foi estimado a CL50. As flora??es eram mistas e compostas por Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Planktothrix agardhii, produtoras de microcistina- LR, confirmada atrav?s de an?lise por HPLC. Amostras de flora??es hepatot?xicas registraram potencial toxinog?nico para o C. silvestrii, com valores de CL50-24h de 47.48 mg.L-1 e CL50-48h de 38.15 mg.L-1 para a amostra de GARG mar/05; CL50-24h de 113,13 mg.L-1 e CL50-48h de 88,24 mg.L-1 para ARG jul/04; CL50-24h de 300.39 mg.L-1 e CL50-48h de 149.89 mg.L-1 para GARG 10/05. Para as amostras de cultura valores de CL50-24h e CL50-48h para a cepa t?xica de C. raciborskii foram de 228.05 e 120.28 mg.L-1, respectivamente. N?o houve mortalidade dos C. silvestrii nos testes com a cepa de C. raciborskii n?o-t?xica. O teste de toxicidade com C. silvestrii apresentou um bom grau de sensibilidade ?s cianotoxinas. A toxicidade das amostras de flora??es naturais hepatot?xicas (microcistinas) e culturas neurot?xicas produtoras de saxitoxinas verificadas neste estudo fornece forte indicativos da influ?ncia dessas toxinas sobre a estrutura da comunidade zooplanct?nica em ambientes aqu?ticos tropicais. Foram isoladas 11 cepas de cianobact?rias de reservat?rios e viveiros do Estado, representadas por 6 esp?cies: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. Nenhuma cepa apresentou toxicidade em camundongos Swiss. As cepas foram catalogadas e depositadas no Laborat?rio de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aqu?ticos (LETMA) da UFRN e ser?o utilizadas em estudos ecotoxicol?gicos e ecofisiol?gicos visando esclarecer as causas e controle de flora??es de cianobact?rias nos ambientes aqu?ticos do Estado. Os reservat?rios do Rio Grande do Norte devem merecer maior aten??o perante os ?rg?os respons?veis, tendo em vista os constantes florescimentos t?xicos de cianobact?rias em ?guas utilizadas para consumo humano

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MartinhoQAF_DISSERT.pdf: 3517855 bytes, checksum: e2d79876500fdde55b949a6a832b6ff0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-27 / Water injection is the most widely used method for supplementary recovery in many oil fields due to various reasons, like the fact that water is an effective displacing agent of low viscosity oils, the water injection projects are relatively simple to establish and the water availability at a relatively low cost. For design of water injection projects is necessary to do reservoir studies in order to define the various parameters needed to increase the effectiveness of the method. For this kind of study can be used several mathematical models classified into two general categories: analytical or numerical. The present work aims to do a comparative analysis between the results presented by flow lines simulator and conventional finite differences simulator; both types of simulators are based on numerical methods designed to model light oil reservoirs subjected to water injection. Therefore, it was defined two reservoir models: the first one was a heterogeneous model whose petrophysical properties vary along the reservoir and the other one was created using average petrophysical properties obtained from the first model. Comparisons were done considering that the results of these two models were always in the same operational conditions. Then some rock and fluid parameters have been changed in both models and again the results were compared. From the factorial design, that was done to study the sensitivity analysis of reservoir parameters, a few cases were chosen to study the role of water injection rate and the vertical position of wells perforations in production forecast. It was observed that the results from the two simulators are quite similar in most of the cases; differences were found only in those cases where there was an increase in gas solubility ratio of the model. Thus, it was concluded that in flow simulation of reservoirs analogous of those now studied, mainly when the gas solubility ratio is low, the conventional finite differences simulator may be replaced by flow lines simulator the production forecast is compatible but the computational processing time is lower. / A inje??o de ?gua ? o m?todo de recupera??o suplementar mais difundido na maioria dos campos de petr?leo, devido a v?rios motivos, como o fato de a ?gua ser um eficiente agente deslocante de ?leos com baixa viscosidade associado ao fato de ser relativamente f?cil de injetar e de existir grande disponibilidade de ?gua a um custo relativamente baixo de se obter. Para o dimensionamento de um projeto de inje??o de ?gua ? necess?rio efetuar um estudo de reservat?rio com o objetivo de se definir os v?rios par?metros necess?rios para aumentar a efic?cia do m?todo. Para este estudo podem ser utilizados v?rios modelos matem?ticos classificados como anal?ticos ou num?ricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar uma an?lise comparativa entre os resultados apresentados por um simulador de linhas de fluxo e um simulador convencional por diferen?a finita, que s?o dois tipos de simuladores de fluxo baseados em m?todos num?ricos, para um modelo de um reservat?rio de petr?leo leve submetido ? inje??o de ?gua. Para tanto foram montados dois modelos de reservat?rio, sendo um modelo heterog?neo e outro homog?neo contendo valores m?dios das propriedades de rocha do primeiro modelo. Foram realizadas compara??es dos resultados destes modelos considerando sempre as mesmas condi??es de opera??o. Em seguida foram alterados alguns par?metros de fluido e de rocha em ambos os modelos e efetuadas novamente compara??es de resultados. A partir do planejamento fatorial, realizado para a an?lise de sensibilidade dos par?metros de reservat?rio, foram escolhidos alguns casos para efetuar an?lise da varia??o dos par?metros operacionais escolhidos que foram a vaz?o de inje??o de ?gua e a localiza??o dos canhoneados. Observou-se que os resultados entre os simuladores s?o bastante similares na maioria dos casos estudados, tendo sido encontrado diverg?ncias apenas nos casos em que h? aumento na raz?o de solubilidade de g?s do modelo. Desta maneira foi conclu?do que o simulador convencional por diferen?as finitas pode ser substitu?do por um simulador por linhas de fluxo em reservat?rios semelhantes ao estudado, quando a raz?o de solubilidade possui valores baixos, sem preju?zo aos resultados de produ??o e com menores tempos de processamento computacional. / 2020-01-01

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HeloizeSP_DISSERT.pdf: 5210676 bytes, checksum: 2206731cf8d9981475df85f8e57f31d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / The occurrence of heavy oil reservoirs have increased substantially and, due to the high viscosity characteristic of this type of oil, conventional recovery methods can not be applied. Thermal methods have been studied for the recovery of this type of oil, with a main objective to reduce its viscosity, by increasing the reservoir temperature, favoring the mobility of the oil and allowing an increasing in the productivity rate of the fields. In situ combustion (ISC) is a thermal recovery method in which heat is produced inside the reservoir by the combustion of part of the oil with injected oxygen, contrasting with the injection of fluid that is heated in the surface for subsequent injection, which leads to loss heat during the trajectory to the reservoir. The ISC is a favorable method for recovery of heavy oil, but it is still difficult to be field implemented. This work had as an objective the parametric analysis of ISC process applied to a semi-synthetic reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast reservoirs using vertical production and vertical injection wells, as the air flow injection and the wells completions. For the analysis, was used a commercial program for simulation of oil reservoirs using thermal processes, called Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) from Computer Modelling Group (CMG). From the results it was possible to analyze the efficiency of the ISC process in heavy oil reservoirs by increasing the reservoir temperature, providing a large decrease in oil viscosity, increasing its mobility inside the reservoir, as well as the improvement in the quality of this oil and therefore increasing significantly its recovered fraction. Among the analyzed parameters, the flow rate of air injection was the one which had greater influence in ISC, obtaining higher recovery factor the higher is the flow rate of injection, due to the greater amount of oxygen while ensuring the maintenance of the combustion front / A ocorr?ncia de ?leos pesados e ultrapesados v?m aumentando sensivelmente e, devido ? alta viscosidade caracter?stica deste tipo de ?leo, n?o podem ser aplicados os m?todos convencionais de recupera??o. M?todos t?rmicos v?m sendo estudados para recupera??o deste tipo de ?leo, tendo como principal objetivo reduzir a sua viscosidade atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, favorecendo a mobilidade do ?leo e permitindo um aumento no ?ndice de produtividade dos campos. A Combust?o in situ (CIS) ? um m?todo t?rmico de recupera??o em que o calor ? produzido dentro do reservat?rio pela combust?o de parte do ?leo com oxig?nio injetado, contrastando com a inje??o de fluido aquecido ainda na superf?cie para posterior inje??o, o que acarreta perda de calor durante o trajeto ao reservat?rio. A CIS ? um m?todo prop?cio para recupera??o de ?leo pesado, por?m ainda ? complexo de ser implementado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a an?lise param?trica do processo CIS aplicado a um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro utilizando po?os verticais de produ??o e inje??o, assim como a vaz?o de inje??o de ar e as completa??es dos po?os. Para an?lise do m?todo foi utilizado um programa comercial de simula??o de reservat?rios de petr?leo usando processos t?rmicos, denominado Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) do Computer Modelling Group (CMG). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel comprovar a efici?ncia do processo CIS em reservat?rios de ?leo pesado atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, promovendo uma grande diminui??o na viscosidade do ?leo, aumentando sua mobilidade no interior do reservat?rio, assim como a melhora na qualidade desse ?leo e aumentando assim, significativamente a sua fra??o recuperada. Dentre os par?metros analisados, a vaz?o de inje??o de ar foi a que apresentou maior influ?ncia no processo CIS, obtendo maior fator de recupera??o quanto maior a vaz?o de inje??o, sendo devido a maior quantidade de oxig?nio garantindo a manuten??o da frente de combust?o

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoPBJ_DISSERT.pdf: 5706323 bytes, checksum: 7e213d2df30615621d9d118318bdfa95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / With the increasing of energetic consumption in the worldwile, conventional reservoirs, known by their easy exploration and exploitation, are not being enough to satisfy this demand, what has made necessary exploring unconventional reservoirs. This kind of exploration demands developing more advanced technologies to make possible to exploit those hydrocarbons. Tight gas is an example of this kind of unconventional reservoir. It refers to sandstone fields with low porosity, around 8%, and permeabilities between 0.1 and 0.0001 mD, which accumulates considerable amounts of natural gas. That natural gas can only be extracted by applying hydraulic fracturing, aiming at stimulating the reservoir, by creating a preferential way through the reservoir to the well, changing and making easier the flow of fluids, thus increasing the productivity of those reservoirs. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is analyzing the recovery factor of a reservoir by applying hydraulic fracturing. All the studies were performed through simulations using the IMEX software, by CMG (Computer Modelling Group), in it 2012.10 version / Com o crescimento do consumo energ?tico em todo o mundo, os reservat?rios convencionais, chamados de reservat?rios de f?cil explora??o e produ??o n?o est?o atendendo ? demanda energ?tica mundial, fazendo-se necess?rio a explora??o de reservas n?o convencionais. Esse tipo de explora??o exige o desenvolvimento de tecnologias mais avan?adas para a sua explota??o. Como exemplo dessas reservas, temos os reservat?rios do tipo Tight Gas, onde referem-se aos campos de arenito com baixa porosidade, na faixa de 8%, e permeabilidade na faixa entre 0,1 mD e 0,0001 mD, que acumulam consider?veis reservas de g?s natural, podendo apresentar viabilidade econ?mica para explota??o. O g?s natural nesse tipo de reservat?rio s? pode ser extra?do a partir da aplica??o da t?cnica de faturamento hidr?ulico, que tem por finalidade estimular o po?o, criando um canal de alta condutividade entre o po?o e o reservat?rio alterando e facilitando o fluxo de fluidos, aumentando assim a produtividade do reservat?rio. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho ? analisar o fator de recupera??o do reservat?rio com a aplica??o do fraturamento hidr?ulico. Os estudos foram realizados atrav?s de simula??es concretizadas no m?dulo IMEX do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), vers?o 2012.10