Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-29T12:48:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Gustavo de Lima Melo.pdf: 836887 bytes, checksum: cbc505c9efbb7bb9c4a2a41195c6571e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T12:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Gustavo de Lima Melo.pdf: 836887 bytes, checksum: cbc505c9efbb7bb9c4a2a41195c6571e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fusarium guttiforme and Thielaviopsis ethacethica are responsible for numerous losses regarding the cultivation of pineapple. Despite the fusarium be considered a pre-harvest disease, the damage to the fruit, negatively reflecton marketing; T. ethacethica already responsible for black rot of pineapple fruit is typically a disease of post-harvest, causing losses mainly fruit for both industry and the fresh market. Thus the two plant pathogens in question cover the entire production chain of the pineapple. Given the importance of these etiological agents and the high level soft infection in the producing regions of the fruit this study evaluated effect of alternative products in the management of fusarium wilt of pineapple and black pineapple rot, as well as checking the possible physical-chemical and biochemical changes they can cause the fruit. In the first article, the effect of alternative products in the management of fusarium wilt was analyzed in the pre-harvest by natural infection in the field, as well as lifting incidence of fusarium wilt of pineapple. In these article, the effect of alternative products in the management of black rot was analyzed in post-harvest checking its action on these verities of the lesions in the fruits and possible changes in mycelia growth and sporulation of T. ethacethica. The products tested were potassium phosphite (FK), calcium phosphite (FCA), copper phosphide (FCU), Agro-Mos (AGM), calcium silicate (CAS), Biopirol®, Bion® and carbendazim CCAB 500 SC applied at recommended dosages by manufacturers. For the analysis of natural infection by Fusarium results show edth at FK, FCU and Biopirol were efficient in controlling the incidence of the disease. The physico-chemical analysis show edth at the treatments did not promote change in the pH of the fruit, while in biochemistry only FK promoted the expression of β-1,3-glucanase enzyme in pineapple fruit. Related to T. ethacethica, the results show edth at Bion®, agro- and FK we were able to control black rot in the fruit. FK inhibited mycelia growth and sporulation of the pathogen. The applied products provided changes in pH levels, SST and ATT. Biochemical changes were not observed by the application of the products. / Fusarium guttiforme e Thielaviopsis ethacethica são responsáveis por inúmeras perdas no que concerne o cultivo do abacaxi. Apesar da fusariose ser considerada uma doença de pré-colheita, seus danos ao fruto, refletem negativamente na comercialização; já T. ethacethica, responsável pela podridão negra do fruto do abacaxizeiro, é uma doença tipicamente de pós-colheita, causando perdas principalmente em frutos destinados tanto a indústria como ao consumo in natura. Dessa forma os dois fitopatógenos em questão abrangem toda a cadeia produtiva do abacaxi. Diante da relevância desses agentes etiológicos e dos altos níveis de infecção nas regiões produtoras do fruto este trabalho buscou avaliar efeito de produtos alternativos no manejo da fusariose do abacaxizeiro e da podridão negra do abacaxi, bem como verificar as possíveis alterações físico-quimicas e bioquímicas que estes possam causar nos frutos. No primeiro artigo, o efeito de produtos alternativos no manejo da fusariose foi analisado na fase pré-colheita, por infecção natural em campo, bem como levantamento de incidência da fusariose do abacaxizeiro. No segundo artigo, o efeito de produtos alternativos no manejo da podridão negra foi analisado na fase pós-colheita verificando sua ação sobre a severidade das lesões nos frutos e possíveis alterações no crescimento micelial e esporulação de T.ethacethica. Os produtos testados foram fosfito de potássio (FK), fosfito de cálcio (FCa), fosfito de cobre (FCu), Agro-Mós (AGM), silicato de cálcio (SCa), Biopirol®, Bion®e carbendazim ccab 500 sc, aplicados nas dosagens recomendadas pelos fabricantes. Para as análises de infecção natural por Fusarium os resultados mostraram que FK, FCu e biopirol foram eficientes no controle da incidência da doença. As análises físico-químicas mostraram que os tratamentos não promoveram alteração no pH dos frutos, enquanto que na bioquímica apenas FK promoveu a expressão da enzima β-1,3‑glucanases em frutos de abacaxi. Relacionado à T. ethacethica, os resultados mostraram que Bion®, Agro-mos e FK foram capazes de controlar a podridão negra no fruto. FK inibiu o crescimento micelial e a esporulação do patógeno. Os produtos aplicados proporcionaram alterações nos teores de pH, SST e ATT. Alterações bioquímicas não foram observadas pela aplicação dos produtos.

Espécies do gênero Phytophthora são responsáveis por doenças de importância nas principais culturas no mundo. A citricultura brasileira possui grande importância no agronegócio nacional. Uma das doenças que afeta a cultura é a gomose, causada principalmente por Phytophthora nicotianae e Phytophthora citrophthora. O controle da doença é feito basicamente por meio de medidas preventivas e curativas, com o uso de fungicidas. Uma das opções de manejo da doença seria induzir os mecanismos de defesa existentes na plantas. Esses mecanismos podem ser potencializados mediante o uso de indutores de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar possíveis indutores de resistência para esse patossistema e avaliar aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos. Inicialmente, foi realizado um teste para selecionar o isolado mais agressivo. Uma vez selecionado o isolado, foram testados métodos de inoculação: punção no caule, imersão de raízes em suspensão de zoósporos com e sem ferimento. O método de inoculação selecionado foi utilizado para se fazer testes de seleção de substâncias indutoras em plantas de tangerina Sunki, sendo avaliados o peso da matéria fresca e seca dos tecidos das plantas. Finalmente, com a escolha da substância indutora, foi avaliada a indução de resistência na interação citros-Phytophthora spp. em plantas de tangerina Sunki e citrumelo Swingle. As variáveis bioquímicas consideradas foram -1,3- glucanase, peroxidase, catalase, proteína, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores. Foram estudados seis isolados de P. citrophthora e oito de P. nicotianae, sendo que os isolados selecionados foram 02/02 de P. citrophthora e 07/06 de P. nicotianae. O método de inoculação selecionado foi a imersão por zoósporos, o qual apresentou diferenças estatísticas nas variáveis avaliadas. Nos testes in vitro os indutores Phytogard®, silicato de potássio e fosfitos apresentaram redução significativa no desenvolvimento de P. nicotianae e P. citrophthora. Três substâncias indutoras Bion®, Seacrop® e Phytogard® apresentaram diferenças estatísticas nas variáveis, peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz em relação ao controle. Por tanto, a substância selecionada foi o Phytogard®, com base nos resultados e registros existentes sobre fosfitos, como possíveis indutores de resistência. Na interação citros- Phytophthora spp, submetida ao tratamento para resistência induzida, encontrou-se aumento no teor de proteína nas plantas de tangerina Sunki inoculadas com P. nicotianae, 24 dias após a inoculação. Efeitos na concentração de carboidratos e um incremento significativo na concentração de açúcar redutor em plantas de citrumelo Swingle foram observados em plantas inoculadas com os dois patógenos. Incremento significativo na atividade da -1,3-glucanase foi observado 24 dias após a inoculação em plantas inoculadas com P. nicotianae, sem o indutor. A atividade da catalase não apresentou diferenças em nenhum tratamento. A atividade de guaiacol peroxidase apresentou alteração significativa em plantas de tangerina Sunki 24 horas após da inoculação com P. citrophthora. Por sua vez, a incidência da doença foi menor nas plantas tratadas com o Phytogard® nos dois patossistemas. Não foram encontradas alterações na atividade das enzimas avaliadas e o teor de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, que explicassem a indução nas plantas tratadas com fosfitos, e os mecanismos de defesa envolvidos nesse patossistema. / Species of the genus Phytophthora are responsible for major diseases in crops around the world. The Brazilian citrus industry plays an important role in the agribusiness. One of the diseases that affects the culture is the root rot, mainly caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and Phytophthora citrophthora. The disease control is carried out mainly through preventive and curative measures, with the use of fungicides. One of the options for management of the disease would be the induction of defense mechanisms existing in the plants. These mechanisms can be induced through the use of resistance inducers. The aim of this study was to identify potential resistance inducers for this pathosystem and evaluate physiological and biochemical aspects involved. Initially, a test was performed to select the most aggressive oomycete isolate. Afterwards, inoculation methods were tested: stem puncture, root immersion in a suspension of zoospores with and without injury. The inoculation method was used to in an experiment to select inducer substances in plants of Sunki tangerine, and it was evaluated the wet and dry weight of plant tissues. Finally, with the choice of the inducing substance, it was assessed the induction of resistance in the interaction citrus-Phytophthora spp. in Sunki tangerine and Swingle citromelo plants. The biochemical variables considered were -1,3- glucanase, peroxidase, catalase, protein, total sugars and reducing sugars. Six isolates of P. citrophthora and eight P. nicotianae were studied, and the selected isolates were 02/02 of P. citrophthora and 07/06 of P. nicotianae. The inoculation method selected was immersion in zoospore suspensions. The inducers Phytogard, potassium silicate and phosphite have shown siginificative reduction on the development of P. nicotianae and P. citrophthora on in vitro tests. Three inducing substances Bion®, Seacrop® and Phytogard® showed statistical differences in variables of dry weight of shoot and root. Therefore, the substance selected was Phytogard®, based on the results and existing records of phosphite as potential inducers of resistance. In the interaction citrus-Phytophthora spp. submitted to the treatment for induced resistance, it was found an increase in protein content in plants of Sunki tangerine inoculated with P. nicotianae 24 days after inoculation. Effects on carbohydrate concentration and significant increase in concentration of reducing sugar in plants of Swingle citromelo were observed in plants inoculated with both pathogens. Significant increase in the activity of -1,3-glucanase was observed 24 days after inoculation in plants inoculated with P. nicotianae, without the inducer. The catalase activity showed no differences in any treatment. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase showed significant changes in Sunki tangerine plants 24 hours after inoculation with P. citrophthora. Disease incidence was lower in plants treated with Phytogard® in both pathosystems. Thus there were no changes in enzyme activity assessed and in the protein content, total and reducing sugars, which could explain the induction in plants treated with phosphite, and the defense mechanisms involved in this pathosystem.

Espécies do gênero Phytophthora são responsáveis por doenças de importância nas principais culturas no mundo. A citricultura brasileira possui grande importância no agronegócio nacional. Uma das doenças que afeta a cultura é a gomose, causada principalmente por Phytophthora nicotianae e Phytophthora citrophthora. O controle da doença é feito basicamente por meio de medidas preventivas e curativas, com o uso de fungicidas. Uma das opções de manejo da doença seria induzir os mecanismos de defesa existentes na plantas. Esses mecanismos podem ser potencializados mediante o uso de indutores de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar possíveis indutores de resistência para esse patossistema e avaliar aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos. Inicialmente, foi realizado um teste para selecionar o isolado mais agressivo. Uma vez selecionado o isolado, foram testados métodos de inoculação: punção no caule, imersão de raízes em suspensão de zoósporos com e sem ferimento. O método de inoculação selecionado foi utilizado para se fazer testes de seleção de substâncias indutoras em plantas de tangerina Sunki, sendo avaliados o peso da matéria fresca e seca dos tecidos das plantas. Finalmente, com a escolha da substância indutora, foi avaliada a indução de resistência na interação citros-Phytophthora spp. em plantas de tangerina Sunki e citrumelo Swingle. As variáveis bioquímicas consideradas foram -1,3- glucanase, peroxidase, catalase, proteína, açúcares totais e açúcares redutores. Foram estudados seis isolados de P. citrophthora e oito de P. nicotianae, sendo que os isolados selecionados foram 02/02 de P. citrophthora e 07/06 de P. nicotianae. O método de inoculação selecionado foi a imersão por zoósporos, o qual apresentou diferenças estatísticas nas variáveis avaliadas. Nos testes in vitro os indutores Phytogard®, silicato de potássio e fosfitos apresentaram redução significativa no desenvolvimento de P. nicotianae e P. citrophthora. Três substâncias indutoras Bion®, Seacrop® e Phytogard® apresentaram diferenças estatísticas nas variáveis, peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz em relação ao controle. Por tanto, a substância selecionada foi o Phytogard®, com base nos resultados e registros existentes sobre fosfitos, como possíveis indutores de resistência. Na interação citros- Phytophthora spp, submetida ao tratamento para resistência induzida, encontrou-se aumento no teor de proteína nas plantas de tangerina Sunki inoculadas com P. nicotianae, 24 dias após a inoculação. Efeitos na concentração de carboidratos e um incremento significativo na concentração de açúcar redutor em plantas de citrumelo Swingle foram observados em plantas inoculadas com os dois patógenos. Incremento significativo na atividade da -1,3-glucanase foi observado 24 dias após a inoculação em plantas inoculadas com P. nicotianae, sem o indutor. A atividade da catalase não apresentou diferenças em nenhum tratamento. A atividade de guaiacol peroxidase apresentou alteração significativa em plantas de tangerina Sunki 24 horas após da inoculação com P. citrophthora. Por sua vez, a incidência da doença foi menor nas plantas tratadas com o Phytogard® nos dois patossistemas. Não foram encontradas alterações na atividade das enzimas avaliadas e o teor de proteínas, açúcares totais e redutores, que explicassem a indução nas plantas tratadas com fosfitos, e os mecanismos de defesa envolvidos nesse patossistema. / Species of the genus Phytophthora are responsible for major diseases in crops around the world. The Brazilian citrus industry plays an important role in the agribusiness. One of the diseases that affects the culture is the root rot, mainly caused by Phytophthora nicotianae and Phytophthora citrophthora. The disease control is carried out mainly through preventive and curative measures, with the use of fungicides. One of the options for management of the disease would be the induction of defense mechanisms existing in the plants. These mechanisms can be induced through the use of resistance inducers. The aim of this study was to identify potential resistance inducers for this pathosystem and evaluate physiological and biochemical aspects involved. Initially, a test was performed to select the most aggressive oomycete isolate. Afterwards, inoculation methods were tested: stem puncture, root immersion in a suspension of zoospores with and without injury. The inoculation method was used to in an experiment to select inducer substances in plants of Sunki tangerine, and it was evaluated the wet and dry weight of plant tissues. Finally, with the choice of the inducing substance, it was assessed the induction of resistance in the interaction citrus-Phytophthora spp. in Sunki tangerine and Swingle citromelo plants. The biochemical variables considered were -1,3- glucanase, peroxidase, catalase, protein, total sugars and reducing sugars. Six isolates of P. citrophthora and eight P. nicotianae were studied, and the selected isolates were 02/02 of P. citrophthora and 07/06 of P. nicotianae. The inoculation method selected was immersion in zoospore suspensions. The inducers Phytogard, potassium silicate and phosphite have shown siginificative reduction on the development of P. nicotianae and P. citrophthora on in vitro tests. Three inducing substances Bion®, Seacrop® and Phytogard® showed statistical differences in variables of dry weight of shoot and root. Therefore, the substance selected was Phytogard®, based on the results and existing records of phosphite as potential inducers of resistance. In the interaction citrus-Phytophthora spp. submitted to the treatment for induced resistance, it was found an increase in protein content in plants of Sunki tangerine inoculated with P. nicotianae 24 days after inoculation. Effects on carbohydrate concentration and significant increase in concentration of reducing sugar in plants of Swingle citromelo were observed in plants inoculated with both pathogens. Significant increase in the activity of -1,3-glucanase was observed 24 days after inoculation in plants inoculated with P. nicotianae, without the inducer. The catalase activity showed no differences in any treatment. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase showed significant changes in Sunki tangerine plants 24 hours after inoculation with P. citrophthora. Disease incidence was lower in plants treated with Phytogard® in both pathosystems. Thus there were no changes in enzyme activity assessed and in the protein content, total and reducing sugars, which could explain the induction in plants treated with phosphite, and the defense mechanisms involved in this pathosystem.

L’utilisation de molécules stimulatrices des défenses des plantes (SDP), également appelées inducteurs de résistance, constitue une alternative potentielle aux traitements fongicides conventionnels pour combattre les maladies dues à des champignons phytopathogènes. Trois SDPs, le tréhalose (TR), l’acide salicylique (SA) et l’heptanoyl d’acide salicylique (HSA), un dérivé fonctionnel du SA, protègent le blé (Triticum aestivum L.) contre l’oïdium (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici), lorsqu’ils sont utilisés de façon préventive. La protection obtenue n’est pas liée à un effet fongistatique direct sur la germination des spores du champignon, mais à l’induction chez le blé de défenses qui diminuent le développement de la maladie. Notre travail consistait à caractériser les mécanismes de défense mis en jeu après applications foliaires de TR, de HSA et de SA chez un cultivar de blé sensible à l’oïdium. Un suivi de l’expression de gènes marqueurs de défense, réalisé par RTqPCR, a été mené en cinétique,depuis le traitement par les SDPs jusqu'à 4 jours après infection. Les activités enzymatiques correspondantes ont été également mesurées, et l’influence indirecte des SPDs sur le processus infectieux a été observé en microscopie in planta. Ainsi, les réactions de défense déclenchées par le TR, le SA et le HSA ralentissent l’évolution de l’infection, jouant respectivement sur la germination des conidies, structures infectieuses de Bgt, sur la germination du tube germinatif appressorial (AGT) et sur la proportion d’AGTs qui parviennent à pénétrer dans les tissus foliaires. Le TR est à l’origine d’une augmentation de l’expression des gènes codant pour une lipoxygénase, une protéine de transfert des lipides et une phospholipase C, impliquées dans le métabolisme lipidique et la signalisation, et de gènes codant pour des protéines PR comme les chitinases et PR1, tous connus comme marqueurs de défense. Ainsi, les réactions déclenchées par le TR correspondent à un effet inducteur de défenseplutôt qu’à une réaction de stress osmotique. Le HSA modifie particulièrement le métabolisme lipidique, en induisant fortement et pendant toute la cinétique, l’expression du gène codant pour la LOX et l’activité correspondante, aussi bien hors contexte infectieux qu’en contexte infectieux. Cette augmentation de l’activité LOX n’est pas retrouvée chez des feuilles traitées au SA et caractérise donc le HSA. L’importance des réactions observées avec le TR, le SA et le HSA, hors contexte infectieux et en présence de Bgt amène à discuter les effets éliciteurs et potentialisateurs de ces 3 SDPs. / The use of plant elicitors, also known as resistance inducers, is an alternative to conventional fungicides to control diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Three resistance inducers, trehalose (TR), salicylic acid (SA) and heptanoyl salicylic acid (HSA), a functional derivative of SA, protect wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f . sp. tritici) when applied prior to infection. The protection obtained is not linked to any direct fungistatic effect on the fungal spore germination, but to the induction of wheat defences that impair the development of the disease. Our work aimed at characterizing the defence mechanisms triggered after foliar applications of TR, HSA and SA in a wheat cultivar susceptible to powdery mildew. Monitoring of defence markers genes expression by RTqPCR was conducted during a time-course experiment from the treatment time until 4 days after infection. Corresponding enzyme activities were also measured, and the indirect influence of elicitors on the infectious process was observed by microscopy in planta. Thus, defence responses triggered by TR, SA and HSA slow the progression of the infection, respectively altering the germination of infectious structures such as conidia, the differentiation of appressorial germ tube (AGT) and the proportion of AGTs that manage to penetrate the epidermis. TR causes an increase in the expression of genes encoding a lipoxygenase, a lipid transfer protein and a phospholipase C, which are involved in lipid metabolism and signaling, and genes encoding for PR-proteins such as chitinases and PR1, all known as markers of defence. Thus, the reactions triggered by TR match with the ones triggered during induced defence rather than during osmotic stress response. HSA specifically targeted lipid metabolism, inducing strongly and throughout the time-course, the expression ofthe gene encoding LOX and the corresponding enzyme activity, both in infectious and non-infectious contexts. This increase in LOX activity was not found in leaves treated with SA and thus characterizes HSA mode of action. The importance of the reactions observed with TR, SA and HSA, in non-infectious conditions and in the presence of Bgt have to be considered regarding either elicitation or potentiation.

L'utilisation de molécules stimulatrices de défense des plantes (SDP), également appelées inducteurs de résistance, constitute une alternative possible aux traitements fongicides conventionnels pour contrôler les maladies dues aux chanpignons phytopathogènes. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence que trois produits à caractère SDP (FSOV2, FSOV7 et FSOV10) protègent le blé (Triticum aestivum L.) contre la septoriose (Mycosphaerella graminicola, anamorphe Zymoseptoria tritici) lorsqu'ils sont utilisés de façon préventive, mais cette protection dépend fortement du cultivar considéré. Les cultivars Alixan, Premio et Altigo testés ici présentaient au départ des niveaux de résistance distincts à la septoriose. Les protections obtenues ne sont pas liées à un effet direct sur la germination des spores du champignon, mais à l'induction des mécanismes de défense chez le blé qui réduisent la nécrose foliaire et la sporulation du champignon. Ainsi, l'observation des différents stades du processus infectieux de M. graminicola en microscopie et le dosage des activités enzymatiques fongiques de dégradation des parois (CWDE) in planta révèlent que le niveau de protection induite varie avec le SDP appliqué et avec le cultivar traité. L'expression de neuf gènes impliqués dans différentes voies de défense, suivi par RTqPCR, et les activités enzymatiques peroxydase et phénylalanine ammonia lyase ont été mesurée au cours du temps, depuis le traitement par les SDP jusqu'à 5 jours après infection. Les résultats obtenus montrent, que les mécanismes de défense sont induits différemment en fonction du cultivar et en fonction du SDP appliqué. Ces résultats suggèrent que la réussite au champ des SDP est conditionnée de façon déterminante par le choix du couple SDP-cultivar. / The use of resistance inducers (RI) is a potential alternative to conventional fungicide treatments against plant fungal diseases. In the present study, we revealed that preventive applications of three RI conferred protection efficacies against M. graminicola, with protection levels varying with the wheat cultivar. Alixan, Premio and Altigo cultivars were previously known to exhibit distinct resistance levels to M. graminicola. The observed protections did not result from a direct effect on spore germination, but were related to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. The induced resistances reduced foliar necrosis, as well as the sporulation level of the fungus. Microscopic observations of the infection process of M. graminicola and cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) activities measured in planta showed that the applied RI as well as the considered treated wheat cultivar influences the impact on the infection process and the protection efficacy. We investigated from the time of treatment until 5 days after inoculation plant peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities and the expression of nine genes involved in distinct defense pathways. Our results indicated that defense mechanisms are differently induced according both to the wheat cultivar and the RI. Therefore, the successful use of RI at the field level strongly depends on the RI-cultivar combination.

Le blé dur (Triticum durum Desf, BD), tout comme le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BT), est une céréale très touchée par la septoriose, une maladie foliaire causée par le champignon hémibiotrophe Zymoseptoria tritici. D'une part, ce présent travail a permis d'étudier l'interaction compatible du blé-Z. tritici. L'étude de l'interaction compatible chez les pathosystèmes BD/St-08-46 et BT/TO1193 a révélé l'induction des mêmes voies de défense chez les deux pathosystèmes étudiés mais avec différentes intensités. Ensuite, l'étude de l'interaction de Z. tritici avec un cultivar résistant de blé dur a mis en évidence l'association de résistance au champignon est liée à l'inhibition de la pénétration directe, la sporulation et l'activité des enzymes fongiques de dégradation des parois cellulaires de la plante (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase et protéase). Ces derniers sembleraient être fortement liés à la sévérité de Z. tritici aussi bien chez le dur que le blé tendre. En plus, on a pu démontrer moyennant des analyses qRT-PCR l'intervention de plusieurs gènes dans la résistance du blé dur à la septoriose à savoir les gènes PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (précurseur de chitinase de la classe IV), Pox (peroxydase), Msr (méthionine sulfoxide réductase) et Bsil1 (inhibiteur de protéases). D'autre part, le potentiel des stimulateurs de défenses naturelles de plantes (SDPs) à protéger aussi bien le blé dur que le blé tendre contre les maladies fongiques a été évalué. Trois extraits naturels dont les matières actives sont l'acide ascorbique (AA), des oligosaccharides de parois cellulaires de plantes (Oligos) et algue brune (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod) ont été testés pour la première fois sur le blé. Leur effet antifongique (direct) ainsi que l'effet inducteur des mécanismes de défense du blé (indirecte) ont été bien caractérisés moyennant des analyses moléculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques. En effet, seul l'AA a montré un effet direct sur la germination des spores et la croissance mycélienne du Z. tritici associé à l'induction des mécanismes de défense du blé. Par contre, les protections obtenues par l'Oligos et l'A. nod semblent être exclusivement liées à leurs propriétés inductrices de la défense qui ont permis de ralentir le développement du champignon ainsi que d'inhiber l'activité des CWDEs fongiques et la sporulation. D'ailleurs, il s'est avéré que les SDPs testés sembleraient agir sur les mêmes mécanismes de défense chez les deux espèces de blé. Ils pourraient induire l'activation (i) des protéines PR, (ii) les enzymes antioxidants (peroxydase et catalase), (iii) les protéines PAL et LOX (enzymes clés de la voie des phénylpropanoides et la voie des octadécanoides, respectivement) et (iv) l'accumulation des H₂O₂ et le dépôt des polyphénols au niveau des sites de pénétration du champignon, ont été mis en évidence. Egalement, ils pourraient emprunter les mêmes voies utilisées par le cultivar résistant Salim en réponse à l'infection par le champignon et pourraient même induire une réponse plus importante des gènes de défense du blé dur tels que les gènes PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase et Bsil. De même, deux applications (préventif et curatif) des SDPs testés a révélé une protection intéressante contre la maladie associée, dans le cas de l'A. nod et des AA, à une augmentation de la teneur en chlorophylle et l'amélioration de la quantité et de la qualité du rendement du cultivar sensible Karim. Par contre, pour le cultivar résistant Salim l'application des SDPs semble être inutile. En conclusion, l'application des SDPs au bon stade et avec les bonnes concentrations sur des cultivars sensibles pourraient aboutir à des résultats d'efficacité et rendement similaires à celles des cultivars résistants. Ainsi, elle pourrait remplacer l'utilisation des cultivars résistants, surtout avec l'absence de cultivars complètement résistants disponibles pour l'agriculteur en Tunisie. / The durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf, DW) as well as the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BW) is strongly affected by septoria leaf blotch (STB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. First, the present work was used to study of the compatible interaction wheat-Z-tritici. The study of the compatible interaction among pathosystems BD/St-08-46 Z-tritici strain an BT/TO1193 Z-tritici strain revealed the induction of defense pathways in both studied pathosystems, but with slight differences. Then, the study of the interaction of Z. tritici with a resistant durum wheat cultivar showed the fungus resistance of association is related to the inhibition of the direct penetration, sporulation and the avtivity of the fungal enzymes degrading plant cell walls (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase and protease). They seem to be strongly related to the severity of Z. tritici in both BW and DW. In addition, this study revealed the involvement of several genes in the resistance of DW against Z. tritici such as PR2 genes (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (precursor of Class IV chitinase), Pox (peroxidase), Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase) and Bsil (protease inhibitor). On the other hand, the potential of resistance inducers (RIs) to protect BW and DW against STB disease was evaluated. Three natural extracts based on ascorbic acid (AA), plant cell wall oligosaccharides (Oligos) and brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod.) were tested for the first time on wheat. Their antifungal effect (direct) and the effect of inducing wheat defense mechanisms (indirect) have been well characterized through molecular, biochemical and cytological. We recorded that only AA exhibited a direct effect on spore germination and hyphal growth of Z. tritici associated to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. However, conferred protection by Oligos and A. nod appears to be exclusively related to their plant defense inducing properties witch promoted the decrease of fungal CWDE activities and sporulation. Moreover, tested SDPs seem to enhance same defense pathways in both wheat species. They could induce the activation of (i) PR proteins, (ii) the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase), (iii) the protein PAL and LOX (key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways, respectively) and (iv) the cytological accumulation of H₂O₂ and polyphenols, were highlighted. Also, they seem to use same pathways involved in durum wheat resistance mecanisms and may even induce a higher response of defense-related genes as PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase, and Bsil. In general, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. Similarly, in filed tested RIs conferred as interesting protection against STB associated, in the case of the A. nod and AA, with increased chlorophyll content and improving yield quantity and quality of the susceptible cultivar Karim, while in the resistant cultivar Salim, the application of RIs seems to be useless. In conclusion, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. The use of RIs may improve the resistance level and yield of susceptible cultivars in order to obtain similar results to the resistant cultivars. Thus, it could replace the use of resistant cultivars especially with the lack of completely resistant cultivars available to farmers in Tunisia.