Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and substance abuse (drug and/or alcohol) independently impair the immune system; importantly, the combination of HIV infection and substance abuse might produce more than an additive effect on this system. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) and Interferon gamma (IFN?) are pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in differentiation of Th0 cells into Th1 cells. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10) are anti-inflammatory cytokine involved in differentiation of Th0 cells to Th2 cells. Unbalanced Th1 and Th2 cells can lead to immune suppression. Thus, changes in these cytokines could have important implications for people infected with HIV (HIV+). Resistance training can counteract muscle wasting, improve strength, and improve muscle mass. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistance training on resting concentrations of circulating TNF-?, IFN-?, IL-4, and IL-10. Sixteen men (42 ± 11 years, 180.4 ± 9.1 cm, 89.2 ± 20.7 kg) infected with HIV and enrolled in an intensive 60-day in-patient substance addiction/abuse treatment program were recruited shortly after admission to the treatment facility. Participants were assigned to one of two groups using randomization: supervised resistance exercise 3 times per week using a progressive and non-linear periodized program (Exercise) or no exercise training (Non-Exercise) for six weeks. Before (Pre) and after (Post) the 6-week period, resting and fasted blood samples were obtained and analyzed for serum TNF-?, IFN-?, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations using a high-sensitivity ELISA. TNF-? did not change following the 6-week period for Exercise (Pre: 4.8 ± 2.7 pg·ml-1; Post: 4.6 ± 2.4 pg·ml-1) or Non-Exercise (Pre: 3.0 ± 1.3 pg·ml-1; Post: 2.7 ± 0.8 pg·ml-1). IFN-?, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations were below detectable limits. No adverse effects of the intervention were reported. A six-week resistance training program does not elicit changes in circulating TNF-? concentrations in men infected with HIV and undergoing an intensive in-patient substance addiction/abuse treatment program. Concentrations of IFN-?, IL-4, IL-10 were below detectable levels. Six weeks of resistance training was not sufficient to affect circulating TNF-?, nor enough to increase concentrations of IFN-?, IL-4, IL-10 to detectable levels. The lack of adverse effects shows that adding resistance training to the current in-patient treatment regimen for substance abuse among men infected with HIV is safe.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to assess athlete perceptions of an athlete monitoring program throughout an academic year and coach perceptions throughout a competitive season. The secondary purpose was to develop a questionnaire designed to assess coach and athlete perceptions of the monitoring program. Methods: Athletes and coaches participating in the athlete monitoring program at East Tennessee State University’s (ETSU) Sport Performance Enhancement Consortium (SPEC) were invited to participate. Reliability for the coach and athlete questionnaires and principle components analysis (PCA) of the athlete questionnaire was completed after initial development of the questionnaire (11 questions for athletes and 20 for coaches) in the spring of 2013. To analyze changes throughout the academic year, 4 additional questionnaires were administered at the beginning and end of the fall 2013 and spring 2014 semesters. Results: Both athlete and coach questionnaires were considered reliable (athletes = 0.842, coaches = 0.919). PCA revealed a 3 component model (KMO = 0.798, Bartlett’s test of Sphericity = p < 0.001) with eigenvalues over one explaining 68.88% of total variance. Statistical differences between the pre and all other time points were noted for athlete’s perceptions of the SPEC programs influence on overall performance, skill, strength, speed, power, and understanding of the SPEC monitoring protocols. Coachs’ perceptions were statistically different from pre-to postseason only for skill. Conclusion: The questionnaire was shown reliable and can be considered for future use. The first component of the PCA revealed that perceptions of overall performance are influenced by perceptions of strength, skill, and power and agreement that testing data reflects performance, while the second showed that aerobic and anaerobic endurance as well as speed are all highly correlated and, finally, the third revealed that athletes’ understanding of the SPEC program monitoring increased with return of data. Overall, perceptions of the SPEC programs ability to influence the components assessed by the questionnaire were positive ranging from no different to much better for coaches and athletes. In conclusion, the SPEC athlete monitoring program seems to be a beneficial model for enhancing athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of certain aspects of performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the Minimal Velocity Threshold (MVT) of 1RM and repetitions until failure testing conditions using the back squat exercise. Fourteen injury-free males with experience in the back squat volunteered to perform a 1RM and a submaximal (70% 1RM) repetitions until failure test, each during different testing sessions. Mean Concentric Velocity (MCV) was collected using a wireless inertia-measuring device. The last successful repetition in either condition was considered the MVT. A very small relationship between 1RM and repetitions until failure MVT was found (r=-0.135). There were no significant differences between testing sessions and the effect size was small (Cohen’s d=0.468) between each testing session. The small relationship and the non-significant p-value might suggest there is individual variance with MVT. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support a general MVT for the back squat comparing 1RM and submaximal repetitions until failure.

Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is increasingly being usedoutside the realms of physical therapy. Acknowledged as an efficient method to enhancestrength parameters, athletes are increasingly using NMES to facilitate training andstrength gains. A review was designed with a systematic approach with the mainobjective: to assess the effectiveness of transcutaneous NMES on maximal strength inphysical education students, trained and elite athletes in studies involving isometricNMES and Dynamic NMES. Method: A search for all types of trials was performed onPubmed, Sportdiscus, Web of Science Core Collection and The Cochrane ControlledTrials Register, and results were recorded according to the PRISMA recommendations.Twenty-one studies were included and judged for risk of bias and quality according tothe Cochrane guidelines and GRADE. Results: Studies were judged as having either anunclear or high risk of bias. All studies were judged as ‘very low level’ according toGRADE and were lacking bias-limiting methods, detailed information of interventionsand general standardised procedures. Conclusion: Strength gains in physical educationstudents, trained or elite athletes from a training intervention involving either isometricNMES combined with or without voluntary exercise or dynamic NMES are inconclusivedue to the very low level of the quality of the studies. Meta-analysis performed in thisarea should be interpreted with caution as the studies have been judged as eitherunclear or high risk of bias.Key words: isometric NMES (electrical stimulation applied to relaxed muscle), dynamicNMES (electrical stimulation superimposed onto voluntary contractions), strength.

No description available.

Introduction: Chronic inflammation with aging is associated with sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Bovine colostrum is the first milk secreted by cows following parturition and contains bioactive substances, while ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Both target the inflammatory pathway regulated by cyclooxygenase and have potential to increase muscle and bone mass when combined with resistance training. Objectives: To determine efficacy of novel anti-inflammatory nutritional (bovine colostrum) and pharmaceutical (ibuprofen) supplementation during resistance training on muscle and bone properties and strength in older adults. Methods: Older adults (≥50y) were randomly assigned to receive 38g/d of colostrum or whey protein during a resistance training program for 8 weeks; postmenopausal women (≥60y) were randomly assigned to receive ibuprofen (400 mg) or placebo post-exercise while performing a resistance training program or stretching program (3d/wk) for 9 months. Both studies utilized dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition and predicted 1-repetition maximum for strength. The bovine colostrum study further assessed muscle thickness of the biceps and quadriceps, plasma insulin-like growth factor-1, and inflammation and bone resorption markers; the ibuprofen study further assessed bone and muscle properties and estimates of bone strength (peripheral quantitative computed tomography), and dynamic balance. Results: Bovine colostrum supplementation during resistance training increased leg press strength (21%) and reduced bone resorption (-29%) versus whey protein. Both colostrum and whey protein groups improved chest press strength, muscle thickness, and lean tissue mass. Ibuprofen alone appeared beneficial for preventing loss of areal bone density at Ward’s region (3%) and bone properties at the distal radius (0.5%) and radial shaft (1.1%), while exercise alone appeared beneficial for bone properties at the distal radius (0.6%). However, the interaction of resistance training and ibuprofen negated the benefits at the distal radius (-1.5%). Neither ibuprofen nor resistance training was effective for increasing lean tissue mass, although resistance training improved body fat percentage (-2.0%), increased upper and lower body strength (23%, 110%), and preserved muscle density of the calf (-3.1%). Conclusion: While bovine colostrum could be taken within close proximity to exercise, ibuprofen should not be as it may interfere with the effects of exercise when the two interventions are combined.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jambassifilho_jc_me_rcla.pdf: 858848 bytes, checksum: de70830e798bc047222b026db0d78b9c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta dissertação explorou por meio de dois estudos o efeito de diferentes intervalos de recuperação (IR) entre as séries do treinamento com pesos (TP) nas respostas: 1) neuromusculares agudas [número de repetições (NR) por séries, sustentabilidade das repetições entre as séries, volume total, contração voluntária máxima (CVM) e atividade eletromiográfica (atividade EMG)] e crônicas [da CVM, taxa de desenvolvimento de força pico (TDFP) e cargas absolutas de 15 repetições máximas (15 RM)]; 2) agudas das concentrações do hormônio do crescimento (GH). O primeiro estudo foi concluído com 21 participantes (66,4 +- 4,4 anos) e o segundo com 19 participantes (66,1+- 4,3 anos). Inicialmente todas as participantes realizaram duas sessões de familiarização aos procedimentos de avaliação da curva força-tempo isométrica (Cf-t isométrica) e três sessões para determinação das cargas referentes a 15 RM no exercício leg-press. Nas três visitas subseqüentes, foram realizadas duas sessões de teste adotando-se IR entre as séries de um (IR-1) e três (IR-3) minutos e uma sessão controle. Nas sessões de teste, as participantes realizaram três séries até a fadiga muscular com a carga de 15 RM e avaliações da curva força-tempo isométrica (Cf-t isométrica) e da atividade EMG pré e cinco minutos pós-sessões de teste. Na sessão controle, as participantes realizaram as mensurações da Cf-t isométrica e da atividade EMG pré e após permanecerem em repouso por 15 minutos. Após as coletas iniciais, as participantes foram separadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um treinou com IR de um minuto (G-1 min) entre todas as séries e o outro com três minutos (G-3 min). Ambos os grupos realizaram oito semanas de TP com as seguintes características: a) três sessões semanais; b) oito exercícios; c) intensidade relativa... / This dissertation explored through two studies the effect of different rest intervals (RI) between sets of resistance training (RT) in the responses: 1) acute neuromuscular [number of repetitions (NR) in sets, sustainability of repetitions between sets, total volume, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and electromyography activity (EMG activity)] and chronic [MVC, rate of force development peak (RFDP) and absolute loads of 15 repetitions maximum (15 RM)]; 2) acute concentrations of growth hormone (GH). The first study was completed with 21 participants (66.4 +- 4.4 years) and the second with 19 participants (66.1 +- 4.3 years). Initially, all participants performed two familiarization sessions to procedures of the isometric force-time curve (Cf-t isométrica) and three sessions to determine the load corresponding to 15 RM in the exercise leg-press. In three subsequent visits, there were performed two test sessions adopting IR between sets of one (RI-1) and three (RI-3) minutes and one control session. In test sessions, the participants performed three sets to muscular fatigue with the load of 15 RM and evaluations of Cf-t isometric and EMG activity pre and five minutes post-test session. In the control session, the participants performed measurements of Cf-t isometric and EMG activity before and after remaining at rest for 15 minutes. After the initial collection, participants were divided randomly into two groups: one trained with one minute (G-1 min) between all sets and the other with three minutes (G-3 min). Both groups performed eight weeks of RT with the following characteristics: a) three times a week b) eight exercises; c) relative intensity adjusted so that muscular fatigue occurred in 15 RM in the last set. At the end of eight weeks of RT, the participants were retest again... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Principles and Practice of Resistance Training represents a true breakthrough in planning and monitoring strength training programs. This research-based book details how to systematically examine the physical, physiological, and biomechanical parameters associated with crafting resistance training programs to improve sport performance and strength and power in athletes. The authors bring together more than 100 collective years of teaching, conducting research, and coaching national- and international-level athletes to share their unique insights concerning adaptations to strength and conditioning. The text is written in a manner that challenges professionals while remaining accessible to advanced coaches. It begins by presenting readers with an understanding of basic science. This scientific foundation allows readers to formulate a sound training process that is more likely to produce the desired short- and long-term results. Next, the text examines how to test, monitor, and evaluate adaptations to various types of training programs. It emphasizes the significance of appropriately monitoring training programs to identify elements of the program to adjust so the goals of clients or athletes are more effectively and efficiently achieved. Finally, the authors discuss exercise selection and present a practical example so readers can learn to apply the information in the text to build their own training programs. Each chapter is written in a “stand-alone” manner so that readers can refer back to the material as needed. Principles and Practice of Resistance Training also explores key questions that currently have no clear, scientifically proven answers. For these issues, the authors offer reasoned, speculative explanations based on the best available information and data—including anecdotal evidence— intended to stimulate additional observation and research that will eventually offer a clearer understanding and resolution of the issues involved. In sharing their personal experiences as coaches and research scientists, the authors are able to address issues that are not normally dealt with in academic programs. Principles and Practice of Resistance Training is far more than a general guide for strength training. It is an in-depth exploration of the science behind the training. Armed with the scientific understanding and the tools to put that information into practice, you will be able to develop training programs that help your athletes or clients excel. / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1206/thumbnail.jpg

The effects of either 12-wk of high-intensity endurance or resistance training on resting metabolic rate (RMR) were investigated in 47 males aged 18-35 y. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control (C), resistance- trained (RT) or endurance-trained (ET) group. After training both exercise groups showed significant declines in relative body fat either by reducing their total fat weight and maintaining fat-free weight (ET) or by reducing their total fat weight and increasing fat-free weight (RT). RMR did not significantly change after either training regimen although a small decline in energy intake was observed along with an increase in energy expenditure [ET, 2.721 MJ (650 kcal) per training day]. These results suggest that both endurance and resistance training may help to prevent an attenuation in RMR normally observed during extended periods of negative energy balance (energy intake < expenditure) by either preserving or increasing a person's fat-free weight.

The purposes of this dissertation were to 1) determine the effectiveness of the neutrophillymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an athlete monitoring tool in resistance training and 2) determine if repetition maximum or relative intensity loading scheme is superior in managing fatigue through the hormonal, inflammatory, and performances response throughout a 10-week periodized resistance training program. Results from the dissertation give merit to continued research regarding the use of NLR as a monitoring tool to help determine the degree of recovery. Furthermore, results from this dissertation lead to questioning the effectiveness of using a repetition maximum (RM) loading scheme within a periodized training model. Results indicated statistical significant time x group interaction effects for training strain and T:C, statistical main effects for time for NLR, IPF, and IPFa. Under an identical programming model, RM loading subjects experienced a 48.7% increase in training strain over the course of ten weeks. This intensification in training strain likely contributed to the increased negative immune and endocrine response the RM subjects experienced when compared to the relative intensity (RISR) group. When dissecting the individual pre-post performance results, the three largest decreases in static jump height (out of four) participated in the RM loading group. Additionally, only two subjects experienced decreases in their maximal strength (based on isometric mid-thigh pull), both of which participated in the RM loading group. Lastly, it is highly likely that one subject from the RM group was at exceedingly high risk of entering a state overtraining. At a minimum, the subject entered a state of a nonfunctional overreach, based on an increase in cortisol concentrations, NLR, T:C levels, along with decreases in testosterone concentrations and maximal strength performance. When combined, results suggest that using an RM loading scheme and a periodized model may not allow for adequate recovery, especially during phases where recovery is of utmost importance (e.g. a taper).