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We examined the radial growth - climate association of a disjunct population of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) at its southern limit of distribution. Forty-four white spruce tree islands were sampled over four mixed-grass prairie preserves in the Spruce Woods Provincial Park located in the forestprairie boundary of southwestern Manitoba. Reduced radial growth occurred during the 1910s, 1930s, early 1960s, and the late 1970s to the early 1980s and corresponded to periods of drought on the Canadian prairies, and the Great Plains of the United States. Correlation and response function coefficients indicated that conditions in the summer and fall of the previous year (t-1), and the summer of the current year (t) strongly influenced white spruce growth. Growth was positively correlated with August-September (t-1) and May-June-July (t) precipitation and moisture index (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). Radial growth was positively associated with June-July-August (t) river discharge. Growth was most correlated with maximum and mean temperature compared with minimum temperature. Precipitation and maximum temperature accounted for the greatest variation in radial growth (61%). The results suggest that white spruce growth is sensitive to climatic fluctuations because growth is restricted by moisture deficiency exacerbated by temperature-induced drought stress.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal o estudo das técnicas de cancelamento de massa, bem como suas aplicações em análise modal experimental. Estas técnicas são utilizadas na redução de determinados erros nos dados de resposta em frequência da estrutura sob estudo. Estes erros são por sua vez causados por fontes adicionais de inércia, tais como acelerômetros e transdutores de força, que são frequentemente utilizados nos ensaios para o levantamento das características dinâmicas da estrutura. As técnicas de cancelamento de massa estudadas neste trabalho são desenvolvidas a partir de uma modelagem das relações de entrada e saída no domínio da frequência, utilizando-se para tanto as Funções de Resposta em Frequência (FRF), bem como conceitos de subestruturação. Os modelos analíticos utilizados no problema de cancelamento de massa são também aplicados na geração de FRFs desconhecidas para a estrutura sob estudo, a partir de um subconjunto de FRFs medidas com massas adicionais acopladas à estrutura. Os métodos estudados são aplicados a dados obtidos através de simulações numéricas em sistemas discretos, bem como a dados experimentais provenientes de ensaios em estruturas simples. Resultados satisfatórios foram obtidos tanto a partir das simulações numéricas quanto na análise experimental para o problema de cancelamento de massa. Na obtenção de FRFs desconhecidas, verificou-se que os modelos teóricos conduzem a resultados satisfatórios em determinadas situações, e que o ruído encontrado em dados experimentais representa um fator detrimental na utilização das técnicas de cancelamento de massa para o propósito de gerar-se FRF desconhecidas a partir de FRF efetivamente medidas na estrutura sob estudo. / The goal of this dissertation is to develop a study on mass cancellation techniques and their applications in experimental modal analysis. These techniques are commonly employed in the reduction of experimental errors on the structure\'s measured frequency response data. Such errors are in turn caused by extra masses such as accelerometer and force transducers, that are utilized on the measurement of the system\'s Frequency Response Functions (FRF). The mass cancellation techniques studied here are developed through frequency domain input and output relationships as well as substructuring concepts. The analytical models employed in the mass cancellation problem are also applied in obtaining unknown FRF from a subset of measured FRF that are measured with extra masses attached to the structure. The methods studied are applied to numerically simulated data from discrete systems, as well as to experimental data coming from modal tests performed on simple structures. Reasonably good results are obtained in either the numerical and experimental analysis for the mass cancellation problem. In obtaining unknown FRF data, it was verified that the models generated reasonable results in some circumstances, and that experimental noise is a major source of error in using these mass cancellation techniques for the purpose of obtaining unmeasured data from a subset of measured FRF.

A calibração, por definição, é o processo pelo qual se estabelece uma relação entre valores de medição de um padrão, com as suas respectivas incertezas, e as indicações com as incertezas associadas do instrumento de medição a ser calibrado. Um protocolo de calibração descreve a metodologia a ser aplicada em um processo de calibração. O método escolhido para a obtenção deste protocolo foi o da espectrometria de feixe de raios X associada à simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo, fundamentado no fato de que ambos são considerados métodos absolutos na determinação de parâmetros de feixes de radiação. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o método de Monte Carlo utilizado para obter a função resposta do detector utilizada para a correção dos espectros obtidos do feixe primário de radiação X; deste modo foram calculadas as taxas de kerma destes feixes e comparadas aos valores obtidos com as câmaras de ionização padrão secundário do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN (LCI/IPEN). Foram obtidos os coeficientes de calibração para o sistema padrão com diferenças em relação ao fornecido pelo laboratório primário entre 1,3% e 15,3%. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a viabilidade do estabelecimento deste protocolo de calibração utilizando a espectrometria como padrão de referência, com incertezas relativas de 0,62% para k=1. As incertezas associadas ao método proposto foram satisfatórias, para um laboratório padrão secundário e comparáveis a um laboratório primário. / Calibration, by definition, is the process that establishes a relation between the measurement values of a standard, with their respective uncertainties, and the indications with the associated uncertainties of an instrument to be calibrated. A calibration protocol describes the methodology to be applied during the calibration process. The chosen method to obtain this protocol was the use of the X-ray beam spectrometry associated with Monte Carlo mathematical simulation, based on the fact that both are considered primary methods for x radiation beams parameters determination. The work consists in obtaining the detector response function using the Monte Carlo method for the correction of the X radiation primary beam spectra obtained. After that, the kerma rates values were calculated and compared to those obtained with the secondary standard ionization chambers of the Calibration Laboratory of IPEN. The calibration coefficients for the standard ionization chambers were found with differences from that provided by the primary laboratory between 1.3% and 15.31%. The results indicated the feasibility of establishing a protocol for the calibration of instruments using spectrometry as a reference standard, with relative uncertainties of 0.62% for k = 1. The uncertainties associated with the proposed method were satisfactory for a secondary standard laboratory and comparable to a primary laboratory.

A calibração, por definição, é o processo pelo qual se estabelece uma relação entre valores de medição de um padrão, com as suas respectivas incertezas, e as indicações com as incertezas associadas do instrumento de medição a ser calibrado. Um protocolo de calibração descreve a metodologia a ser aplicada em um processo de calibração. O método escolhido para a obtenção deste protocolo foi o da espectrometria de feixe de raios X associada à simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo, fundamentado no fato de que ambos são considerados métodos absolutos na determinação de parâmetros de feixes de radiação. Neste trabalho foi utilizado o método de Monte Carlo utilizado para obter a função resposta do detector utilizada para a correção dos espectros obtidos do feixe primário de radiação X; deste modo foram calculadas as taxas de kerma destes feixes e comparadas aos valores obtidos com as câmaras de ionização padrão secundário do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do IPEN (LCI/IPEN). Foram obtidos os coeficientes de calibração para o sistema padrão com diferenças em relação ao fornecido pelo laboratório primário entre 1,3% e 15,3%. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a viabilidade do estabelecimento deste protocolo de calibração utilizando a espectrometria como padrão de referência, com incertezas relativas de 0,62% para k=1. As incertezas associadas ao método proposto foram satisfatórias, para um laboratório padrão secundário e comparáveis a um laboratório primário. / Calibration, by definition, is the process that establishes a relation between the measurement values of a standard, with their respective uncertainties, and the indications with the associated uncertainties of an instrument to be calibrated. A calibration protocol describes the methodology to be applied during the calibration process. The chosen method to obtain this protocol was the use of the X-ray beam spectrometry associated with Monte Carlo mathematical simulation, based on the fact that both are considered primary methods for x radiation beams parameters determination. The work consists in obtaining the detector response function using the Monte Carlo method for the correction of the X radiation primary beam spectra obtained. After that, the kerma rates values were calculated and compared to those obtained with the secondary standard ionization chambers of the Calibration Laboratory of IPEN. The calibration coefficients for the standard ionization chambers were found with differences from that provided by the primary laboratory between 1.3% and 15.31%. The results indicated the feasibility of establishing a protocol for the calibration of instruments using spectrometry as a reference standard, with relative uncertainties of 0.62% for k = 1. The uncertainties associated with the proposed method were satisfactory for a secondary standard laboratory and comparable to a primary laboratory.

Sensitive devices are affected by extreme vibration excitations during operation so require isolation from high levels of vibration excitations. When these excitation characteristics of the devices are well known, the vibration isolation can be achieved accurately. However, it is possible to have expected profile information of the excitations with respect to frequency. Therefore, it is practical and useful to implement this information in the design process for vibration isolation. In this thesis, passive vibration isolation technique is examined and a computer code is developed which would assist the isolator selection process. Several sample cases in six degree of freedom are designed for a sample excitation and for sample assumptions defined for an inertial measurement unit. Different optimization methods for design optimizations are initially compared and then different designs are arranged according to the optimization results using isolators from catalogues for these sample cases. In the next step, the probable designs are compared according to their isolator characteristics. Finally, one of these designs are selected for each case, taking into account both the probable location deviations and property deviations of isolators.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Alan Marinovic.pdf.jpg: 11803 bytes, checksum: 6f432bd77eda9bb1f8d0a1b55b2d1ea4 (MD5) Alan Marinovic.pdf.txt: 229382 bytes, checksum: 17f470747aee826fc7511c202d10bcc8 (MD5) Alan Marinovic.pdf: 1449291 bytes, checksum: bc20970ba9f69f9209cff4441caf931e (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 2dd7def8564dbf39bd3ed6b2e446baf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-28T00:00:00Z / O trabalho estuda a inter-relação entre preços de ações bancárias da América Latina, Estados Unidos e Europa durante o período compreendido entre janeiro de 2000 até final de junho de 2008. De um modo geral o estudo busca evidências sobre a existência de relações de equilíbrio de longo prazo entre as séries de preços utilizando análises de cointegração, testes de causalidade e funções de impulso resposta. Os resultados empíricos apontam para a existência de relações de equilíbrio de longo prazo entre as séries de preços, e para a existência de contágio especialmente de choques oriundos do mercado Norte Americano. Cabe ressaltar que o efeito de choques se mostra mais pronunciado após 2007, período compreendido pela crise do subprime. / This dissertation investigates the inter-relationships among bank’s stock markets for Latin America, United States and Europe from January, 2000 to June, 2008. The study analyzes the existence of long-run relationships among the price of Bank’s stocks, additionally it applies short-run causality tests and impulse response analyses. Empirical results suggests that there is at least one cointegration vector among the price series, and the series time paths are influenced by different extent of changes in price of different banks. Moreover the study finds that the relationships among bank’s stock prices differ between crises (more volatile) and less volatile periods. These findings imply that there are strong evidences of inter-connections among stock markets around the world.

L’évaluation des risques des produits chimiques utilise pour les effets non mutagènes un seuil de dose sans effet. L’objectif est d’élaborer une démarche qui permette de quantifier les risques non mutagènes. Elle s’inspire de celle utilisée pour les effets cancérigènes mutagènes. L’intérêt d’une approche sans seuil, est illustré par le cas du chlordécone en Guadeloupe. L’évaluation officielle indique 1 à 3 % de la population exposée au-dessus du seuil de dose toxique (atteintes rénales). Personne n’a quantifié les risques lorsque ce seuil est dépassé. Cependant, plusieurs millions d’euros (M€) sont investis chaque année pour la prévention des expositions.L’étude s’appuie uniquement sur des données disponibles en 2013. Les connaissances sur les modes d’actions toxiques du chlordécone permettent d’identifier les effets possibles à faible dose. Les études expérimentales multidoses ou les études épidémiologiques fournissent les données pour dériver des fonctions expositions risques (FER). Les données d’expositions internes (chlordéconémies) sont disponibles avant et après la mise en place en 2003 des actions de prévention. Les risques, estimés en multipliant les expositions par les FER, sont convertis en impacts via le nombre de personnes exposées. Les impacts sont monétarisés avec les DALYs et VOLY.Les effets possibles du chlordécone à faible dose chronique sont : cancers de la prostate et du foie, atteintes rénales et développement cognitif. Evaluer sans seuil et avec les expositions internes, le nombre de décès par cancer du foie avant 2003 est de 5,4 /an et après 2003 de 2,0 /an. Soit 3,4 décès/an évités grâce à la baisse des expositions. Pour les cancers de la prostate on compte respectivement : 2,8 et 1,0 (gain : 1,8 décès/an), pour les atteintes rénales : 0,10 et 0,04 (gain : 0,06 décès/an). Les pertes de points de QI sont de 1 173 pts/an et 1 003 pts/an (gain : 168 pts/an). Avant 2003, le coût total de ces impacts s’élève à 31,8 M€2006/an [10,6-64,3]. Les pertes de points de QI contribuent à 62 % du coût total, les cancers du foie 27 %, les cancers de la prostate 11 % et les atteintes rénales 0,6 %. Après 2003, le coût des impacts est de 21,3 M€2006/an [5,8-42,8]. Les bénéfices dus à la baisse des expositions sont de 10,5 M€2006/an. Les dépenses de préventions étant de 3,25 M€2006/an, le bénéfice est 3 fois plus élevé. La prise en compte d’un seuil de dose sans effet ne change pas significativement ces résultats. Evalué avec les expositions externes, le coût total des impacts ne représente plus que 4 % du coût avec les expositions internes. Une analyse de sensibilité par simulation Monté Carlo, montre que la variable « exposition » est la plus influente sur les résultats.Ce travail est le premier à prendre en compte un scénario d’évaluation sans seuil, ce qui est de plus en plus souvent recommandé pour les perturbateurs endocriniens. C’est aussi le premier à monétariser les impacts sanitaires du chlordécone. Cette approche est féconde d’informations utiles à la décision. Elle permet de comparer des options fondamentales comme l’existence ou non d’un seuil, la prise en compte d’expositions externes ou internes. Elle permet aussi de comparer le coût des actions de prévention aux bénéfices sanitaires qu’elles engendrent. Les résultats obtenus facilitent la hiérarchisation des priorités de sécurité sanitaire. On recommande cette démarche quantitative pour les facteurs d’environnement auxquels sont déjà exposées les populations. Les actions de prévention en Guadeloupe sont efficientes et justifiées au plan du coût social. Des enquêtes épidémiologiques sur le rôle du chlordécone dans les pathologies qui n’ont pas pu être prises en compte (neurotoxicité adulte, maladies auto immunes, autres effets sur le développement) seraient nécessaires. Il serait utile de prévoir des études mécanistiques avant les études épidémiologiques. Prolonger la cohorte TIMOUN permettrait de réduire l’incertitude sur le développement cognitif. / Risk assessment of chemicals uses for non-mutagenic effects a threshold dose without effect. The aim is to develop a risk assessment framework that allows quantification of non-mutagenic risks. It is inspired by the approach used for genotoxic carcinogens. The added value for safety decision making is shown on the case of chlordecone exposure in Guadeloupe. The official assessment is 1 to 3% of the population are exposed above the threshold (kidney damage). No one has quantified the risks when the threshold is exceeded. However, several million euros (M€) are invested annually for the prevention of exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe.The study is based only on published data available in 2013. The analysis of modes of action will identify the possible effects of chlordecone at chronicle low doses. Multidoses experimental studies or epidemiological studies provide data to derive exposure-response functions (ERF). The internal exposure data (blood chlordecone concentration) are available for Guadeloupe before and after the introduction in 2003 of preventive actions. The external exposure data are available only after 2003. Risks, estimated with exposures and ERF, are converted into impacts through the number of people exposed. The impacts are monetized via DALYs and VOLY.Four effects of chlordecone can occur at chronic low dose: prostate and liver cancers, kidney damages and cognitive development impairments. Without threshold and with internal exposure data, the estimated numbers of deaths from liver cancer are respectively before and after 2003: 5.4 /year and 2.0 /year. That is 3.4 deaths avoided per year by reducing exposure. For prostate cancer there are respectively 2.8 and 1.0 /yr (gain: 1.8 /yr) and for kidney damages 0.10 and 0.04 /yr (gain: 0.06 /yr). Loss of IQ points are 1 173/yr and 1 003 /yr (gain = 168 pt./yr). Before 2003, the total annual cost of these impacts is 31.8 million €2006 [10.6 to 64.3]. Impacts on cognitive development account for 62% of the total, liver cancer 27%, prostate cancer 11% and kidney damage 0.6%. After 2003, the cost of impacts is 21.3 M€/yr [5.8 to 42.8]. The benefits due to the reduction of exposures (avoided impacts) are 10.5 M€/yr [4.8 to 21.5]. Compared to annual spending estimated at 3.25 M€/yr, the annual benefit is three times higher. Including a threshold dose in the model do not significantly change the results. Use of the external exposure data, dramatically decreased the costs of impacts down to 4% of the costs estimated with internal exposures data. A sensitivity analysis with Monte Carlo simulation show that the "exposure" variable is the one that most influences the results.This work is the first to consider a quantitative assessment of health risks scenario without threshold, which is more and more often recommended for endocrine disrupters. It is also the first to monetize health impacts of chlordecone in Guadeloupe. This approach proves fruitful of useful information for decision making. It enables to compare basic options such as whether or not a threshold should be used in the model, taking into account any external or internal exposures. It also allows a comparison of the cost of preventive actions with the health benefits they generate. The results obtained facilitate the prioritization of actions for health safety. This quantitative approach is recommended for environmental factors to which are already exposed populations. Actions for reducing exposure to chlordecone in Guadeloupe are justified and efficient in terms of social cost. Epidemiological surveys to study the role of chlordecone in diseases that could not been taken into account for lack of knowledge (adult neurotoxicity, autoimmune diseases, and other developmental effects) would be needed. It would be useful to provide mechanistic studies before epidemiological studies implementation. Extend follow-up of the TIMOUN cohort could reduce uncertainty about cognitive development.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-21T11:41:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS HENRIQUE DE AZEVEDO FARIAS - TESE (PPGRN) 2006.pdf: 1797165 bytes, checksum: c1306ada6c17a8b1211eb71a42f5e313 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T11:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CARLOS HENRIQUE DE AZEVEDO FARIAS - TESE (PPGRN) 2006.pdf: 1797165 bytes, checksum: c1306ada6c17a8b1211eb71a42f5e313 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / A pesquisa foi instalada em uma área experimental (latitude 6º54’59,88”S, longitude 35º09’17,86”O e altitude de 121,00 m) da Fazenda Capim II, localizada no Município de Capim/PB, com objetivo de se avaliar a cultura da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp), variedade SP 79 1011, submetida a dois fatores: lâminas de água de irrigação e níveis de adubação com zinco. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados (DBC), com três repetições em esquema fatorial 5 x 5 analisados conjuntamente. As lâminas de irrigação foram: sequeiro, 25% da ETc (256,64 mm), 50% da ETc (513,29 mm), 75% da ETc (769,93 mm) e 100% da ETc (1026,57 mm) com as respectivas precipitações efetivas 780,06, 713,31, 487,54, 243,71 e 194,51 mm. Os níveis de zinco foram 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 kg ha-1. O equipamento de irrigação utilizado na pesquisa foi do tipo pivô central fixo. O turno de irrigação, definido em função da análise físico-hídrica do solo, foi de nove dias utilizando 100% da água do solo. A ETo foi definida através do tanque “classe A” e a ETc foi determinada em função da idade da planta e de seu respectivo Kc. Abateu-se, do cálculo da lâmina de irrigação, a precipitação efetiva dentro do turno de irrigação. Foram determinadas as funções de resposta, em termos de crescimento e desenvolvimento fisiológico, bem como em termos econômicos, definindo-se, para tanto, os níveis dos dois fatores que proporcionam os melhores resultados econômicos. Até os sete meses de idade, a queda média de 50% no perfilhamento ocorreu independentemente dos fatores estudados ocorrendo diferenças significativas ao final do ano de cultivo. A resposta fisiológica aos fatores estudados foi significativa em altura, índice de área foliar, fitomassa total, fitomassa das folhas e fitomassa dos colmos. Do ponto de vista da qualidade da matéria-prima, o rendimento mínimo em açúcares totais recuperáveis foi de 96,57 kg t-1 e o máximo foi de 153,55 kg t-1. A cultura respondeu a lâmina de água de irrigação, em termos de produtividade, de forma significativamente diferente, sendo a mínima de 28,33 t ha-1 e a máxima de 106,47 t ha-1. Em termos de eficiência no uso da água pela cultura, o valor mínimo foi de 3,63 kg m3 e o máximo de 8,71 kg m3. Do ponto de vista econômico, foi calculado um modelo de função de resposta P(L,Zn) = a +b*L+c*L²+d*Zn+e*Zn²+f*LZn para estimar, diante do efeito conjunto dos dois fatores, qual combinação (L, Zn) resultaria em maiores produtividades (Lm, Znm) e maiores lucros brutos (L*,Zn*). De acordo com a tendência do modelo, a combinação que maximizou a produtividade em 181,26 t ha-1 foi (1.947,82 mm de lâmina total com 3,94 kg ha-1 de zinco) propiciando um lucro bruto de R$ 16,57 t-1. Ainda segundo o modelo, a combinação que maximiza o lucro bruto em R$ 21,06 t-1 é 1.628,06 mm com 1,80 kg ha-1 para uma produtividade de 168,59 t ha-1. Entretanto, a adoção da lâmina que maximiza o lucro bruto implica um volume de água maior que aquele aplicado à cultura, quando irrigada com 100% da ETc (1.221,08 mm). A cana de sequeiro conferiu ao produtor um prejuízo de R$ -1,43 t-1, independentemente da combinação. Quando foram aplicados 25% da ETc, o prejuízo foi maior, da ordem de R$ -9,64 t-1 em detrimento da combinação estudada. A combinação L50, Zn3 proporcionou um LB de R$ 5,86 t-1; para L75, Zn3 o LB foi de R$ 7,17 t-1. A combinação que conferiu o maior LB (R$ 19,60 t-1), com uma produtividade de 101,05 t ha-1, foi 1.221,08 mm de lâmina total e 3,0 kg de Zn ha-1 (L100, Zn3). / The research was conducted in an experimental area (coordinates 6º54’59,88”S; 35º09’17,86”W and 121,00m of altitude) of the Capim II Farm in the municipality of Capim/PB with the objective to evaluate the response of sugarcane crop (Saccharum spp.) variety SP 79 1011, submitted to different depths of irrigation water and fertilization levels with zinc to obtain their response functions for the growth and physiologic development, as well in economical terms. . The experimental design consisted of randomizered blocks, with three repetitions in 5 x 5 factorial scheme analyzed jointly. The irrigation depths were cultivation without irrigation, 25% of ETc (256,64 mm), 50% of ETc (513,29 mm), 75% of ETc (769,93 mm) e 100% of ETc (1.026,57 mm) with the respective effective precipitations of 780,06, 713,31, 487,54, 243,71 and 194,51 mm and the levels of zinc were 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg ha-1. The irrigation equipment used in this research was a fixed central pivot . The irrigation frequency was defined in function of physical properties of soil and frequency of irrigation was of nine days using 100% of soil moisture. ETo was defined through the tank Class “A” and ETc was calculated in function of the plant age and respective Kc. The effective precipitation during the interval of irrigation was substracted from the calculation of depth of irrigation to be applied.. Until the seven months of age the mean reduction of 50% in number of plants occurred independently of the factors studied presenting significant differences at the end after one year of cultivation. The physiologic response to the studied factors, at the end of the year was significant, in plant height, leaf area index, total dry mass, dry mass of leaves and dry mass of stems. The point of view quality of the raw material. the minimum yield in recoverable total sugars (RTS) was of 96,57 kg t-1 and the maximum was of 153,55 kg t-1. The crop responded in terms of production significantly where the minimum was of 28,33 t ha-1 and the maximum was of 101,05 t ha-1. In terms of EUW (efficiency use water) for the crop, the minimum value was of 3,63 kg m-3 and the maximum was of 8,71 kg m-3. From the economical point of view, a model response function was calculations (P(L,Zn) = a+b*L+c*L²+d*Zn+e*Zn²+f*LZn) to estimate the combined effect of two factors, with combination (L, Zn) it would result in larger productivities (Lm, Znm) and larger gross profit (L*,Zn*). It was Verified that in agreement with the tendency of the model, the combination that had maximized the productivity of 181,26 t ha-1 , was 1.947,82 mm with 3,94 kg ha-1 of zinc, resulting in a gross profit (GP) of R$ 16,57 t-1. However, the same model estimated that the combination which maximizes the GP of R$ 21,06 t-1, consisted of 1.628,06 mm water with 1,80 kg ha-1 of zinc, for a productivity of 168,59 t ha-1. However, the adoption of irrigation depth that maximizes GP implicates in a larger volume of water compared to that applied to the crop when irrigated with 100% of the ETc (1.221,08 mm). the sugar cane without irrigation (control) resulted in a loss of R$ -1,43t-1 to producer, independently of the combination. When irrigation was applied equivalent to 25% of the ETc the loss was more, of the order of R$ 9,64 t-1 independently of studied combination. The combination (L50, Zn3) provided a GP of R$ 5,86 t-1. For L75, Zn3 GP was of R$ 7,17 t-1. The combination that provided highest GP (R$ 19,60 t-1) with a productivity of 101,05 t ha-1 was 1.221,08 mm with 3,0 kg ha-1 (L100, Zn3).

nÃo hà / Na Ãltima dÃcada, o mercado de crÃdito brasileiro experimentou um crescimento inÃdito na histÃria do paÃs, atingindo o nÃvel de 49% do Produto Interno Bruto. Tal fato està diretamente ligado ao desenvolvimento econÃmico do paÃs nos Ãltimos anos. Diante desse cenÃrio, o preÃo que se cobra nas operaÃÃes de crÃdito passou a ter importÃncia fundamental para a manutenÃÃo de um crescimento sustentÃvel. Nessa perspectiva, os spreads bancÃrios â diferenÃa entre a taxa de juros cobrada dos tomadores de crÃdito e o custo de captaÃÃo dos recursos depositados nas instituiÃÃes financeiras â passaram a ser questionados por conta do elevado nÃvel em que se encontram no Brasil. Esse trabalho se propÃe a analisar a evoluÃÃo do spread bancÃrio brasileiro na Ãltima dÃcada e investigar empiricamente seus determinantes. Para tanto, empregou-se nesta pesquisa a tÃcnica economÃtrica de Vetores Autoregressivos de modo a identificar e analisar as principais variÃveis que se relacionam com o spread no perÃodo de 2000 a 2012. AtravÃs da anÃlise das funÃÃes de Impulso e Resposta, o trabalho mostra que a inflaÃÃo à um dos principais determinantes macroeconÃmicos do spread no Brasil. / The unprecedented growth in the Brazilian credit market in recent years made it possible to reach an impressive level of its GDP. This fact is surely related to economic development experimented by the country in current years. Within this scenario, the price which is charged in credit operations started to play a fundamental role to the maintenance of sustainable growth. Thus, the bank spreads which mean the difference between the interest rate charged to borrowers and the funding cost of funds deposited at financial institutions â also began to be disputed in virtue of their actual high level state. The goal of this work is to evaluate the Brazilian banking spread sector evolution in the last decade and empirically investigate its determinants. Therefore, it may employ tools such as the so-called Vectors Autoregressive in order to figure out and work out the main variables which are related to spread regarding the 2000-2012 period. Making use of impulse-response functions, one intends to show that inflation is one of the main macroeconomic determinants to the Brazilian spread.