Desde meados do século XX, métodos analíticos, numéricos e experimentais foram utilizados para quantificar a eficiência térmica na soldagem a arco, isto é, a razão entre a energia do arco elétrico e a energia que é entregue ao material durante a soldagem. Conhecendo-se a eficiência térmica, as dimensões da chapa e as propriedades térmicas do metal de base, torna-se possível prever as taxas e tempos de resfriamento a partir de modelo analíticos. Consequentemente, permitindo a previsão das transformações de fase, garantindo que os valores das propriedades da junta soldada se enquadrem dentro de um intervalo desejado. Os modelos de previsão de taxa de resfriamento derivados a partir dos modelos analíticos de Rosenthal são validos apenas no regime quase estacionário. Todavia, estes modelos costumam ser utilizados com pouco critério, mesmo em situações em que este regime não é alcançado. Portanto, para o desenvolvimento de modelos mais precisos e acurados para previsões das taxas de resfriamento, torna-se necessário entender como os termos do balanço de energia se desenvolvem durante a soldagem, até atingir o regime quase estacionário. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um entendimento mais abrangente dos fatores que impactam nos valores de taxas de resfriamento em juntas soldadas. Realizaram-se ensaios de calorimetria com nitrogênio líquido para diferentes tempos de soldagem, como também, foram coletados ciclos térmicos em diferentes posições ao longo do cordão, buscando entender como as variações no balanço de energia, ao longo da soldagem, impactam no material. A partir da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, foram obtidos os modelos empíricos da energia entregue ao material e da eficiência térmica do arco. Um novo entendimento acerca do balanço de energia na soldagem foi alcançado, servindo de base para o desenvolvimento e validação de um modelo preditivo de taxa de resfriamento, válido para diferentes condições de fluxo de energia no material. / Since the early 20th century, numerical and experimental methods have been used to quantify the thermal arc efficiency in welding, i.e., the ratio between the electric arc energy and the energy delivered to the material during welding. Knowing the thermal arc efficiency, the sample dimensions and the thermal properties of the base metal, it is possible to predict the cooling rates by analytical models. Consequently, allowing the prediction of phase transformations in the material, ensuring that values of welded joint properties are within a desired range. Cooling rate prediction models derived from Rosenthal\'s analytical models are valid only in quasi-stationary state. However, these models are used with little criterion, even in situations where this state is not achieved. Therefore, to development of more accurate and precise models for the prediction of cooling rate it become necessary to understand the evolution of the energy balance during the welding until the quasi-stationary state was reached. This work aims to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that affect the cooling rate in welded joints. Calorimetry tests with liquid nitrogen were carried out for different welding times, and thermal cycles were collected at different positions along the weld bead, to understand how the variations in the energy balance during the welding affect the material. From the Response Surface Methodology, the empirical models of delivered energy and the thermal arc efficiency were obtained. A new understanding about the energy balance in the welding was found, that was used for the development and validation of a predictive model of cooling rate, valid for different condition of energy flow in the material.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariadine R C de Souza.pdf: 3448582 bytes, checksum: c9a134accab4a823b60c11ba4b8a1727 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research project aimed the evaluation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP (HCl)) removal in solution, by applying an electrocoagulation (EC) process. The CIP (HCl) solution was prepared with an initial concentration of 25 mg L-1 CIP (HCl) in distilled water. The experiments were conducted in an EC reactor in laboratory scale, consisting of aluminum electrodes. In order to get the best reactor operating parameters, regarding its variables (initial pH, current intensity and time of electrolysis), a response surface methodology was applied based on a complete experimental design (CED) 3³. The CIP (HCl) concentration was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the mineralization was accompanied based on the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC). To obtain the operating conditions considered ideal for the operation of the EC reactor, a predicted second-order model was adjusted to the experimental responses and then validated by ANOVA. The influence of each reactor operating parameter was individually investigated, in a wider range than the one studied in the CED. Thus, the optimal values for each operating parameters were initial pH at 9.0 and current intensity of 0.8 A. From these responses, a kinetic analysis of the EC process was performed, reaching a rapid reduction of CIP (HCl) in the first minutes of electrolysis, stabilizing at 99% in times greater than 40 minutes. The toxicity of the treated solution was measured by applying ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity bioassays, taking as bioindicators Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa, respectively. The toxicity test using Artemia salina was susceptible to the type of remaining toxic compounds formed after the CIP (HCl) solution treatment of short duration. Furthermore, the remaining toxicity after 75 min of EC became nearly harmless to this bioindicator. On the other hand, the bioindicator Lactuca sativa was not susceptible to the action of these compounds at any treatment time. Due to the possible presence of the organic compound CIP (HCl) at a low concentration in the solutions treated by high electrolysis time, an antimicrobial activity analysis using the microorganisms S. aureus and E. coli was applied. The antimicrobial activity of the solution over 40 min electrolysis treatments was almost null or absent. In order to identify the CIP (HCl) in the sludge generated during the process, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was applied. CIP (HCl) was not identified in the residual sludge or the treated solution, indicating degradation of the compound during the treatment, possibly by electro-oxidation reactions. Therefore, the electrocoagulation provided the degradation of CIP (HCl) pollutant maintaining the treated solution free of toxicity and adverse biological effects to aquatic biota enabling their disposal in the environment, if the ideal operational conditions are maintained (initial pH 9.0, current density 0.8 A and electrolysis time of 75 min). / Este projeto de investigação visa avaliar a remoção do antibiótico cloridrato de ciprofloxacina (CIP(HCl)) em solução, por meio de um processo de eletrocoagulação (EC). A solução de CIP(HCl) foi preparada com concentração inicial de 25 mg L-1 de CIP(HCl) em água destilada. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator de EC, em escala laboratorial, constituído por eletrodos de alumínio. A fim de obter os melhores parâmetros de operação do reator em relação as suas variáveis (pH inicial, intensidade de corrente e tempo de eletrólise), uma metodologia de superfície de resposta foi aplicada baseada em um planejamento experimental completo (PEC) 3³. A concentração de CIP(HCl) foi monitorada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e sua mineralização foi baseada na redução do carbono orgânico total (COT). Para obtenção das condições operacionais consideradas ideais para o funcionamento do reator de EC, um modelo previsto de segunda ordem foi ajustado às respostas experimentais e em seguida validado pela ANOVA. A influência de cada parâmetro de funcionamento do reator foi investigada individualmente em uma faixa de estudo mais ampla do que a avaliada PEC. Desta maneira, os valores considerados ideais para cada parâmetro operacional foram: pH inicial 9,0 e intensidade de corrente 0,8 A. A partir destas respostas, foi realizada uma análise cinética do processo de EC, onde se atingiu uma rápida redução de CIP(HCl) nos primeiros minutos de eletrólise, se estabilizando em 99% em tempos superiores a 40 min. A toxicidade da solução tratada foi avaliada aplicando bioensaios de ecotoxicidade e de fitotoxicidade, tomando como bioindicadores a Artemia salina e a Lactuca sativa, respectivamente. O teste de toxicidade utilizando a Artemia salina foi susceptível aos compostos tóxicos remanescentes formados após o tratamento da solução de CIP(HCl) de curta duração. Além disso, a toxicidade após 75 min de EC se tornou quase inócua a este bioindicador. Por outro lado, o bioindicador Lactuca sativa não foi susceptível à ação dos compostos tóxicos remanescentes a qualquer tempo de tratamento. Devido a possível presença do composto orgânico CIP(HCl) em baixas concentrações, nas soluções tratadas por elevados tempos de eletrólise, aplicou-se a análise de atividade antimicrobiana utilizando os micro-organismos S. aureus e E. coli. A atividade antimicrobiana da solução com tratamentos acima de 40 min de eletrólise foi ausente. Visando a identificação da CIP(HCl) no lodo gerado durante o processo, análises de difração de raio-X (DRX) foram realizadas. Não se identificou CIP(HCl) no lodo residual nem na solução tratada, indicando a degradação do composto durante o tratamento, possivelmente por reações de eletroxidação. Portanto, o processo de EC proporcionou a degradação do poluente CIP(HCl), mantendo a solução tratada isenta de toxicidade e de efeitos biológicos adversos à biota aquática possibilitando seu descarte no meio ambiente, se mantidas as condições operacionais ideais para o funcionamento do reator (pH inicial 9,0, intensidade de corrente 0,8 A e tempo de eletrólise de 75 min).

Ligante asfáltico e borracha moída de pneus são materiais, na maioria das vezes, de difícil compatibilização, exigindo a adição de produtos químicos que facilitem a dispersão e a incorporação da borracha, como, por exemplo, os óleos extensores. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar a hipótese de que o resíduo de óleo de xisto, por se tratar de um óleo aromático, presta-se bem como óleo extensor de borracha, permitindo, inclusive, a adição de teores de borracha maiores que os normalmente incorporados aos ligantes asfálticos na ausência de óleos extensores. A tentativa de verificação de tais hipóteses foi efetuada por meio de uma programação laboratorial dividida em duas etapas. A primeira englobou uma investigação sobre o efeito da borracha moída e do resíduo de óleo de xisto sobre características físicas de 27 ligantes asfálticos, a fim de modelar diversas propriedades reológicas desses materiais, tendo como variáveis previsoras as porcentagens de componentes e as variáveis de processo. Na segunda etapa, foram estudados 8 ligantes asfálticos, a fim de obter dados para a validação dos modelos definidos na primeira etapa e também para a modelagem de propriedades não contempladas na primeira fase. Em ambas as fases, o planejamento dos experimentos foi efetuado empregando a técnica estatística de experimentos com misturas. A caracterização física dos ligantes asfálticos foi efetuada por meio de ensaios tradicionais (ponto de amolecimento, penetração e resiliência) e da especificação Superpave (viscosidade aparente, balanço de massa, cisalhamento dinâmico e fluência na flexão), em ligantes virgens e submetidos às práticas de envelhecimento a curto e longo prazos indicadas pela especificação Superpave (RTFOT e PAV). Ensaios de estabilidade à estocagem também foram realizados. Há evidências de que o resíduo de óleo de xisto pode ser empregado como óleo extensor em ligantes asfalto borracha, porém a seleção das concentrações adequadas dos componentes (asfalto, borracha e resíduo de óleo de xisto) depende do monitoramento de propriedades reológicas nas temperaturas de ocorrência dos principais defeitos do pavimento na região de implantação da rodovia. / Asphalt binder and crumb rubber from discarded tires are materials that, most of time, are not compatible, requiring the addition of chemical products to facilitate the dispersion and incorporation of rubber particles as, for example, the extender oils. This research aims at evaluating the hypothesis that the shale-oil residue, once it is an aromatic oil, may be used as an extender oil for asphalt-rubber binders, allowing the incorporation of crumb-rubber proportions even higher than those usually added to asphalt binders without extender oils. The effort to verify these hypotheses was made by means of a laboratorial program divided in two steps. In the first step an investigation was carried out to assess the effects of crumb rubber and shale-oil residue on physical characteristics of twenty seven asphalt binders, in order to model rheological properties of these materials, using the component proportions and the process variables as predictor variables. In the second step, eight asphalt binders were studied, to obtain data to validate the original models and to model some properties that were not monitored in the first step. In both steps, the experiment was designed using the statistical technique of experiments with mixtures. The physical characterization of the asphalt binders was performed using traditional tests (softening point, penetration and resilience) and those of Superpave specification (apparent viscosity, mass loss, dynamic shear and flexural creep), with materials in three conditions: virgin, short-term aged (RTFOT) and long-term aged (PAV). Storage stability tests were also performed. There are evidences that the shale-oil residue can be used as an extender oil in asphalt-rubber binders, but the selection of the adequate concentrations of the components (asphalt, rubber and oil) depends on the measurement of rheological properties in the temperatures at which the main pavements distresses occurs in the place the road will be constructed.

Orientadores: Denis Jose Schiozer, Eliana L. Ligero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:02:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Madeira_MarceloGomes_M.pdf: 1487066 bytes, checksum: 39d5e48bf728f51d3c85f7d5ef207d41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os processos de tomada de decisões em campos de petróleo estão associados a grandes riscos provenientes de incertezas geológicas, econômicas e tecnológicas e altos investimentos. Nas fases de avaliação e desenvolvimento dos campos, torna-se necessário modelar o processo de recuperação com confiabilidade aumentando o esforço computacional. Uma forma de acelerar o processo é através de simplificações sendo algumas discutidas neste trabalho: técnica de quantificação do risco (Monte Carlo, árvore de derivação), redução no número de atributos, tratamento simplificado de atributos e simplificação da modelagem do reservatório. Ênfase especial está sendo dada à (1) comparação entre Monte Carlo e árvore de derivação e (2) desenvolvimento de modelos rápidos através de planejamento de experimentos e superfície de resposta. Trabalhos recentes estão sendo apresentados sobre estas técnicas, mas normalmente mostrando aplicações e não comparação entre alternativas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar estas técnicas levando em consideração a confiabilidade, a precisão dos resultados e aceleração do processo. Estas técnicas são aplicadas a um campo marítimo e os resultados mostram que (1) é possível reduzir significativamente o número de simulações do fluxo mantendo a precisão dos resultados e que (2) algumas simplificações podem afetar o processo de decisão / Abstract: Petroleum field decision-making process is associated to high risks due to geological, economic and technological uncertainties, and high investments, mainly in the appraisal and development phases of petroleum fields where it is necessary to model the recovery process with higher precision increasing the computational time. One way to speedup the process is by simplifying the process; some simplifications are discussed in this work: technique to quantify the risk (Monte Carlo and derivative tree), reduction of number of attributes, simplification of the treatment of attributes and simplification of the reservoir modeling process. Special emphasis is given to (1) comparison between Monte Carlo and derivative tree techniques and (2) development of fast models through experimental design and response surface method. Some works are being presented about these techniques but normally they show applications and no comparison among alternatives is presented. The objective of this work is to compare these techniques taking into account the reliability, precision of the results and speedup of the process. These techniques are applied to an offshore field and the results show that it is possible to reduce significantly the number of flow simulation maintaining the precision of the results. It is also possible to show that some simplifications can yield different results affecting the decision process / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

The purpose of this study is to perform an investigation of the numerical methods that may contribute to the design and analysis of liquid containers. The study examines several of these methods individually, namely Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of sloshing and Finite Element Methods (FEM) analysis of impact, to evaluate their contribution to the design cycle. Techniques that enhance the use of the various methods are presented and examined to demonstrate effectiveness. In the case of sloshing analysis, experimental tests performed add to the understanding of the phenomena at hand and qualifies the validity of the numerical method used (CFD). As a final contribution, the study presents a method of utilising impact analysis tools, FEM, and CFD in a Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) environment. This is an introductory attempt at demonstrating a single coupled multidisciplinary method of designing liquid containers. The results of the study demonstrate a number of valuable numerical techniques that may be used in the design of liquid containers. The presented Total Deviation Value (TDV) proves to be an effective single quantification of sloshing performance and the CFD tools used to determine the value demonstrate sufficient ability to reproduce the sloshing event itself. More advanced experimental facilities would provide a more in-depth understanding of the limitations of the CFD analysis. The use of numerical optimisation adds a valuable dimension to the use of numerical simulations. Significant design improvements are possible for several design variables without performing exhaustive studies and provide interesting information about design trends. Finally, the use of multiple disciplines, FEM and CFD, in conjunction with the available numerical optimisation routines offers a powerful multidisciplinary design tool that can be adapted to any base geometry and is capable of finding optimal trade offs between the two disciplines according to the designer’s needs. This study provides a platform for further investigations in the use and coupling of sloshing and impact analysis in the design of industrial liquid container applications. / Dissertation (MEng (Mechanical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi utilizada para otimizar as condições e obter maiores produção de etanol e viabilidade para a linhagem de S. cerevisiae 63M em processo descontínuo, resultando nas condições: 200 g.L-1 de sacarose, 40 g.L-1 de inóculo a 30 °C. Diferentes tipos de processos foram comparados e o processo que apresentou maiores viabilidade, produtividade e rendimento foi o descontínuo alimentado por pulsos de volumes decrescentes de sacarose a 30 °C. A redução da concentração de sacarose foi uma estratégia que permitiu aumentar a temperatura até 37 °C sem perdas em viabilidades. Uma linhagem utilizada nas destilarias brasileiras foi comparada com a linhagem 63M em temperaturas elevadas e observou-se que a 63M produziu maior produtividade e rendimento. Oito ciclos sucessivos de fermentação com reutilização de células da linhagem 63M foram realizados em meio sintético em processo descontínuo alimentado por pulsos de sacarose a 37 °C e uma perda gradual de viabilidade foi observada, mas o etanol final permaneceu constante nos oitos ciclos. / Surface response methodology was used to optimize the conditions and to obtain higher ethanol production and viability to strain 63M of S. cerevisiae in batch culture, resulting in the conditions: 200 g.L-1 sucrose, 40 g.L-1 inoculum at 30 °C. Different types of processes were compared and the process that presented higher viability, productivity and yield was pulse fed-batch using five decreasing pulses of sucrose at 30 °C. The reduction of the sucrose concentration was a strategy that allowed increasing the temperature up to 37 °C without losses in viabilities. An industrial strain used in Brazilian distilleries was compared with strain 63M at high temperatures and it was observed that strain 63M produced higher productivity and yield. Eight successive cycles of fermentation with reuse of cells of strain 63M were carried out in synthetic medium in fed-batch process using sucrose pulses at 37 °C and a gradual loss of viability was observed, but the final ethanol was kept constant in the eight fermentation cycles.

The methodology of the design of experimnet has become an integral part of the optimisation of manufacturing processes in recent decades. Problems regarding designs of experiments are still up to date, especially because of a variety of approaches to collecting and evaluating data. Scientists in different research and development areas often do not take into account possible shortcommings or even essential assumptions of selected design and/or its evaluation methods. This disertation thesis summarizes theoretical bases of selected designs of experiments. Describes several applications of central composite design on responses regarding wire electrical discharge machining process. And compares different designs of experiment for response surfaces of five parameters with regards to algoritmic selection of statistically signifficant parameters.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to optimize the high lift device on the wing of the Phoenix Air U-15 ultralight aircraft, so that it complies with the UL-2 regulation regarding the stalling speed – 65 KPH. This is fulfilled by optimization of the slotted flap position. Methods used include the Response Surface Method and the Computational Fluid Dynamics approach – namely Ansys Fluent v6 software package. Furthermore, the paper deals with take-off flap optimization and construction of the flap deflection mechanism.

The main goal of doctoral thesis is optimization cooling of the synchronous machine. Problem is solved based on the finite element method with use of ANSYS software. Work is built up from theoretical part where is comparison of base equations for heat transfer and simulations for several models. Next part shows us two methods how simulate free and force convection. Depends on the better method from the previous two methods is used for next calculations with several algorithm which are used for find of best parameters for synchronous machine. Our control parameter is mass flow rate.

MSCFST / Department of Food Science and Technology / Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) juice is rich in phytochemicals that possess antioxidant properties which are known to have a positive contribution to human health. Colour, pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity are quality properties that characterise watermelon juice. However, these quality properties undergo some chemical changes throughout the stages of maturity of the fruit as well as during thermal processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maturity and filtration on the physicochemical properties (colour, pH, total soluble solids) and the phytochemicals (lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity) of fresh watermelon juice. It further investigated thermosonication effects on these quality properties using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM considering temperature (25 – 52ºC), time (2 – 10 min) and amplitude level (24.1 – 60 μm) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz were the independent variables while colour variables (L*, a* and b*, C* and h*), pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity were the dependent variables. Results showed that colour, pH, total soluble solids, lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total polyphenolic content and antioxidants activity of watermelon fruit juice are maturity dependent. All the physicochemical and phytochemical properties increased with maturity. The combination of the CIELAB parameters (L*, a*, b*) was clearly explained by the Chroma (C*) and hue (hº). The (C*) and hº values of the watermelon fruit juice were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the stages of maturity. The red colour was observed to be more saturated in the fully - ripe sample as indicated by the highest Chroma (7.35) values. The half - ripe sample which was observed to be pink - red had a C* of 5.88 while the lowest (4.32) value was observed from the unripe sample. The highest hº value was obtained from unripe sample (83.89), while lower value was observed from the fully - ripe (76.03) sample because of the saturation of the red colour in the fully - ripe sample. The total soluble solids also increased with stages of maturity 6.66 to 6.60 at half - ripe while at fully - ripe redness changed from 9.3 to 8.99 and TSS 8.37 to 8.02. Filtration has shown a significant (p < 0.05) on the C* and hº values. There was a higher retention of all dependent variables at lower thermosonication treatment (25ºC; 24.4 μm), especially the lycopene which increased by 127%. Model predictions for the colour properties and phytochemicals were closely correlated to the experimental results obtained. Prediction models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with low standard errors and high coefficients of determination (R2). / NRF