A formal framework is developed and implemented in this research for preliminary rotorcraft design using IPPD methodology. All the technical aspects of design are considered including the vehicle engineering, dynamic analysis, stability and control, aerodynamic performance, propulsion, transmission design, weight and balance, noise analysis and economic analysis. The design loop starts with a detailed analysis of requirements. A baseline is selected and upgrade targets are identified depending on the mission requirements. An Overall Evaluation Criterion (OEC) is developed that is used to measure the goodness of the design or to compare the design with competitors. The requirements analysis and baseline upgrade targets lead to the initial sizing and performance estimation of the new design. The digital information is then passed to disciplinary experts. This is where the detailed disciplinary analyses are performed. Information is transferred from one discipline to another as the design loop is iterated. To coordinate all the disciplines in the product development cycle, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) techniques e.g. All At Once (AAO) and Collaborative Optimization (CO) are suggested. The methodology is implemented on a Light Turbine Training Helicopter (LTTH) design. Detailed disciplinary analyses are integrated through a common platform for efficient and centralized transfer of design information from one discipline to another in a collaborative manner. Several disciplinary and system level optimization problems are solved. After all the constraints of a multidisciplinary problem have been satisfied and an optimal design has been obtained, it is compared with the initial baseline, using the earlier developed OEC, to measure the level of improvement achieved. Finally a digital preliminary design is proposed. The proposed design methodology provides an automated design framework, facilitates parallel design by removing disciplinary interdependency, current and updated information is made available to all disciplines at all times of the design through a central collaborative repository, overall design time is reduced and an optimized design is achieved.

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La demande croissante en carburants, ainsi que les changements climatiques dus au réchauffement planétaire poussent le monde entier à chercher des sources d’énergie capables de produire des combustibles alternatifs aux combustibles fossiles. Durant les dernières années, plusieurs sources potentielles ont été identifiées, les premières à être considérées sont les plantes oléagineuses comme source de biocarburant, cependant l’utilisation de végétaux ou d’huiles végétales ayant un lien avec l’alimentation humaine peut engendrer une hausse des prix des denrées alimentaires, sans oublier les questions éthiques qui s’imposent. De plus, l'usage des huiles non comestibles comme sources de biocarburants, comme l’huile de jatropha, de graines de tabac ou de jojoba, révèle un problème de manque de terre arable ce qui oblige à réduire les terres cultivables de l'industrie agricole et alimentaire au profit des cultures non comestibles. Dans ce contexte, l'utilisation de microorganismes aquatiques, tels que les microalgues comme substrats pour la production de biocarburant semble être une meilleure solution. Les microalgues sont faciles à cultiver et peuvent croitre avec peu ou pas d'entretien. Elles peuvent ainsi se développer dans des eaux douces, saumâtres ou salées de même que dans les terres non cultivables. Le rendement en lipide peut être largement supérieur aux autres sources de biocarburant potentiel, sans oublier qu’elles ne sont pas comestibles et sans aucun impact sur l'industrie alimentaire. De plus, la culture intensive de microalgues pour la production de biodiesel pourrait également jouer un rôle important dans l'atténuation des émissions de CO2. Dans le cache de ce travail, nous avons isolé et identifié morphologiquement des espèces de microalgues natives du Québec, pour ensuite examiner et mesurer leur potentiel de production de lipides (biodiesel). L’échantillonnage fut réalisé dans trois régions différentes du Québec: la région de Montréal, la gaspésie et le nord du Québec, et dans des eaux douces, saumâtres ou salées. Cent souches ont été isolées à partir de la région de Montréal, caractérisées et sélectionnées selon la teneur en lipides et leur élimination des nutriments dans les eaux usées à des températures différentes (10 ± 2°C et 22 ± 2°C). Les espèces ayant une production potentiellement élevée en lipides ont été sélectionnées. L’utilisation des eaux usées, comme milieu de culture, diminue le coût de production du biocarburant et sert en même temps d'outil pour le traitement des eaux usées. Nous avons comparé la biomasse et le rendement en lipides des souches cultivées dans une eau usée par apport à ceux dans un milieu synthétique, pour finalement identifié un certain nombre d'isolats ayant montré une bonne croissance à 10°C, voir une teneur élevée en lipides (allant de 20% à 45% du poids sec) ou une grande capacité d'élimination de nutriment (>97% d'élimination). De plus, nous avons caractérisé l'une des souches intéressantes ayant montré une production en lipides et une biomasse élevée, soit la microalgue Chlorella sp. PCH90. Isolée au Québec, sa phylogénie moléculaire a été établie et les études sur la production de lipides en fonction de la concentration initiale de nitrate, phosphate et chlorure de sodium ont été réalisées en utilisant de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse. Dans les conditions appropriées, cette microalgue pourrait produire jusqu'à 36% de lipides et croitre à la fois dans un milieu synthétique et un milieu issu d'un flux secondaire de traitement des eaux usées, et cela à 22°C ou 10°C. Ainsi, on peut conclure que cette souche est prometteuse pour poursuivre le développement en tant que productrice potentielle de biocarburants dans des conditions climatiques locales. / The continuing increase in fuel demands, the dramatic situation in climate changes and the global warming are bringing the worldwide attention to the identification of alternative energy source for the production of combustibles that can replace fossil fuel. In last years, a lot of potential sources have been identified: the first potential biofuel feedstock that have been evaluated were oleaginous plants, but the utilization of vegetable, or vegetable oils, that may also be used for human feeding, could lead to the increase of food-grade oils costs and also generate ethic questions. Nevertheless, also using as biofuel sources not-edible oils, like oils from jatropha, tobacco seed or jojoba, the common problem for both edible and not-edible crops is the need to subtract arable land from agriculture and food industry. In this context, the utilization of aquatic microorganisms like microalgae as substrate for the production of biofuel seems to be the better solution. Microalgae are easy to cultivate and can grow with little or no attention, they can grow in fresh, brackish or salt water and in non-arable lands, moreover they are not edible with no consequences on food industry, and the oil productivity, with respect to the other potential biofuel sources, can be much higher. In addition, the intensive cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production could also play an important role in CO2 mitigation. In this study, we isolated and morphologically identified Québec native micro algal species, surveyed and screened their potential for lipid (biodiesel) production. The sampling efforts made in three different regions of Québec: Montreal area, Gaspesie and Northern of Quebec; on fresh, brackish or saline water. One hundred strains were isolated from the Montreal area, characterized and screened for their lipid content and wastewater nutrient removal under different temperatures (10±2 ºC and 22±2 ºC). The high potential lipid producing algal species were selected. The use of wastewater as a substrate media decreases the economic cost realted to the biofuel production from microalgae as well as an interesting tool for wastewater treatment. We compared the biomass and lipid productivity of these strains on wastewater to a synthetic medium and identified a number of isolates that showed good growth at 10 ºC, gave a high lipid content (ranging from 20% to 45% of dry weight) or a high capacity for nutrient removal (>97% removal). Furthermore, we characterized one of the interesting strains that revealed high lipid and biomass productivity, the novel microalga Chlorella sp. PCH90. Its molecular phylogeny was established and lipid production studies as a function of the initial concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and sodium chloride were carried out using Response Surface Methodology. Under the appropriate conditions this microalga could produce up to 36% lipid and grew well in both synthetic medium and secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant at both 22°C and 10°C. Thus, this strain is promising for further development as a potential biofuels producer under local climatic conditions.

La fiabilité constitue aujourd’hui un enjeu important dans le contexte du passage aux systèmes plus électriques dans des secteurs critiques tels que l’aéronautique, l’espace ou le nucléaire. Il s’agit de comprendre, de modéliser et de prédire les mécanismes de vieillissement susceptibles de conduire les composants à la défaillance et le système à la panne. L’étude des effets des contraintes opérationnelles sur la dégradation des composants est indispensable pour la prédiction de leur durée de vie. De nombreux modèles de durée de vie ont été développés dans la littérature dans le contexte du génie électrique. Cependant, ces modèles présentent des limitations car ils dépendent du matériau étudié et de ses propriétés physiques et se restreignent souvent à un ou deux facteurs de stress, sans intégrer les interactions pouvant exister entre ces facteurs. Cette thèse présente une nouvelle méthodologie pour la modélisation de la durée de vie des composants du génie électrique. Cette méthodologie est générale ; elle s’applique à différents composants sans a priori sur leurs propriétés physiques. Les modèles développés sont des modèles statistiques estimés sur la base de données expérimentales issues de tests de vieillissement accéléré où plusieurs types de stress sont considérés. Les modèles visent alors à étudier les effets des différents facteurs de stress ainsi que de leurs différentes interactions. Le nombre et la configuration des tests de vieillissement nécessaires à construire les modèles (bases d’apprentissage) sont optimisés de façon à minimiser le coût expérimental tout en maximisant la précision des modèles. Des points expérimentaux supplémentaires aléatoirement configurés sont réalisés pour valider les modèles (bases de test). Deux catégories de composants sont testées : deux types d’isolants couramment utilisés dans les machines électriques et des sources de lumière OLED. Différentes formes des modèles de durée de vie sont présentées : les modèles paramétriques, non paramétriques et les modèles hybrides. Tous les modèles développés sont évalués à l’aide de différents outils statistiques permettant, d’une part, d’étudier la pertinence des modèles et d’autre part, d’évaluer leur prédictibilité sur les points des bases de test. Les modèles paramétriques permettent de quantifier les effets des facteurs et de leurs interactions sur la durée de vie à partir d’une expression analytique prédéfinie. Un test statistique permet ensuite d’évaluer la significativité de chacun des paramètres inclus dans le modèle. Ces modèles sont caractérisés par une bonne qualité de prédiction sur leurs bases de test. La relation entre la durée de vie et les contraintes est également modélisée par les arbres de régression comme méthode alternative aux modèles paramétriques. Les arbres de régression sont des modèles non paramétriques qui permettent de classifier graphiquement les points expérimentaux en différentes zones dans lesquelles les contraintes sont hiérarchisées selon leurs effets sur la durée de vie. Ainsi, une relation simple, graphique, et directe entre la durée de vie et les contraintes est obtenue. Cependant, à la différence des modèles paramétriques continus sur le domaine expérimental étudié, les arbres de régression sont constants par morceaux, ce qui dégrade leur qualité de prédiction sur la base de test. Pour remédier à cet inconvénient, une troisième approche consiste à attribuer un modèle linéaire à chacune des zones identifiées avec les arbres de régression. Le modèle résultant, dit modèle hybride, est donc linéaire par morceaux et permet alors de raffiner les modèles paramétriques en évaluant les effets des facteurs dans chacune des zones tout en améliorant la qualité de prédiction des arbres de régression. / Reliability has become an important issue nowadays since the most critical industries such as aeronautics, space and nuclear are moving towards the design of more electrical based systems. The objective is to understand, model and predict the aging mechanisms that could lead to component and system failure. The study of the operational constraints effects on the degradation of the components is essential for the prediction of their lifetime. Numerous lifespan models have been developed in the literature in the field of electrical engineering. However, these models have some limitations: they depend on the studied material and its physical properties, they are often restricted to one or two stress factors and they do not integrate interactions that may exist between these factors. This thesis presents a new methodology for the lifespan modeling of electrical engineering components. This methodology is general; it is applicable to various components without prior information on their physical properties. The developed models are statistical models estimated on experimental data obtained from accelerated aging tests where several types of stress factors are considered. The models aim to study the effects of the different stress factors and their different interactions. The number and the configuration of the aging tests needed to construct the models (learning sets) are optimized in order to minimize the experimental cost while maximizing the accuracy of the models. Additional randomly configured experiments are carried out to validate the models (test sets). Two categories of components are tested: two types of insulation materials that are commonly used in electrical machines and OLED light sources. Different forms of lifespan models are presented: parametric, non-parametric and hybrid models. Models are evaluated using different statistical tools in order to study their relevance and to assess their predictability on the test set points. Parametric models allow to quantify the effects of stress factors and their interactions on the lifespan through a predefined analytical expression. Then a statistical test allows to assess the significance of each parameter in the model. These models show a good prediction quality on their test sets. The relationship between the lifespan and the constraints is also modeled by regression trees as an alternative method to parametric models. Regression trees are non-parametric models that graphically classify experimental points into different zones where the constraints are hierarchized according to their effects on the lifespan. Thus, a simple, graphic and direct relationship between the lifespan and the stress factors is obtained. However, unlike parametric models that are continuous in the studied experimental domain, regression trees are piecewise constant, which degrades their predictive quality with respect to parametric models. To overcome this disadvantage, a third approach consists in assigning a linear model to each of the zones identified with regression trees. The resulting model, called hybrid model, is piecewise linear. It allows to refine parametric models by evaluating the effects of the factors in each of the zones while improving the prediction quality of regression trees.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A identificação de danos estruturais é uma questão de fundamental importância na engenharia, visto que uma estrutura está sujeita a processos de deterioração e a ocorrência de danos durante a sua vida útil. A presença de danos compromete o desempenho e a integridade estrutural, podendo colocar vidas humanas em risco e resultam em perdas econômicas consideráveis. Técnicas de identificação de danos estruturais e monitoramento de estruturas fundamentadas no ajuste de um Modelo de Elementos Finitos (MEF) são constantes na literatura especializada. No entanto, a obtenção de um problema geralmente mal posto e o elevado custo computacional, inerente a essas técnicas, limitam ou até mesmo inviabilizam a sua aplicabilidade em estruturas que demandam um modelo de ordem elevada. Para contornar essas dificuldades, na formulação do problema de identificação de danos, pode-se utilizar o Modelo de Superfície de Reposta (MSR) em substituição a um MEF da estrutura. No presente trabalho, a identificação de danos estruturais considera o ajuste de um MSR da estrutura, objetivando-se a minimização de uma função de erro definida a partir das frequências naturais experimentais e das correspondentes frequências previstas pelo MSR. Estuda-se o problema de identificação de danos estruturais em uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada, considerando as frequências naturais na formulação do problema inverso. O comportamento de uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada na presença de danos é analisado, com intuito de se verificar as regiões onde a identificação dos mesmos pode apresentar maior dificuldade. No processo de identificação de danos, do presente trabalho, são avaliados os tipos de superfícies de resposta, após uma escolha apropriada do tipo de superfície de resposta a ser utilizado, determina-se a superfície de resposta considerando os dados experimentais selecionados a partir do projeto ótimo de experimentos. A utilização do método Evolução Diferencial (ED) no problema inverso de identificação de danos é considerado inerente aos resultados numéricos obtidos, a estratégia adotada mostrou-se capaz de localizar e quantificar os danos com elevada acurácia, mostrando a potencialidade do modelo de identificação de danos proposto. / The identification of structural damage is an issue of fundamental importance in engineering, since a structure is subject to deterioration processes and to the occurrence of damage throughout its useful lifetime. The presence of damage compromises the performance and structural integrity, may put human lives at risk and may result in considerable economic losses. Damage identification and structural health monitoring techniques built on Finite Element Model (FEM) updating are constant in the specialized literature. However, the problem generally rank deficient and the high computational cost, inherent to these techniques, limit or even render their applicability in structures that require a high order model. To circumvent these difficulties, in the formulation of the damage identification problem, one may use a Response Surface Model (RSM) in place of a FEM of the structure. In the present work, the identification of structural damage considers the update of a RSM of the structure, with the aim at minimizing an error function defined from the experimental natural frequencies and the corresponding natural frequencies prescribed by a RSM. The problem of structural damage identification in a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam is studied, taking into account the natural frequencies in the inverse problem formulation. The behavior of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam, in the presence of damage, is analyzed, in order to verify the identification of regions where the damage identification may present greater difficulties. In the damage identification process, in the present work, after a suitable choice of the type of the response surface model, the surface model is derived considering the experimental data selected from an optimal design of experiments. The use of the Differential Evolution (DE) method in the inverse problem of damage identification is considered. Considering the numerical results obtained, the strategy adopted proved to be able to locate and quantify the damage with high accuracy, showing the capability of the proposed damage identification model.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A identificação de danos estruturais é uma questão de fundamental importância na engenharia, visto que uma estrutura está sujeita a processos de deterioração e a ocorrência de danos durante a sua vida útil. A presença de danos compromete o desempenho e a integridade estrutural, podendo colocar vidas humanas em risco e resultam em perdas econômicas consideráveis. Técnicas de identificação de danos estruturais e monitoramento de estruturas fundamentadas no ajuste de um Modelo de Elementos Finitos (MEF) são constantes na literatura especializada. No entanto, a obtenção de um problema geralmente mal posto e o elevado custo computacional, inerente a essas técnicas, limitam ou até mesmo inviabilizam a sua aplicabilidade em estruturas que demandam um modelo de ordem elevada. Para contornar essas dificuldades, na formulação do problema de identificação de danos, pode-se utilizar o Modelo de Superfície de Reposta (MSR) em substituição a um MEF da estrutura. No presente trabalho, a identificação de danos estruturais considera o ajuste de um MSR da estrutura, objetivando-se a minimização de uma função de erro definida a partir das frequências naturais experimentais e das correspondentes frequências previstas pelo MSR. Estuda-se o problema de identificação de danos estruturais em uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada, considerando as frequências naturais na formulação do problema inverso. O comportamento de uma viga de Euler-Bernoulli simplesmente apoiada na presença de danos é analisado, com intuito de se verificar as regiões onde a identificação dos mesmos pode apresentar maior dificuldade. No processo de identificação de danos, do presente trabalho, são avaliados os tipos de superfícies de resposta, após uma escolha apropriada do tipo de superfície de resposta a ser utilizado, determina-se a superfície de resposta considerando os dados experimentais selecionados a partir do projeto ótimo de experimentos. A utilização do método Evolução Diferencial (ED) no problema inverso de identificação de danos é considerado inerente aos resultados numéricos obtidos, a estratégia adotada mostrou-se capaz de localizar e quantificar os danos com elevada acurácia, mostrando a potencialidade do modelo de identificação de danos proposto. / The identification of structural damage is an issue of fundamental importance in engineering, since a structure is subject to deterioration processes and to the occurrence of damage throughout its useful lifetime. The presence of damage compromises the performance and structural integrity, may put human lives at risk and may result in considerable economic losses. Damage identification and structural health monitoring techniques built on Finite Element Model (FEM) updating are constant in the specialized literature. However, the problem generally rank deficient and the high computational cost, inherent to these techniques, limit or even render their applicability in structures that require a high order model. To circumvent these difficulties, in the formulation of the damage identification problem, one may use a Response Surface Model (RSM) in place of a FEM of the structure. In the present work, the identification of structural damage considers the update of a RSM of the structure, with the aim at minimizing an error function defined from the experimental natural frequencies and the corresponding natural frequencies prescribed by a RSM. The problem of structural damage identification in a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam is studied, taking into account the natural frequencies in the inverse problem formulation. The behavior of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam, in the presence of damage, is analyzed, in order to verify the identification of regions where the damage identification may present greater difficulties. In the damage identification process, in the present work, after a suitable choice of the type of the response surface model, the surface model is derived considering the experimental data selected from an optimal design of experiments. The use of the Differential Evolution (DE) method in the inverse problem of damage identification is considered. Considering the numerical results obtained, the strategy adopted proved to be able to locate and quantify the damage with high accuracy, showing the capability of the proposed damage identification model.

In forensic chemistry, a quicker and more accurate analysis of a sample is always being pursued. Speedy analyses allow the analyst to provide quick turn-around times and potentially decrease back-logs that are known to be a problem in the field. Accurate analyses are paramount with the futures and lives of the accused potentially on the line. One of the most common methods of analysis in forensic chemistry laboratories is gas chromatography, chosen for the relative speed and efficiency afforded by this method. Two major routes were attempted to further improve on gas chromatography applications in forensic chemistry.<br> The first route was to decrease separation times for analysis of ignitable liquid residues by using micro-bore wall coated open-tubular columns. Micro-bore columns are much shorter and have higher separation efficiencies than the standard columns used in forensic chemistry, allowing for faster analysis times while maintaining the expected peak separation. Typical separation times for fire debris samples are between thirty minutes and one hour, the micro-bore columns were able to achieve equivalent performance in three minutes. The reduction in analysis time was demonstrated by analysis of ignitable liquid residues from simulated fire debris exemplars.<br> The second route looked at a relatively new detector for gas chromatography known as a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrophotometer. The VUV detector uses traditional UV and far-ultraviolet light to probe the pi and sigma bonds of the gas phase analytes as well as Rydberg traditions to produce spectra that are nearly unique to a compound. Thus far, the only spectra that were not discernable were from enantiomers, otherwise even diastereomers have been differentiated. The specificity attained with the VUV detector has achieved differentiation of compounds that mass spectrometry, the most common detection method for chromatography in forensic chemistry labs, has difficulty distinguishing. This specificity has been demonstrated herein by analyzing various classes of drugs of abuse and applicability to “real world” samples has been demonstrated by analysis of de-identified seized samples.<br>

This thesis is aimed to Design of Experiments methodology. Main purpose of this thesis is to create detailed materials for lessons of Design of Experiments in Quality Control courses. Thesis contains case studies which are applicable for education purposes. Design of Experiments has been applied for solder joints quality evaluation. Solder joints have been modeled in software ANSYS and finite element method has been applied for thermomechanical stress evaluation.

Los objetivos de la presente tesis fueron comparar el efecto de tres técnicas de cocción en varios vegetales y su selección para cada producto estudiado. Para ello, los trabajos realizados han considerado los cambios en las propiedades físico-químicas, nutricionales, sensoriales y la microestructura. Asimismo, como respuesta al reto de aplicar tratamientos equivalentes en firmeza con diferentes técnicas de cocción se ha propuesto una metodología que combina los diseños experimentales de superficie respuesta (RSM) con análisis instrumentales y sensoriales. Los tratamientos térmicos estudiados fueron la cocción tradicional (TC¿ agua hirviendo a 100 °C) junto con dos tratamientos que utilizan el vacío en el procesado: el cook-vide (CV¿ cocción a vacío continuo donde los alimentos están en contacto con agua hirviendo a baja presión) y el sous-vide (SV¿ cocción de alimentos previamente embolsados a vacío donde el alimento está separado del agua de cocción). Los vegetales objeto de estudio fueron la patata morada (Solanum tuberosum L. var. Vitelotte), la judía verde (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Estefania), la zanahoria (Daucus carota L. cv. Nantesa) y la col lombarda (o repollo colorado) (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. capitata f. rubra). Considerando muestras con firmeza instrumental similar y las propiedades nutricionales y sensoriales (especialmente aroma y sabor), incluyendo la aceptación del consumidor, se recomienda la cocción SV para los vegetales estudiados, excepto para la zanahoria. En el caso de este vegetal el cocinado tradicional (100 °C) mantiene la aceptabilidad del consumidor y aumenta la extracción de los ß-carotenos por lo que se considera más recomendable que el SV. / Iborra Bernad, MDC. (2013). Comparison of vacuum treatments and traditional cooking in vegetables using instrumental and sensory analysis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/32953

[ES] El ruido de rodadura es un fenómeno producido debido a la interacción entre la rueda y el carril e inducido por las pequeñas irregularidades existentes en la superficie de ambos. Dichas irregularidades, conocidas como "rugosidad", provocan que se genere una vibración tanto en la rueda como el carril cuando el tren circula a una cierta velocidad, lo que consecuentemente lleva a la aparición de radiación acústica. Esto conforma una de las fuentes de molestias más relevantes y principal origen de la contaminación acústica producida por los trenes al circular por regiones urbanas densamente pobladas. Así, el objetivo de esta Tesis es el desarrollo de una metodología integral para la obtención de diseños de rueda viables mediante el uso de Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) con la finalidad de minimizar el ruido de rodadura asociado. Al desarrollar los mencionados algoritmos de optimización, el Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) se combina con la parametrización geométrica de las diferentes tipologías de diseño de rueda analizadas, descritas en función de aquellos parámetros más relevantes para la presente investigación. Se hace uso de modelos linealizados en el dominio de la frecuencia, capaces de resolver la dinámica completa del sistema a partir de las correspondientes mallas de la sección transversal. La obtención de la potencia acústica radiada se lleva a cabo mediante el empleo de una formulación semi-analítica para el cálculo de la eficiencia acústica de la rueda y al uso de un Modelo de Fuentes Equivalentes (MFE) en el carril. El desarrollo teórico, además, es validado con el software comercial de referencia en el campo de investigación, TWINS, en el cual se basa. A lo largo de los procedimientos de optimización, se realiza un análisis de fatiga en cada diseño de rueda considerado con el fin de asegurar su viabilidad estructural, lo que actúa como una restricción de "pena de muerte" en el algoritmo. Además, se desarrolla un procedimiento de identificación modal que permite caracterizar los modos de vibración y clasificarlos según su número de diámetros y circunferencias nodales. Seguidamente, se exploran dos formulaciones diferentes de la función objetivo: una centrada en reducir directamente el ruido radiado, llamada LA;W -min; i otra centrada en disminuir el ruido de rodadura maximizando la media de las frecuencias naturales de los modos de vibración, conocida como NF-max. En la metodología LA;W -min, se minimiza la suma en energía del nivel de potencia acústica expresado en dB(A). Para el caso de NF-max, se desplazan las frecuencias naturales a regiones de frecuencia donde la amplitud de rugosidad es menor. Se consideran diversas aproximaciones: la inclusión de esquemas de perforación y la modificación de la forma de su sección transversal. Además, también se ha estudiado la influencia en el ruido de la variación de las propiedades geométricas del carril y viscoelásticas de la vía. Como resultado de esta Tesis se han conseguido diversos modelos más silenciosos de rueda ferroviaria, con reducciones en el ruido de rodadura de hasta 5 dB(A). Cuando se considera el sistema ferroviario completo,se siguen consiguiendo mejoras en la potencia acústica radiada con los diseños de rueda resultantes. Además, se analizan las correlaciones entre la maximización de las frecuencias naturales y la atenuación del nivel de potencia acústica, estableciendo NF-max como una metodología adecuada para los casos en que se priorice la eficiencia computacional. La sensibilidad del problema a los espacios de diseño seleccionados y la adecuación del uso de AG se estudian también con la obtención de Superficies de Respuesta. Adicionalmente, se han establecido relaciones entre la variación de los parámetros geométricos y la disminución en la radiación acústica asociada, así como se ha propuesto la reubicación de los modos de vibración a lo largo del espectro en frecuencia com / [CA] El soroll de rodament és un fenomen causat per la interacció entre la roda i el carril i induït per les xicotetes irregularitats presents a les seues superfícies. Aquestes irregularitats, conegudes amb el nom de "rugositat", provoquen que es genere una vibració tant a la roda com al carril en circular el tren a una certa velocitat, el que conseqüentment du a l'aparició de radiació acústica. Açò conforma una de les fonts de molèsties més rellevants i el principal origen de la contaminació acústica generada pels trens al seu pas per regions urbanes densament poblades. Així, l'objectiu d'aquesta Tesi és el desenvolupament d'una metodologia integral per a l'obtenció de dissenys de roda viables mitjançant l'ús d'Algoritmes Genètics (AG) amb la inalitat de minimitzar el soroll de rodament associat. Al desenvolupar els esmentats algoritmes d'optimització, el Mètode d'Elements Finits (MEF) es combina amb la parametrització geomètrica de les diferents tipologies de disseny de roda analitzades, descrites en funció d'aquells paràmetres més rellevants per a aquesta investigació. Es fa ús de models linealitzats en el domini de la freqüència, capaços de resoldre la dinàmica completa del sistema a partir les corresponents malles de secció transversal. La obtenció de la potència acústica radiada es du a terme mitjançant la utilització d'una formulació semi-analítica per al càlcul de l'eficiència acústica de la roda i l'ús d'un Model de Fonts Equivalents (MFE) amb el carril. El desenvolupament teòric s'ha validat amb el software comercial de referència al camp d'investigació, TWINS, en el qual es basa. Al llarg dels procediments d'optimització, es realitza una anàlisi de fatiga a cada disseny de roda considerat amb la finalitat d'assegurar la seua viabilitat estructural. S'ha desenvolupat un procediment d'identificació modal que permet caracteritzar els modes de vibració i classificar-los d'acord al seu número de diàmetres i circumferències nodals. També, s'exploren dos formulacions diferents de la funció objectiu: una centrada en reduir directament el soroll radiat, anomenada LA;W -min; i altra centrada en disminuir el soroll de rodament maximitzant la mitja de les freqüències naturals dels modes de vibració, coneguda com NF-max. D'aquesta manera, en la metodologia LA;W -min, es minimitza la suma en energia del nivell de potència acústica expressat en dB(A). Per al cas de NF-max, es desplacen les freqüències naturals a regions de freqüència on l'amplitud de rugositat és menor. Es consideren diverses aproximacions: la inclusió d'esquemes de perforació i la modificació de la forma de la seua secció transversal, establint el radi com un valor fixe en un cas i utilitzant-lo com un paràmetre d'optimització més en l'altre. A més a més, s'ha estudiat la influència en el soroll de la variació de les propietats geomètriques del carril i viscoelàstiques de la via. Com a resultat d'aquesta Tesi s'han aconseguit diversos models de roda ferroviària més silenciosos, amb reduccions en el soroll de rodament de fins a 5 dB(A). Quan es considera el sistema ferroviari complet amb tots els seus components, es segueixen aconseguint millores en la potencia acústica radiada amb els dissenys de roda resultants. A més a més, 'analitzen les correlacions entre la maximització de les freqüències naturals i l'atenuació del nivell de potencia acústica, establint NF-max com una metodologia adequada pels casos en que es prioritza l'eficiència computacional. La sensibilitat del problema als espais de disseny escollits i l'adequació de l'ús de AG s'estudia també mitjançant l'obtenció de Superfícies de Resposta (SRs) per als paràmetres geomètrics utilitzats. Addicionalment, s'han establert relacions entre la variació dels paràmetres geomètrics i la disminució en la radiació acústica associada, així com s'ha proposat la reubicació dels modes de vibració al voltant de / [EN] Rolling noise phenomenon is produced due to the wheel/track interaction and induced by the small unevenness present in their surfaces. Such unevenness, known as "roughness", causes that vibrations arise in both the wheel and track when the train passes by with a certain speed, that consequently leads to the appearance of acoustic radiation. This kind of noise is one of the most relevant sources of annoyance and the principal focus of the railway acoustic pollution produced by trains operating through highly populated urban regions. Thus, the main goal of the present Thesis is the development of a comprehensive methodology to achieve suitable railway wheel designs through the use of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) with the aim of minimizing the associated rolling noise. When developing the aforementioned optimization algorithms, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is combined with the geometric parametrization of the different wheel design typologies analysed, described as a function of those parameters most relevant for the current research. In order to describe the dynamic behaviour of each component involved in the wheel/track interaction, use is made of linearised models in the frequency domain capable of solving the whole coupled dynamic response from the corresponding cross-section meshes. Subsequent derivation of the radiated sound power from the dynamic information is carried out by applying a semi-analytical formulation that allows for the wheel acoustic efficiency computation, on one hand, and by making use of an Equivalent Sources Model (ESM) in the track, on the other hand. Besides, such theoretical development is validated with the reference commercial software in the field, TWINS, on which it is based. Throughout the optimization procedures, a fatigue analysis is performed on every wheel design considered to assure structural feasibility, that acts as a "death penalty" constraint in the algorithm. Furthermore, a modal identification procedure is developed, which allows to characterize modeshapes and to classify them according to their number of nodal diameters and circumferences. Then, two different formulations of the objective function are explored: one focused on directly reducing radiated noise, named LA;W-min; and another centred on decreasing rolling noise by maximizing the average natural frequency of the modeshapes, called NF-max. Hence, in the LA;W -min methodology, the sum in energy of the wheel Sound poWer Level (SWL) expressed in dB(A) is minimized. For the NF-max case, natural frequencies are shifted to frequency regions where the roughness amplitude content is lower. Different approaches are considered: the inclusion of perforation schemes in the wheel and the variation of its cross-sectional shape, setting the radius as a constant value in one case and using it as an optimization parameter in another. Moreover, the influence on the noise of changing the rail geometric and track viscoelastic properties is also studied. As a result of the present Thesis, several quieter models of railway wheels have been achieved, with rolling noise reductions of up to 5 dB(A). When the whole railway system with all the components is considered, improvements in the radiated sound power remain achieved with the resulting wheel designs. Besides, correlations between maximization of natural frequencies and SWL mitigation are analysed, establishing the NF-max as a suitable methodology for cases when computational efficiency is prioritized. The sensitivity of the problem to selected design domains and the suitability of the use of GAs are also studied with the obtention of Response Surfaces (RSs) for the geometric parameters used. Additionally, correlations are established between the variation of the geometric parameters and the decrease in the associated acoustic radiation, while the shifting of the modeshapes along the frequency domain is proposed as a physical mechanism responsible of the observed sound power decrease. / This thesis has been supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Regional Development Fund (projects TRA2013-45596-C2-1-R and TRA2017-84701-R). / Garcia Andrés, X. (2021). Development of innovative methodologies to reduce railway rolling noise through Genetic Algorithm-based shape optimization techniques [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164194