Thesis (MScPhysio (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Physiotherapy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The pelvic floor muscles (PFM) contribute to urinary continence and overactive PFM seem to be associated with pelvic pain syndrome (PPS). The literature indicates that ethnic differences regarding symptoms of urinary incontinence may exist. Research is needed to establish relationships between PFM function and symptoms reported by women of different ethnic groups. Objectives: To compare the PFM strength and endurance in black, white and coloured women. To investigate relationships between PFM strength, vaginal resting pressures, risk factors and symptoms associated with PFM dysfunction and PPS. Method: A cross-sectional study assessed the PFM strength and vaginal resting pressures of 122 nulliparous black (n=44), white (n=44) and coloured (n=34) university students. A self-developed questionnaire determined inclusion, demographic variables, factors affecting/factors associated with PFM strength and symptoms related to PPS. Maximum voluntary contraction pressure (cmH2O) and vaginal resting pressure (cmH2O) were measured with the Peritron TM 9300 (Cardio Design, Australia) used with the Camtech AS vaginal balloon sensor (Sandvika, Norway). Two sets of 3 maximum voluntary contractions of the PFM were recorded. Results: The mean age of the group was 22 ± 3.54 years and mean BMI of 23± 4.16 kg/m2. Black women (25 cmH2O ± 13.5) had significantly stronger PFM than white (p=0.02) or coloured (p<0.01) women, but no significant difference (p=0.78) in PFM strength existed between white (18.4 cmH2O ± 9.8) and coloured (15.6 cmH2O ± 8) women. In black women, PFM strength decreased significantly (p=0.02) between the sets, whereas no significant difference between sets was noted in the other ethnic groups. Increased PFM strength was associated with SUI (p=0.03) and amenorrhoea (p=0.01) and decreased PFM strength was associated with decreased frequency of bowel motion (p=0.01). In this sample, increased vaginal resting pressure was associated with menorrhagia (p=0.04). Conclusion: Black nulliparous women had stronger PFM than white and coloured women. There was no difference in PFM strength between white and coloured women. Endurance, as measured in this study, indicates that black women have decreased endurance of the PFM compared to white and coloured women. These findings inform the current research on ethnic differences in the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Preliminary data suggest that there was no relationship between vaginal resting pressures and symptoms of PPS and risk factors for PFM dysfunction, except for menorrhagia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bekkenvloer spiere (BVS) dra by tot urinêre kontinensie en ooraktiewe BVS kan moontlik geassosieer wees met pelviese pyn sindroom (PPS). Uit die literatuur blyk dit of daar etniese verskille bestaan in die simptome van urinere inkontinensie gerapporteer deur vroue. Navorsing is nodig om die verwantskap tussen BVS funksie en simptome wat deur pasiënte van verskillende etniese groepe gerapporteer word vas te stel. Doel: Om „n vergelyking te tref tussen BVS sterkte in swart, wit en kleurling vroue. Om vas te stel of daar assosiasies bestaan tussen BVS sterkte, rustende vaginale druklesings en risiko faktore en simptome geassosieer met bekkenvloer disfunksie en PPS. Metodologie: „n Dwarssnit studie het die BVS sterkte en rustende vaginale drukke van 122 nullipareuse swart (n=44), wit (n=44) en kleurling (n=34) universiteit studente geëvalueer. Insluiting, uitsluiting, demografiese veranderlikes, faktore wat kan affekteer/faktore geassosieer met BVS sterkte en simptome geassosier met PPS is deur „n self ontwikkelde vraelys geëvalueer. Maksimale willekeurige spiersametrekking drukke (cmH2O) en rustende vaginale drukke (cmH2O) was gemeet met „n Peritron™9300 perineometer (Cardio Design, Australië) wat saam „n vaginale ballon sensor (Camtech AS, Sandvika, Noorweë) gebruik is. Twee stelle van 3 maksimale willekeurige sametrekkings van die BVS was gemeet. Resultate: Die groep se gemiddelde ouderdom was 22±3.54 jaar en die gemiddelde liggaamsgewig indeks was 23±4.16kg/m2. Swart vroue (25 cmH2O ±13.5) het beduidend sterker BVS gehad as wit (p=0.02) en kleurling (p<0.01) vroue, maar daar was geen beduidende verskil (p=0.78) in BVS sterkte tussen wit (18.4 cmH2O ± 9.8) en kleurling (15.6 cmH2O ± 8) vroue nie. Die BVS sterkte in swart vroue het beduidend (p=0.02) verminder tussen die stelle, maar geen beduidende verskille was waargeneem in die ander etniese groepe tussen stelle. Verhoogde BVS sterkte was geassosieer met druklek (p=0.03), amenorrhoea (p=0.01) en verminderde BVS sterkte was geassosieer met verminderde frekwensie van opelyf (p=0.01). Verhoogde rustende vaginale drukke was geassosieer met menoragie in hierdie steekproef. Gevolgtrekking: Swart nullipareuse vroue het sterker BVS gehad as wit en kleurling vroue, Daar was geen verskil in BVS sterkte tussen wit en kleurling vroue nie. Uithouvermoë soos in hierdie studie getoets toon dat swart vroue verminderde uithouvermoë het i.v.m. wit en kleurling vroue. Hierdie bevindings dra by tot die huidige navorsing oor etniese verskille in die prevalensie van urinêre inkontinensie. Daar was geen verwantskap tussen vaginale rustende drukke en simptome van PPS en risiko faktore vir die ontwikkeling van bekkenvloer disfunksie, behalwe vir menoragie.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) will soon represent the most costly and debilitating disorder in the world. Yet, a clear model of the mechanisms underlying MDD remains elusive. This lack of clarity obscures efforts to prevent and treat MDD more effectively. This dissertation seeks to advance an integrated model of the mechanisms underlying MDD across cognitive, neural, and genetic levels of analysis. Building on the empirical foundation of cognitive theories of MDD, the dissertation includes three studies that help address questions about the cognitive mechanisms underlying depression vulnerability and maintenance. Specifically, the three studies focus on identifying 1) how elaborative processing biases, including attentional biases and rumination, give rise to specific symptoms of MDD and 2) elucidating biological mechanisms that may give rise to these biases. Together, these studies help advance an integrated model of MDD that, ultimately, may help facilitate the prevention and treatment of this costly and debilitating disorder. / text

2 pp. / The energy content of food is measured in calories. The number of calories, or energy, an athlete needs to maintain weight depends upon: age, body weight, gender, Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and physical Activity Energy Expenditure (AEE) levels.

<div><div><div><p>Head injuries in collision sports have been linked to long-term neurological disorders. High school collision sport athletes, a population vulnerable to head injuries, are at a greater risk of chronic damage. Various studies have indicated significant deviations in brain function due to the accumulation of repetitive low-level subconcussive impacts to the head without externally observable cognitive symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate metabolic changes in asymptomatic collision sport athletes across time within their competition season and as a function of mechanical force to their head. For this purpose, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) was used as a tool to detect altered brain metabolism in high school collision sport athletes (football and soccer) without diagnosed concussion. Also, sensors were attached to each athletes head to collect the count and magnitude of head impacts during their games and practices. Transient neurometabolic alterations along with prolonged recovery were observed in collision sport athletes.</p><div><div><div><p><br></p><p>Multi-site studies are becoming important to increase statistical power, enhance generalizability, and to improve the likelihood of pooling relevant subgroups together activities which are otherwise limited by the availability of patients or funds at a single site. Even with harmonized imaging sequences, site-dependent variability can mask the advantages of these multi-site studies. The aim of this study was to assess multi-site reproducibility in resting-state functional connectivity fingerprints, and to improve identifiability of obtained functional connectomes. We evaluated individual fingerprints in test- retest visit pairs within and across two sites and present a generalized framework based on principal component analysis (PCA) to improve identifiability. The optimally reconstructed functional connectomes using PCA showed a substantial improvement in individual fingerprinting of the subjects within and across the two sites and test-retest visit pairs relative to the original data. Results demonstrate that the data-driven method presented in the study can improve identifiability in resting-state functional connectomes in multi-site studies.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div>

La neuromodulation apporte une extraordinaire richesse à la dynamique des réseaux de neurones. Parmi les neuromodulateurs du système nerveux central, la noradrénaline permettrait de faciliter l'adaptation du comportement face aux variations des contraintes environnementales en modulant l'attention, cette fonction au coeur de la cognition qui nous permet de sélectionner l'information la plus pertinente en fonction de notre but. Ce processus complexe qui opère à chaque instant à la fois dans l'espace et le temps, constitue une étape essentielle dans cette adaptation comportementale. Cependant, à ce jour, les mécanismes par lesquels ce neuromodulateur exerce ses effets sur le cerveau sain demeurent mal connus. Mon travail de thèse a pour objectif d'examiner les déterminants comportementaux et les marqueurs neuronaux de l'effet stimulant des agonistes noradrénergiques. La question posée était : "Comment la noradrénaline agit-elle pour optimiser l'attention?" Pour répondre à cette question, j'ai choisi de combiner la pharmacologie, l'analyse du comportement, et l'imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle chez le singe. Un des principaux résultats de mes travaux est que l'administration d'agents noradrénergiques induit une large réorganisation des réseaux cérébraux, qui pourrait être à l'origine de l'optimisation des réponses comportementales observées parallèlement / Neuromodulation provides an extraordinary wealth to the dynamics of neural networks. Among the neuromodulators of the central nervous system, noradrenaline would facilitate behavioral adaptation facing variations of environmental constraints by modulating attention, this function at the heart of cognition that allows us to select the most relevant information based our goal. This complex process that operates at every moment both in space and time, is an essential step in this behavioral adaptation. However, to date, the mechanisms by which this neuromodulator exerts its effects on healthy brain remain unknown. My thesis aims to examine the behavioral and neural markers of the boosting effect of noradrenergic agonists. The question asked was: "How does noradrenaline optimize attention?" To answer this question, I chose to combine pharmacology, behavior analysis, and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in monkeys. One of the main results of my work is that the administration of noradrenergic agents induced a large-scale brain networks reorganization, which could be responsible for optimizing behavioral responses observed in parallel

Mudanças no hábito alimentar têm sido descritas como prováveis causas da obesidade. Estudos mostram que o peso depende do balanço energético definido pela relação entre a energia ingerida e o gasto energético. Sugere-se que o padrão alimentar, levando em consideração a freqüência de refeições e sua distribuição durante o dia, possa estar relacionado com a obesidade. Um efetivo programa de perda de peso tem como objetivo a perda do excesso da gordura corporal e a manutenção da massa livre de gordura apropriada para manutenção da saúde. O cortisol é um dos principais hormônios secretados pelo córtex supra-renal com ação predominante no metabolismo intermediário, incluindo a regulação das proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos e ácidos nucléicos.O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar se a ingestão alimentar hipocalórica em pacientes obesas grau III, feita exclusivamente no período das 9:00 às 11:00 h em contraposição à mesma dieta oferecida das 18:00 às 20:00 h, é capaz de alterar a perda de peso, a composição corporal, o ritmo de cortisol, o gasto energético e o balanço nitrogenado. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto USP durante um período de 64 dias, sendo divididos em 3 internações de 18 dias. Na 1ª fase receberam dieta fracionada em 5 refeições /dia, considerada controle. Na 2ª fase, receberam a mesma dieta, no período das 9:00 às 11:00 h. E na 3ª fase receberam, também, a mesma dieta no período das 18:00 às 20:00 h. Entre uma internação e outra, as pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar por 5 dias, recebendo dieta domiciliar usual. Durante cada fase realizou-se dosagem de nitrogênio urinário e de cortisol salivar. Além disto, as pacientes foram submetidas à avaliação nutricional incluindo: antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. O cortisol salivar obedeceu ao mesmo ritmo nas 3 fases, tanto no 1º quanto no 18º dias de internação, apresentando o pico máximo às 8:00 h, diminuindo progressivamente até atingir o nadir às 21:00 h. Não houve alteração no ritmo do cortisol quando se alterou o horário da alimentação. Houve uma diminuição significativa (p< 0,05) para todos os parâmetros antropométricos, exceto para o índice cintura/quadril durante as três fases, não havendo diferença entre as 3 fases. Houve, nas 3 internações, uma diminuição significativa tanto na quantidade de nitrogênio ingerido quanto na quantidade de nitrogênio excretado a partir do 4º dia de internação. No 10º dia de internação, o balanço nitrogenado estava negativo nas 3 fases da dieta. Não houve diferença entre as fases para ingestão, excreção ou balanço nitrogenado. Mudanças no padrão do horário da ingestão alimentar por períodos de 18 dias não foram estímulo suficiente para provocar diferentes alterações de peso, da composição corporal, da ritmicidade e níveis de produção de cortisol, da taxa metabólica de repouso e balanço nitrogenado em mulheres grau III. / Changes in dietary habits have been implicated as potential causes of obesity. Studies have suggested that weight depends on the energetic balance, which is the relation between energy intake and energy expenditure. Dietary behavior, specially eating frequency and temporal distribution of eating events during the day, may be related to obesity. An effective weight loss program should reduce body fat and preserve lean body mass. Cortisol is an important corticosteroid produced by the adrenal. It exerts metabolic effects on intermediary metabolism, regulating protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids metabolism. The present studys goals were: compare differences in weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and nitrogen balance using hypo caloric diet offered in two different time intervals, first from 9:00 to 11:00, second from 18:00 to 20:00; determinate if there is difference on urinary nitrogen when food is offered on different time intervals, comparing with salivary cortisol levels, and show salivary cortisol secretion rhythm of obese females undergoing hypo caloric diet in different day times. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP USP for a 64 days period, divided in 3 periods of 18 days each. On phase 1, the patients received food five times a day. On phase 2, they received the same diet, but the meals were between 09:00 and 11:00. On phase 3, the same diet was offered between 18:00 and 20:00. After each 18 day period, patients went home for a 5 day wash-out period, eating their regular home food and respecting their usual dietary behavior. On each phase urinary nitrogen and salivary cortisol were measured. Also a nutritional evaluation, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry were done. There were a reduction (p< 0,05) in all parameters, except the Waist/ Hip Ratio during all phases, but there were no difference between the phases. On the 3 phases there were a reduction on both, nitrogen intake and excretion. After the 10th in hospital day, nitrogen balance was negative on the 3 phases. There are no differences on nitrogen intake, excretion or balance between the 3 phases of food intake. Salivary cortisol followed the same rhythm on all 3 phases, both on the 1st and on the 18th in hospital days, having the peak salivary level at 08:00 h and the nadir level at 21:00 h. Changing meal times for 18 days did not change salivary cortisol circadian rhythm and did not promote changes in weight loss, body composition and rest energy expenditure in grade III obese females.

Esta dissertação desenvolve e aplica métodos para caracterizar regiões cerebrais durante o estado de repouso. Utilizam-se grafos para representar a inter-dependência temporal de sinais de ressonância magnética funcional provenientes de regiões cerebrais distintas. Vértices representam regiões cerebrais e arestas representam a conectividade funcional. Buscando superar os problemas de visualização e interpretação desta forma de representação, elaboram-se métodos quantitativos para caracterizar padrões de conectividade entre regiões cerebrais. Para cada sujeito analisado: 1) Faz-se a redução da dimensionalidade espacial das imagens de ressonância magnética funcional respeitando os limites anatômicos das regiões cerebrais. 2) Estima-se a rede de conectividade funcional pela coerência direcionada entre pares de regiões distintas. 3) Constrói-se um grafo direcionado e pesado pela medida de conectividade. 4) Quantificam-se os vértices por índices e faz-se o registro destes valores no espaço comum MNI. 5) Avalia-se a consistência de cada índice pelo teste não paramétrico de Friedman seguido de análises de múltiplas comparações. A análise de 198 imagens de sujeitos sadios produziu resultados consistentes e biologicamente plausíveis. Em sua maioria, revelou regiões associadas a conceitos anatômicos de conectividade e integração cerebral. Embora de implementação simples, o método proporciona informações de natureza dinâmica sobre as relações entre diferentes regiões cerebrais e pode ser utilizado futuramente para estudar e entender desordens psiquiátricas/neurológicas. / This dissertation develops and applies methods to characterize brain regions during resting state. Graphs are used to represent functional MRI connectivity from different brain regions. Vertices represent brain regions and edges represent connectivity. To overcome the visualization and interpretation problems of this form of representation, we developed quantitative methods to characterize its patterns. Methods: For each subject: 1) The reduction of spatial dimensionality of functional magnetic resonance imaging is carried out taking into account the anatomic limits of the brain regions. 2) The network is estimated by directed coherence between pairs of separate regions. 3) A directed graph with weights on its edges is constructed using the later connectivity measure. 4) The vertices are quantified by indexes that are registered in the MNI common space. 5) The consistency of each index is evaluated by the nonparametric Friedman followed by Post-Hoc analysis. Results: The analysis of 198 images of healthy subjects produced consistent and biologically plausible results. They revealed anatomical regions involved in brain integration. Conclusion: The method provides information about the dynamic nature of the relationships between different brain regions and can be used in future clinical studies to understand psychiatric and neurological disorders.

A contribuição genética para o desenvolvimento da obesidade precisa ser esclarecida em intervenções para perda de peso, como é o caso da cirurgia bariátrica. Portanto, a análise da expressão gênica relacionada ao gasto energético e posterior associação com a taxa metabólica de repouso pode elucidar o entendimento de fatores genéticos que contribuem para a obesidade. Além disso, as informações genéticas expressas em determinados indivíduos, podem ajudar a esclarecer mecanismos relacionados à regulação energética e oxidação de substratos. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a expressão dos genes ADRB3, UCPs, PLIN1, PPARG2, em tecido adiposo subcutâneo abdominal e associar com medidas da taxa metabólica de repouso em indivíduos obesos grau III antes e após cirurgia bariátrica. A amostra foi composta por 13 mulheres com obesidade antes e após 6 meses de cirurgia bariátrica pela técnica de derivação gástrica em Y de Roux e 10 mulheres eutróficas. Tratou-se de um estudo longitudinal, no qual foram coletadas medidas antropométricas de peso, estatura, índice de massa corporaI, circunferência abdominal, composição corporal (massa corporal magra e massa gorda) pela bioimpedância elétrica, calorimetria indireta para mensurar a taxa metabólica de repouso e análise de expressão gênica pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. Foram observadas diferenças nas variáveis de peso, índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal, massa corporal magra, massa gorda e taxa metabólica de repouso entre os grupos do estudo. Houve diminuição dos valores absolutos da taxa metabólica de repouso (2.094±275 vs 1.863±210kcal, p=0,01), porém quando ajustada pelo peso observou-se aumento (17,7±2,1 vs 20,4±2,1kcal/kg p=0,01). A massa corporal magra no momento pós operatório exerceu influência de 29% na taxa metabólica de repouso por quilograma de peso, sendo que houve correlação positiva entre as duas variáveis (r=0,63, p=0,02). A expressão do gene UCP2 apresentou diferença entre os dois momentos do estudo (p=0,01). Houve influência dos genes UCP2 e PLIN1 na taxa metabólica de repouso por quilograma de peso no período pré operatório. O percentual de perda de peso foi influenciado pela expressão dos genes UCP2 e PLIN1 no período pré operatório. Conclui-se que as modificações proporcionadas pela cirurgia bariátrica aumentam a expressão dos genes e gasto energético de mulheres com obesidade grau III. / The contribution of genetic to the development of obesity need to be established accurately interventions for weight loss, as in the case of bariatric surgery. Therefore, the analysis of gene expression related to energy expenditure and subsequent association with the resting metabolic rate can elucidate the understanding of genetic factors that contribute to obesity. Furthermore, the genetic information expressed in certain individuals may help clarify regulatory mechanisms related to energy and substrate oxidation. The objective was to investigate the expression of genes ADRB3, UCPs, PLIN1 and PPARG2 in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and associate it with measures of resting metabolic rate in grade III obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. The sample consisted of 13 obese women before and 6 months after bariatric surgery (gastric bypass Roux-Y technique) and 10 healthy women. This was a longitudinal study in which anthropometric measurements of weight were collected, height, body mass index, waist circumference, body composition (lean body mass and fat mass) by bioelectrical impedance, indirect calorimetry to measure the resting metabolic rate and gene expression was analysed by PCR real time. Differences in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, lean body mass, fat mass and resting metabolic rate between the study groups. There was a decrease of the absolute values of the resting metabolic rate (2.094±275 vs 1863±210kcal, p=0,01), but when adjusted for body weight an increase was observed (17,7±2,1 vs 20,4±2,1kcal/kg p=0,01). Lean body mass in the post operative period influenced 29% in resting metabolic rate per kilogram of weight, and there was a positive correlation between resting metabolic rate and lean body mass (r=0,63, p=0,02). The expression of UCP2 gene was different between the two sample points (p=0,01). There was influence of UCP2 and PLIN1 genes in resting metabolic rate per kilogram of weight in the preoperative period. The percentage of weight loss was influenced by the UCP2 gene and PLIN1 preoperative period. We conclude that the modifications provided by bariatric surgery increase the gene expression and energy expenditure women with morbid obesity.

Elevadas concentrações de tirglicerídeos (TAG) no período pós-prandial são associados com o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), bem como são responsáveis por mais de 23% da mortalidade em mulheres na menopausa. O treinamento de força (TF) é uma intervenção não farmacológica impregada na prevenção e redução dos múltiplos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV. O exercício de força realizado em alto volume vem sendo apresentado como estratégia efetiva na redução da lipemia pós-prandial (LPP) em jovens. No entanto, a comparação entre alto e baixo volume do TF não havia sido investigado. Por esse motivo, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resposta aguda e de 11 semanas de TF realizado em baixo e alto volume na força dinâmica máxima, espessura muscular, gasto energético e perfil lipidico de mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Trinta e nove mulheres pós-menopausicas saudáveis e destreinadas (59,5±4,8 anos de idade, massa corporal 69,6±9,1 kg, estatura 157,9±7,2 cm; IMC 27,6±4,1 kg•m2; circunferência da cintura 76,1±9,7 cm; VO2pico 18,7±1,4 mL•kg•min) foram aleatóriamente distribuídas em três grupos que realizaram a sessão de exercícios de força em: baixo volume (uma série) (BVEF, n=12), alto volume (AVEF, n=14) e um grupo controle (GC, n = 13) que permaneceu em repouso. Os grupos experimentais (BVEF e AVEF) foram submetidos a uma sessão de exercícios de força (SEF), envolvendo oito exercícios. O grupo BVEF realizou uma série de 15 repetições máximas (RM), e o grupo AVEF realizou três séries de 15RM. Na SEF foram avaliados o gasto energético da sessão e o EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption). No teste de tolerancia oral a gordura (TTOG), ~16 horas após a SEF, todos os grupos receberam um refeição hiperlipidica a base de leite seguido por uma avaliação do perfil lipídico (colesterol total (CT), glicose (GLU), HDL, LDL e TAG) nos períodos basal, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 horas após o TTOG. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no perfil lipidico em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. O gasto energético total (SEF+EPOC) foi significativamente maior para AVEF em comparação ao BVEF (6,0±0,12 MJ e 3,1±1,1 MJ, respectivamente, p<0,001). No estudo com treinamento, foram avaliadas trinta e seis mulheres pós-menopáusicas com uma perda amostral de três mulheres, sendo estas submetidas a 11 semanas de TF. Os grupos AVEF e BVTF foram divididos em alto volume de treinamento de força (AVTF=13) e baixo volume de treinamento de força (BVTF=12), o GC (n=11) foi preservado. Neste estudo, todas as variáveis foram avaliadas pré e pós treinamento. Como resultados; nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre os grupos na LPP (mmol/L/5hs) para GLU, HDL, LDL e CT. Além disso, o AVTF vs BVTF foi significativamente maior após 11 semanas de TF nas variáveis taxa de oxidação de gordura (5,52±1,69 g/h vs 4,11±1,12 g/h), espessura muscular (VM, 21,4 ± 1,8 mm vs 18,4±1,2 mm e VL (22,3±1,2 mm vs 20,8±1,3 mm). Os pontos 0, 1, 2, 4 e 5 horas após TTOG para TAG e AUC de TAG (5,79±0,42 mmol/L/5hs vs 7,78±0,68 mmol/L/5hs), respectivamente, foram significativamente menores no grupo AVTF (p<0,05). Em conclusão, diferentes volumes de uma única sessão de exercícios de força não são capazes de reduzir a lipemia pós-prandial de mulheres pósmenopáusicas após teste de tolerância a gordura. Entretanto, os resultados desta investigação sugerem que a prescrição do alto volume de treinamento de força reduz a lipemia pós-prandial em mulheres pós-menopáusicas. / Elevated concentrations of triglycerides (TAG) in the postprandial period are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are responsible for over 23 % mortality in postmenopausal women. Resistance training (RT) is a non-pharmacological strategy to reduce multiple risk factors for developing CVD. The RT performed at high volume has been shown to be effective for the reduction of postprandial lipemia (PPL) in young people. However, the RT regular and systematic comparing high and low volume training had not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the response subacute and 11 weeks of RT in low volume and high in strength, muscle thickness, energy expenditure and lipid profile of postmenopausal women. In article acute, thirty-nine postmenopausal women and healthy untrained (59.5±4.8 years, body mass 69.6±9.1 kg, height 157.9±7.2 cm, BMI 27,6±4.1 kg•m-2, waist circumference 76.1±9.7 cm; VO2peak 18.7±1.4 mL•kg-1•min-1) were randomly divided into three groups: group that conducted the exercise session strength at low volume (one set) ( LVSE, n=12), high volume (HVSE, n=14) and a control group (CG, n=13) who did not perform any exercise session. The experimental groups (LVSE and HVSE) held a session of strength exercises (SSE), involving eight exercises. In LVSE held a series of 15 repetitions maximum (RM), and the HVSE group performed three sets of 15RM, SSE were evaluated in the energy expenditure of the session and the EPOC (excess post -exercise oxygen consumption). In the test of oral fat tolerance (OGTT), ~16 hours of the SSE, all groups were given a high-fat meal and the milk, were evaluate; lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), glucose (GLU), HDL, LDL and TAG) in times baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after an OGTT. Results: No significant difference between groups in lipid profile in any of the periods. Total energy expenditure (SSE+EPOC) was significantly higher compared to HVSE vs LVSE (6.0±0.12 MJ and 3.1±1.1 MJ, respectively, p<0.001). In the third study was evaluated thirty-six postmenopausal women, with a sample loss of three women who underwent 11 weeks of ST, and HVSE and LVSE groups were divided into high-volume strength training (HVST=13) and low volume strength training (LVST=12), GC (n=11) was preserved. In this study, all variables were assessed before and after 11 weeks os ST. Results: no significant difference was observed among groups in LPP (mmol/L/5 hours) to GLU, HDL, LDL and TC, also the HVSE versus LVSE was significantly greater after 11 weeks of ST for variables; rate fat oxidation, 5.52±1.69 g/h vs. 4.11±1.12g/h), muscle thickness (VM 21.4±1.2 mm versus 18.4±1.8 mm and VL, 22.3±1.2 mm versus 20.8±1.3 mm). In points 0, 1, 2, 4 and 5 hours after OGTT for TAG and TAG AUC (5.79±0.42 versus 7.78±0.68), respectively, were significantly lower in group AVTF (p<0.05). In conclusion, different volumes of a session of strength exercises do not reduce the subacutely postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women after oral fat tolerance test. The results of this investigation suggest that the prescription of high volume strength training reduces postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women.

PURPOSE: Pregnancy is a physically impactful process in a woman’s life. During this time, a woman will gain weight and research has shown that many women will retain some extra weight after delivery. Because of this, recovery in the postpartum period is pivotal to avoiding the implications of weight retention. The postpartum period is vastly understudied in both the research and medical communities and this gap between pregnancy and postpartum research needs to be bridged. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate metabolic changes from pregnancy to postpartum and to study how factors such as sleep and breastfeeding can impact metabolic values in the postpartum period. METHODS: Women participated in a pregnancy study visit at 32-34 weeks of gestation (n = 25) and attended two subsequent visits at 4-6 months (n = 25) and 12-13 months postpartum (n = 16). At these visits, the women had a baseline blood draw and baseline metabolic measurements taken via indirect calorimetry. At the pregnancy visit, participants completed a demographic survey and a dietary questionnaire (DHQ-II). At the postpartum visits, they completed the same surveys, along with validated sleep and breastfeeding surveys. RESULTS: Absolute resting metabolic rate (RMR) was significantly higher during pregnancy than at 4-6 months postpartum and 12-13 months postpartum (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Accounting for body weight, relative RMR was significantly higher during pregnancy than at 4-6 months postpartum. With regard to sleep, women deemed to be “good sleepers” had a significantly higher relative RMR than those who were deemed “poor sleepers” (23.6 ± 2.5 vs 20.8 ± 2.3, p = 0.009). With regard to breastfeeding, women who breastfed had a relative RMR than the women who did not breastfeed (22.8 ± 2.6 vs 20.4 ± 2.3, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: There are hypermetabolic changes that take place during pregnancy. These values seem to decrease into the postpartum period. Women who demonstrate an improved sleep quality and who opt to breastfeed tend to have improved metabolic responses. This could help combat the struggle with postpartum weight retention that some women face.