Thesis (M.Comm. (Economic and management sciences))-University of Pretoria, 2004. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-134).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2005. / Title from title screen (viewed July 6, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 333-362). Also issued in paper format.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Duquesne University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p.93-101) and index.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the footing fixity effect on the lateral deflection of a bridge pier for different types of soil. Generally, the rotational restraint coefficient at top and bottom of pier (degree of fixity of the pier) is used to compute the effective length factor of pier which is in turn used to determine the pier deflection. The magnitude of the deflection is used to determine whether the p-delta force effect should be considered while designing the pier. However, the pier deflection is usually computed by assuming that the pier footing is completely fixed to the ground. In case of soil under footing, rotational restraint coefficient is taken as five for all types of soils. In this study, finite element analysis method was used to determine the pier deflection by providing three actual soil environments and compare the results with the traditional approach. Hence, the rotational restraint coefficient will be modified according to the deflection computed from the finite element analysis.

Use of restraint during crisis intervention is of great concern as these situations evoke stress responses in the direct care staff that respond to them. This stress response often leads to non- neutral reactions. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been used to effectively de- literalize task-related stimuli in individuals that share similar physiological symptoms of stress to those that direct care staff might experience during crisis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how an ACT intervention would improve direct care staff performance during crisis interventions and increase accuracy of incident report writing. Results indicated that four out of the six participants improved their performance following ACT training, while the most improvement was observed in accuracy in incident report writing. This study expands upon the limited research available on the utility of ACT in the workplace. Implications of this study suggest that ACT may be a beneficial intervention to increase staff performance during crisis.

abstract: In accordance with the Principal Agent Theory, Property Right Theory, Incentive Theory, and Human Capital Theory, firms face agency problems due to “separation of ownership and management”, which call for effective corporate governance. Ownership structure is a core element of the corporate governance. The differences in ownership structures thus may result in differential incentives in governance through the selection of senior management and in the design of senior management compensation system. This thesis investigates four firms with four different types of ownership structures: a public listed firm with the controlling interest by the state, a public listed firm with a non-state-owned controlling interest, a public listed firm a family-owned controlling interest, and a Sino-foreign joint venture firm. By using a case study approach, I focus on two dimensions of ownership structure characteristics – ownership diversification and differences in property rights so as to document whether there are systematic differences in governance participation and executive compensation design. Specifically, I focused on whether such differences are reflected in management selection (which is linked to adverse selection and moral hazard problems) and in compensation design (the choices of performance measurements, performance pay, and in stock option or restricted stock). The results are consistent with my expectation – the nature of ownership structure does affect senior management compensation design. Policy implications are discussed accordingly. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2015

Le risque de détention arbitraire est inhérent à toute action répressive et il s'accroît lorsque l'individu est détenu sans avoir été jugé. N'est-il pas présumé innocent, aux termes de l'article 9 de la Déclaration de 1789 ? Pourtant, les nécessités de la recherche judiciaire et la préservation de l'ordre public ont depuis longtemps justifié la détention temporaire. L'incarcération hors jugement est acceptée dans la mesure où elle est encadrée par des procédures précises. Cependant, souvent considérées comme contraires aux principes fondamentaux elles sont fréquemment remises en cause. C'est pourquoi l'objectif premier doit être la recherche de mesures, moins privatives de droit, qui permettent le plus possible, d'éviter que la personne soit privée de liberté. Des propositions en ce sens peuvent être faites, comme par exemple un renforcement de l'accompagnement psychologique, ou une modification du rapport à l'idée de contrainte, mais cela engendrerait une profonde transformation du système français. / The risk of arbitrary detention is inherent to any repressive action and it increases when the individual is detained without having been judged. Is not he presumed innocent, at the end of the article 9 of the Declaration of 1789? Nevertheless, the necessities of the judicial research and the conservation of the law and order justified for a long time the temporary detention. The imprisonment without judgment is accepted as far as it is framed by precise procedures. However, often considered as opposite in the fundamental principles they are frequently questioned. That is why the first objective has to be the research for measures, less privative of rights, which allow as much as possible to avoid that the person is deprived of liberty. Propositions in this way can be made, as for example an intensification of the psychological accompaniment, or a modification of the relation to the idea of constraint, but that would generate a deep transformation of the French system.

Orientador: Maria Lucia Galves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_MargaridaMariaLourenco_M.pdf: 2153837 bytes, checksum: e101248b1c01afc4612181f603d9cf30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: As medidas de restrição ao trânsito de veículos automotores são, em geral, aplicadas em áreas centrais de grandes cidades. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas e avaliadas as medidas de restrição ao estacionamento e à circulação, agrupadas em restrições física, regulamentar e fiscal. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar quais impactos podem ser causados, aos diversos usuários da via, pela implementação de medidas de restrição ao trânsito de veículos. Para tanto, é desenvolvido procedimento para auxiliar técnicos, responsáveis pela decisão sobre a implementação destas medidas, a sistematizar as informações para análise. Primeiramente, são organizadas as informações disponíveis na literatura consultada sobre medidas de restrição, que aqui são divididas em restrição ao estacionamento e restrição à circulação. As medidas de restrição são classificadas e definidas, e são apresentados os objetivos que motivam sua implantação com exemplos de aplicação em diversas localidades, tanto do Brasil quanto do exterior. Após esta caracterização, é feita uma análise das tendências de alterações provocadas pela implementação de medidas de restrição considerando cada usuário da via, denominado ator neste trabalho. São escolhidas algumas variáveis por meio das quais é feita a análise, como acessibilidade, fluidez, segurança, custo e qualidade ambiental. As informações sobre as tendências de alteração destas variáveis são sistematizadas considerando cada ator. A avaliação dos impactos da aplicação de cada medida é feita para duas áreas hipotéticas, uma onde haveria a implementação das medidas de restrição e uma área adjacente, sem aplicação de restrição. Posteriormente, é feita uma síntese destas informações, por tipo de usuário do sistema viário, observando se houve melhora ou piora nas variáveis escolhidas para análise. Com este procedimento, é possível verificar quais impactos podem ser causados, a cada usuário da via, pela implementação de medidas de restrição ao trânsito de veículos. Os gestores de trânsito têm encontrado resistência à implementação das medidas de restrição ao trânsito, provavelmente pela falta de respaldo técnico para uma tomada de decisão fundamentada e porque seus impactos não são bem compreendidos pelos operadores do sistema viário. Procurou-se, neste trabalho, sistematizar informações que venham aprofundar o conhecimento e colaborar para a análise e tomada de decisões sobre a implementação de medidas de restrição ao trânsito de veículos / Abstract: This work aims at verifying the impacts caused to the various road user groups due to the introduction of restrictive measures towards vehicle traffic. Procedures will be developed in order to assist decision-maker traffic managers to systematize data collection and analysis. Initially, the available information from the literature on restrictive measures is organized into parking or traffic restraint measures. The measures are defined and classified, and the reasons that motivated their implementation are presented along with examples of application in different places, such as cities in Brazil and other countries. After this characterization, a tendency analysis on the resulting changes triggered by the implementation of the restrictive measures is presented, considering each road user group, hereby called 'actor¿. Variables such as accessibility, traffic flow, safety, cost and environmental quality have been chosen for the analysis. The information about the variable change tendencies are systematized taking into account each actor. The evaluation of the impacts of the application of each measure is made considering two hypothetical areas: one where the restrictive measures should have been applied, and an adjacent area where no restrictions have been applied although side effects may be observed. Subsequently, a synthesis of the results achieved is presented showing improvement or worsening for the chosen variables according to the road user groups. This procedure allows the assessment of the impacts caused by the implementation of traffic restraint to each road user group. Traffic managers have encountered resistance in implementing traffic restrictive measures, probably due to the lack of technical support to a consistent decision making and to the poor understanding of the resulting impacts by the road system managers. This work aims at improving knowledge and collaborating to analysis and decision making on the implementation of traffic restraint measures by means of systematizing the information / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

O córtex pré-frontal medial ventral (CPFMv) é uma estrutura límbica que está envolvida em respostas autonômicas associadas a reações aversivas. O CPFMv é dividido em córtex pré- límbico (PL), córtex infralímbico (IL) e córtex dorsopeduncular (DP). A estimulação elétrica ou química destas regiões causa respostas defensivas e alterações autonômicas tais como respostas cardiovasculares, dependendo da sub-região estimulada. O estresse de restrição (ER) causa alterações hormonais e respostas autonômicas, tais como aumento de pressão arterial (PA) e frequência cardíaca (FC). A ativação de neurônios presentes no CPFMv durante essa situação aversiva, assim como os resultados da inibição farmacológica das sinapses presentes no PL e IL sugerem o envolvimento destas estruturas na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares causadas pelo ER. Entretanto, os possíveis neurotransmissores presentes no vCPFM, envolvidos nesta modulação, ainda não foram elucidados. O sistema opioidérgico central modula o sistema cardiovascular inclusive durante situações aversivas, sendo que tanto receptores quanto peptídeos opióides estão presentes no CPFMv. Considerando o exposto acima, a hipótese a ser testada no presente trabalho foi que a neurotransmissão opioidérgica do PL e IL está envolvida na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares de aumento da PA e FC desencadeadas pelo ER. Assim, a administração de naloxona (antagonista não-seletivo de receptores opióides) no PL ou IL reduziu a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca induzida pelo ER, sendo o perfil da curva dose-inibição em forma de U-invertido. A administração de CTAP (antagonista dos receptores opióides µ) ou nor-BNI (antagonista dos receptores opióides ?) no PL também reduziu a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca induzida pelo ER, de forma semelhante à naloxona, sugerindo o envolvimento desses receptores na modulação das respostas cardiovasculares desencadeadas pelo ER, enquanto que no IL, apenas a administração de nor-BNI reduziu a resposta cardiovascular induzida pelo ER. O tratamento com naltrindole (antagonista ?-seletivo) em ambas as estruturas não alterou a resposta pressora e taquicardíaca gerada pelo ER. A administração de UPF-101 (antagonista ORL-1) no PL potencializou a resposta taquicardíaca, sem alterar a resposta pressora enquanto a administração no IL não gerou efeito. Em resumo, os resultados indicam que o sistema opioidérgico, presente no PL e IL, desempenha papel facilitatório sobre as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pelo ER, enquanto o sistema nociceptina/orfanina FQ apresentaria papel inibitório. / The ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) is a limbic structure involved in the mediation of autonomic responses associated to aversive situations. The vMPFC is divided into prelimbic cortex (PL), infralimbic cortex (IL) and dorsal peduncular cortex (DP). The electrical or chemical stimulation of these regions cause defensive responses and autonomic changes, such as cardiovascular responses, depending on the subregion stimulated. The restraint stress (RS) evokes hormonal and autonomic responses, as well as arterial pressure and heart rate increases. Neuronal activation in the vMPFM was reported during this aversive situation, and the pharmacological inhibition of synapses in the PL and IL has suggested the involvement of these structures in the modulation of cardiovascular responses caused by RS. However, the possible neurotransmitters present in vCPFM that are involved in this modulation have not yet been identified. Opioid peptides and their receptors are present in the CPFMv. Furthermore, the central opioid system is known to modulate the cardiovascular system, even during aversive situations. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that PL and IL opioid neurotransmission is involved in the modulation of cardiovascular responses caused by RS. Naloxone (opioid nonselective antagonist) administration in PL or IL reduced the pressure and tachycardiac response evoked by RS, with the dose-inhibition curve having an U-inverset shape. Similar to naloxone, the selective µ-opioid antagonist CTAP and the selective ?-opioid antagonist nor-BNI when administered into the PL also reduced the pressor and tachycardiac response induced by RS, thus suggesting an involvement of these receptors in the modulation of cardiovascular responses evoked by RS, while in the IL, only administration of nor- BNI reduced the cardiovascular response induced by RS. In both structures, the treatment with the selective ?-opioid antagonist naltrindole did not affect the pressor and tachycardic response caused by RS. The pretreatment of the PL with the selective ORL-1 antagonist UPF-101 increased the tachycardic response, without affecting the RSevoked pressor, while the administration of UPF-101 into the IL did not affect the RS-evoked cardiovascular response. In summary, the opioid system in PL and IL appear to play a facilitatory role on the cardiovascular responses induced by RS, while the system nociceptin / orphanin FQ would have an inhibitory role on these responses.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe and explain the use of physical restraints in institutional elderly care from the viewpoint of the elderly, their family members, nursing staff and nursing superiors. The empirical part of the study was conducted in two stages. The approach in the first stage was quantitative: data were collected with a questionnaire from the nursing staff (n = 1,148). The data were collected using stratified sampling in two stages: by type of institution and by province. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as explorative factor analysis. The second stage of the study was conducted with a qualitative approach, collecting the data from the elderly (n = 7), their family members (n =  7), nursing staff (n = 16) and nursing superiors (n = 5) using participant observation, individual and group interviews. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The use of physical restraints on the elderly was common in institutional care, especially in health centre wards. Both direct and indirect forms of restraint were used to limit the mobility of the elderly. The most commonly used form of direct restraint was elevating the sides of the bed (84%). Indirect forms of restraint included removing the patient’s mobility aid, clothes or alarm bell, as well as a mode of operation that promotes passivity. The nursing staff considered the use of physical restraints on the elderly as an ethical conflict situation. A family member of the elderly could be an active agent, either by using physical restraints or demanding that the nursing staff use them. The nursing staff stated that lack of legislation has an effect on the widespread use of physical restraints. Thirty-three per cent of the nursing staff reported having written instructions on the use of physical restraints in their work unit. The use of physical restraints made the elderly susceptible to hazardous situations, maltreatment and institutionalisation. Attempts were being made to reduce the use of physical restraints by using alternative methods. The participation of a doctor and a physical therapist in elderly care would promote the use of alternative methods, as would support provided by the work unit superiors. The information obtained from the study can be used to widen the gerontological knowledge basis of nursing science as well as to develop gerontological nursing practices in elderly care. The new information can be utilised in basic, further and updating education in the field of social and health care, as well as in producing and developing institutional care services for the elderly. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata ja selittää fyysisten rajoitteiden käyttöä vanhusten laitoshoidossa vanhusten, omaisten, hoitohenkilökunnan ja hoitotyön esimiesten näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osio tehtiin kahdessa vaiheessa. Ensimmäisen vaiheen lähestymistapa oli kvantitatiivinen ja aineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeella vanhusten hoitotyöhön osallistuvalta henkilökunnalta (n = 1148). Aineisto kerättiin käyttäen ositettua otantaa kaksivaiheisesti: laitostyypeittäin ja lääneittäin. Aineisto analysoitiin käyttäen kuvailevan tilastotieteen menetelmiä sekä eksploratiivista faktorianalyysia. Tutkimuksen toisen vaiheen lähestymistapa oli kvalitatiivinen ja aineistot kerättiin vanhuksilta (n = 7), omaisilta (n = 7) sekä vanhusten hoitotyöhön osallistuvalta henkilökunnalta (n = 16) ja hoitotyön esimiehiltä (n = 5) osallistuvan havainnoinnin sekä yksilö- ja ryhmähaastatteluiden menetelmillä. Aineistot analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällön analyysimenetelmällä. Fyysisten rajoitteiden käyttö oli yleistä vanhusten laitoshoidossa, erityisesti terveyskeskusten vuodeosastoilla. Vanhuksen liikkumisen rajoittamiseen käytettiin sekä suoria että epäsuoria rajoittamismuotoja. Yleisimmin käytetty suora rajoittamismuoto oli ylösnostetut sängynlaidat (84 %). Epäsuoria rajoittamismuotoja olivat liikkumisen apuvälineen, vaatteiden, soittokellon poisottaminen sekä passivoiva toimintatapa. Hoitohenkilökunta piti fyysisten rajoitteiden käyttöä eettisenä ristiriitatilanteena, jossa hoitaja joutui valitsemaan vanhuksen turvallisuuden lisäämisen ja henkilökohtaisen vapauden riistämisen välillä. Omainen saattoi olla aktiivinen toimija käyttäessään itse tai vaatiessaan hoitohenkilökuntaa käyttämään fyysisiä rajoitteita. Hoitohenkilökunta totesi lainsäädännön puuttumisen vaikuttavan fyysisten rajoitteiden runsaaseen käyttöön. Hoitohenkilökunnasta 33 % ilmoitti työyksikössään olevan kirjalliset ohjeet fyysisten rajoitteiden käytöstä. Fyysisten rajoitteiden käyttö altisti vanhuksen vaaratilanteille, kaltoinkohtelulle sekä laitostumiselle. Vanhusten laitoshoidossa pyrittiin vähentämään fyysisten rajoitteiden käyttöä vaihtoehtoisia toimintatapoja käyttämällä. Lääkärin ja fysioterapeutin osallistuminen vanhusten hoitoon edistäisi vaihtoehtoisten toimintatapojen käyttöä, samoin työyksikön esimiesten tuki. Tutkimuksessa tuotetulla tiedolla voidaan laajentaa hoitotieteen gerontologista tietoperustaa ja kehittää gerontologisen hoitotyön toimintoja vanhusten hoitotyössä. Uutta tietoa voidaan hyödyntää sosiaali- ja terveydenhuoltoalan perus-, jatko- ja täydennyskoulutuksessa sekä tuotettaessa ja kehitettäessä vanhusten laitoshoitopalveluja.