Many actors claim results to be at the heart of their operations and to apply the Result-Based Management (RBM) approach in delivering humanitarian assistance, yet few are capable of clearly defining what it means and the long-term effects of this approach. Although seemingly simple from an outsider's perspective, the long-going debate on how to best measure and handle results demonstrate the complexity of the issue. This research examines how the RBM approach can be used by a humanitarian donor and looks specifically at the humanitarian unit (HUM) at Sida's methods for measuring results. It demonstrates that the difficulty in operationalizing ambitious goals and the lack of clarity of objectives hinder HUM from using results management to its full potential, especially when it comes to using the learning component to inform decision-making. The kind of results obtained depended on the reporting mechanisms and the partnership approach used at HUM facilitates the assessment of results; HUM's extensive knowledge of their partner's work is a comparative advantage which is not part of the RBM approach.

Two fundamental components of causality are the Cause and the Result. In linguistic work the distinction between these aspects is commonly blurred, presumably because the primary research focus has been on describing how language encodes causality. The semantic nature of the component events and the constraints on their relationship are seldom discussed; however, the current work aims to shed light on a broader spectrum of features that underlie the concept. This is an essential foundation for understanding how language communicates Result. The present discussion explores and illuminates the nature of this concept focusing on a relatively open-ended set of linguistic elements that can play a role in shaping a discourse relation in addition to discourse connectives. This is in contrast to the majority of the previous research, which has been quite intensely concerned with investigating a limited collection of well-established causality markers. Also, despite the fact that English has been used in studies on causality both as a control language and a metalanguage, there is surprisingly little work on the semantics of the relations that occur specifically in English, let alone Result relations. By borrowing from several cognitively-oriented approaches and combining empirical data from two written corpora (British National Corpus and the Penn Discourse Treebank) with experimental work, the current study systematically investigates the conceptual and linguistic properties of several closely related Result relation types (including Purpose), along with the joint role of discourse connectives and other discourse elements in conveying the intended sense. The findings indicate that linguistic signals of the conceptual structure of the relation seem to play a more significant role in the interpretation than explicit marking. Two factors emerged as more vital cues than the presence of the ambiguous connective so.  In Purpose relations, a modal auxiliary conveying an intended effect, and in Result relations the presence/absence of an intentionally acting actor are crucial for disambiguation. The multifunctional connective therefore seems to merely satisfy the mandatory marking requirement related to the intrinsically unrealized (‘nonveridical’) nature of Purpose. In Result the presence of an ambiguous marker is to a great extent optional in English. However, discourse markers can also reflect how language users categorize causal event types. This claim has been confirmed in several cross-linguistic analyses, but the lexicon of English connectives has not been systematically investigated from this vantage point. The few existing studies found that the uses of English connectives are quite unconstrained across causal categories. The present work contributes to this line of research and suggests that two unambiguous markers, as a result and for this reason, indeed cover a wide range of causal event types; however, they also exhibit significant tendencies to occur prototypically in certain relation types. The presence and role of an intentionally acting discourse participant behind both real-world and linguistic causally-related events contributes to these tendencies. The contexts that include such a participant are regarded as intrinsically subjective and have been found to manifest surface expressions of subjectivity in previous work on other languages. The current study confirms similar tendencies in the linguistic construal and marking of Result relations in English, which proves that certain language elements partake in establishing the intended interpretation on a par with discourse connectives.  What emerges as a result of this discussion, is therefore an account on how English utilizes the broad category of Result and what linguistic elements are used to convey the array of resultative events.

Este estudo tem por objetivo propor um modelo de apuração de resultado econômico para suporte na tomada de decisão dos gestores e que possibilite a evidenciação correta da situação econômica das empresas. O estudo é propor um modelo que deve ser o mais correto possível, traduzido no sistema de informação e consubstanciado em elementos suficientes para que as decisões tomadas pelos gestores sejam aquelas que otimizem o resultado da empresa. A pesquisa empírica, foi desenvolvida para caracterizar e definir a situação problema do caso. O objetivo da pesquisa empírica é para caracterizar a entidade do segmento metal-mecânico de Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, a qual vamos estudar e propor uma solução. A pesquisa não tem a finalidade de testar uma solução ao problema, mas sim normatizar um modelo de apuração de resultados. Foi concebido um modelo fundamentado nos conceitos de gestão econômica - GECON, com destaque para o uso do custo de oportunidade na mensuração dos recursos econômicos obtidos e utilizados nas atividades dos departamentos, principalmente o de produção, refletindo seus aspectos físicos e econômicos, reconhecidos no momento da ocorrência da transação e identificados com a atividade do respectivo departamento. O modelo evidencia a contribuição de cada atividade, operacional e financeira, dos departamentos, tratados como áreas de responsabilidade, para o resultado da empresa e demonstra a agregação de riqueza proporcionada. Por fim, a otimização da eficácia organizacional requer um sistema de informação para apoiar os gestores no processo de gestão. O modelo de apuração de resultado faz parte de um conjunto de ações dentro do sistema de informação que visam buscar a eficácia, medir desempenhos, apoiar o gestor na tomada de decisão e alavancar ainda mais a continuidade do negócio. / The objective of this study is to present an economic result raising model to support the managers' decision making and it allow a correct presentation of the companies' economic situation. Our purpose is to present a model that must be the rightest one, which is expressed in the information system and fortified on adequated elements to make that the managers' decision making become the ones that improve the company's result. This research has been developed to point out and define the problem situation of the case. The objective of such research is to point out the entity from metal-mechanical section from Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, the one which we will study and present the solution. In this study we do not intend to testify a solution against the problem, but establish a result raising model. A model based on GECON - economical management concepts has been created, emphasizing the use of the opportunity cost on the economical resources measurement obtained and used in the activities of the departments, mainly in the production department, reproducing its economical and physical aspects, admitted at the moment of the transaction and identified with an activity of the corresponding department. This model shows the contribution of each activity, operating and financial, of the departments, accepted as responsability areas for the company's result and showing the added value. Finally, the orgizational effectiveness improvement needs an information system to support the managers in the management process. The result raising model belongs to a serie of actions inside the information system with the aim to get the effectiveness, measure the performance, support the manager on his decision making and expand more the continuity of the business.

Este estudo tem por objetivo propor um modelo de apuração de resultado econômico para suporte na tomada de decisão dos gestores e que possibilite a evidenciação correta da situação econômica das empresas. O estudo é propor um modelo que deve ser o mais correto possível, traduzido no sistema de informação e consubstanciado em elementos suficientes para que as decisões tomadas pelos gestores sejam aquelas que otimizem o resultado da empresa. A pesquisa empírica, foi desenvolvida para caracterizar e definir a situação problema do caso. O objetivo da pesquisa empírica é para caracterizar a entidade do segmento metal-mecânico de Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, a qual vamos estudar e propor uma solução. A pesquisa não tem a finalidade de testar uma solução ao problema, mas sim normatizar um modelo de apuração de resultados. Foi concebido um modelo fundamentado nos conceitos de gestão econômica - GECON, com destaque para o uso do custo de oportunidade na mensuração dos recursos econômicos obtidos e utilizados nas atividades dos departamentos, principalmente o de produção, refletindo seus aspectos físicos e econômicos, reconhecidos no momento da ocorrência da transação e identificados com a atividade do respectivo departamento. O modelo evidencia a contribuição de cada atividade, operacional e financeira, dos departamentos, tratados como áreas de responsabilidade, para o resultado da empresa e demonstra a agregação de riqueza proporcionada. Por fim, a otimização da eficácia organizacional requer um sistema de informação para apoiar os gestores no processo de gestão. O modelo de apuração de resultado faz parte de um conjunto de ações dentro do sistema de informação que visam buscar a eficácia, medir desempenhos, apoiar o gestor na tomada de decisão e alavancar ainda mais a continuidade do negócio. / The objective of this study is to present an economic result raising model to support the managers' decision making and it allow a correct presentation of the companies' economic situation. Our purpose is to present a model that must be the rightest one, which is expressed in the information system and fortified on adequated elements to make that the managers' decision making become the ones that improve the company's result. This research has been developed to point out and define the problem situation of the case. The objective of such research is to point out the entity from metal-mechanical section from Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, the one which we will study and present the solution. In this study we do not intend to testify a solution against the problem, but establish a result raising model. A model based on GECON - economical management concepts has been created, emphasizing the use of the opportunity cost on the economical resources measurement obtained and used in the activities of the departments, mainly in the production department, reproducing its economical and physical aspects, admitted at the moment of the transaction and identified with an activity of the corresponding department. This model shows the contribution of each activity, operating and financial, of the departments, accepted as responsability areas for the company's result and showing the added value. Finally, the orgizational effectiveness improvement needs an information system to support the managers in the management process. The result raising model belongs to a serie of actions inside the information system with the aim to get the effectiveness, measure the performance, support the manager on his decision making and expand more the continuity of the business.

L’obligation de résutat est une notion fondamentale du droit civil. Construite sur des bases doctrinales, son implantation en jurisprudence est une réalité. Ayant pour principale fonction de régir les relations entre un créancier et un débiteur, son utilisation a longtemps été l’exclusivité du droit privé. Pourtant son apparition en droit administratif a permis de considérer la personne publique comme débitrice. L’obligation de résultat de l’Administration, se divise en deux catégories : l’obligation légale et l’obligation contractuelle. C’est une notion juridique fondamentale, qui rappelle que la question de l’existence d’emprunts entre deux ordres juridiques distincts autonomes et a priori indépendant reste d’actualité. Indépendante de sa conceptualisation théorique, l’obligation de résultat est un instrument juridictionnel, dont le caractère normatif, a été forgé par la jurisprudence. Cette utilisation démontre des buts poursuivis par l’Administration pour répondre à différents objectifs de l’action publique. Ces finalités divergent, selon la qualification que l’on peut retenir de l’obligation. Le caractère contractuel, de l’obligation offre des effets restreints à la seule sphère du contrat. C’est un moyen juridique interessant permettant à l’Administration de poursuivre sa quête de performance. L’obligation légale possède unedimension singulière, tant elle s’impose à l’Administration et vient conférer aux créanciers de l’obligation de véritables droits. La tentation est grande de créer une hiérarchie entre ces différentes obligations, dont le résultat serait de confirmer une suprématie de l’obligation légale sur l’obligation contractuelle de résultat. D’autant plus, que l’obligation légale semble plus contraignante tant elle naît dans un rapport qui n’est pas consenti mais imposé à la personne publique. Cette démarche n’est pas possible tant la notion reste la même dans les deux hypothèses. La différence atttrait donc à ses conditions de formation. Le lien d’obligation reste identique engageant la responsabilité de la personne publique en cas d’inéxécution du résultat déterminé. / The obligation of result is a fundamental concept of civil law. Built on doctrinal bases its position in law is areality. Whose main function is to regulate the relationship between a creditor and a debtor, its use has long been the exclusivity of private law. Yet its appearance in administrative law allowed to consider the public entity as debtor.The obligation of result of the Administration, is divided into two categories: the legal obligation and contractual obligation. This is a fundamental legal concept which states that "the question of the existence of two autonomous loans between separate legal orders and a priori independent of the debate on the existence of a certain unity of law, a jus universarum. Independent of its theoretical conceptualization, the obligation of result is a judicial instrument, the legislative character was forged by the courts. This demonstrates use of the aims pursued by the Administration to meet different objectives of public action. These goals differ depending on the qualifications that can be learned from the obligation.The contractual nature of the obligation has effects limited only to the sphere of contract. It's an interesting legal means allowing the Administration to continue its quest for performance. The legal obligation has a singular dimension, as it requires the Administration and comes confer creditors of the obligation genuine rights. The temptation to create a hierarchy between these obligations, the result would be to confirm the supremacy of a legal obligation on the contractual obligation of result. Especially, that the legal requirement appears more restrictive as it arises in a report that is not agreed but imposed on the public entity. This approach is not possible as the concept remains the same in both contexts. The difference therefore atttrait its training conditions. The obligation remains the same link engaging the responsibility of the public person in breach of the determined result.

Midwives recommend antenatal HIV testing in pregnancy for all women. However,limited information is available on the experience of testing HIV positive in pregnancy.This thesis explored women’s experiences of receiving a positive HIV test resultfollowing antenatal screening in United Kingdom (UK). Black Africa women have highlevels of HIV infection in the UK and notably all participants were African in origin.The theoretical basis for the study was hermeneutic phenomenology, proposed byHeidegger (1962) and further guided by van Manen (1990), exploring essence andmeaning of this lived experience. Thirteen women were recruited and participated in asemi-structured interview. Participants were recruited from two NHS sites, several HIVsupport organisations and a national advert, in order to obtain diversity of this livedexperience.The emergent phenomenon is transition and transformation of “being,” as womenintegrated HIV into their lives. As women transformed with the HIV diagnosis theybalanced major themes. The major themes consisted of shock and disbelief; anger andturmoil; loss of old self; stigma and confidentiality issues and acceptance and resilience.Primary and secondary themes included: extreme reaction on being given a diagnosiswith a cultural belief that they would die; disbelief as the result was unexpected;sadness and loss of their old self; turmoil wanting to terminate the pregnancy; isolationfrom significant others; breakdown of their relationship and considering suicide and selfharm. Most reported the pervasiveness of stigma, and how they managed both thisstigma and HIV in their lives; growing resilience was apparent with time. Copingstrategies included keeping HIV “secret” and their child or children becoming the primefocus of life, with less importance on self.This study gives midwives a unique understanding of the complexities for womentesting HIV positive and supports Bonanno (2009) and Kübler Ross’ (1969 & 2005)findings on personal loss. Additionally this study provides a unique insight into thephenomenon of transition and transformation for women who tested positive inpregnancy and explores the factors and impact of testing HIV positive. The impact of anHIV diagnosis is culturally difficult for African women and had major implications andchallenges for their future life. Midwives are crucial in supporting and improving theexperience of women when they test HIV positive.

No description available.

Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo que busca analisar o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose de pacientes inscritos no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose de um serviço de saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto-SP, no período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 1999. Os dados relativos a algumas variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, escolaridade e ocupação), ao diagnóstico (forma clínica), ao tratamento (condição, esquema, tipo, tempo e resultado de tratamento), a intercorrências "patológicas" e a doenças associadas (AIDS e alcoolismo) foram obtidos através de livros de registro e de prontuários. Utilizou-se o programa Epi-Info, versão 6.04d para o cadastramento, tabulação e análise dos dados. Observou-se que dos 140 pacientes em estudo, 105 (75%) pacientes curaram, 20 (14,29%) foram transferidos, 05 (3,57%) tiveram mudança de diagnóstico, 05 (3,57%) abandonaram e 05 (3,57%) foram a óbito. Em relação à cura, 39,05% curaram em até 6 meses; 39,05% entre 6,1 e 9 meses; 20% em mais de 9 meses e 1,9% foi ignorado. Identificou-se que a história de tratamento anterior, intercorrências patológicas, AIDS e alcoolismo contribuíram para o não-cumprimento correto da terapêutica, prolongando o tempo de tratamento entre os indivíduos curados. Quanto ao tempo de tratamento dos pacientes que não evoluíram para a cura, 09 (25,71%) não curaram após 6 meses de tratamento (03 abandonos; 03 óbitos; 02 mudanças de diagnóstico e 01 transferência). Pode-se verificar que as intercorrências podem acontecer ao longo do tratamento, ocasionando desvios como o não-cumprimento do esquema terapêutico, aumentando o tempo de tratamento, o risco de abandono e até mesmo o óbito. Além disso, o estudo possibilitou descrever o tempo de tratamento da tuberculose no Programa (diferença entre data da última e da primeira ingestão do medicamento) e o mês de término do tratamento registrado no prontuário (computado através do número de cartelas de medicamentos concluídos). Verificou-se que o dado registrado no prontuário altera o tempo real de tratamento da tuberculose, uma vez que essa anotação considera como 1 mês de tratamento, a contagem do término de 1 cartela de medicamentos concluída pelo paciente, que pode ter duração de mais de 30 dias. Constatou-se, neste estudo, o preenchimento incompleto das fichas de notificação e das folhas de evolução médica e de enfermagem, bem como o critério de registro correspondente ao mês de tratamento do doente, sugerindo uma maior atenção do serviço para esses fatos e melhor esclarecimento aos trabalhadores de saúde sobre os critérios e a precisão dos dados a serem informados. / This is a descriptive epidemiological study which aims at analyzing tuberculosis treatment in patients enrolled in the Tuberculosis Control Program of a health service in the city of Ribeirão Preto-SP from January 1998 to December 1999. Data concerning some social and demographic variables (sex, age, education and occupation), the diagnosis (clinical condition), treatment (condition, plan, type, period and treatment results), pathological intercurrences and associated diseases (AIDS and alcoholism) were obtained through records books and charts. The Epi-Info, version 6.04d was used for data recording, tabulation and analysis. It was observed that of the 140 patients under study, 105 (75%) patients were cured, 20 (14.29%) were transferred, 05 (3.57%) had their diagnoses changed, 05 (3.57%) quit treatment and 05 (3.57%) passed away. Concerning cure, 39.05% were cured in the period of 6 months; 39.05% in a period of 6.1 to 9 months; 20% in more than 9 months and 1.9% were ignored. It was identified that the history of previous treatment, pathological intercurrences, AIDS and alcoholism contributed to not following therapy adequately, which extended the time of treatment among cured individuals. Concerning the time of treatment of patients who did not develop to cure, 09 (25.71%) were not cured after 6 months of treatment (03 dropouts; 03 deaths; 02 diagnosis alterations and 01 transfer). It can be observed that intercurrences may occur during treatment, which causes deviances such as the non-adherence to the therapeutic plan and increase in the treatment period, risks of quitting and even death. In addition, the study enabled the comparison between the time of treatment of tuberculosis in the Program (difference between the dates of the last and first medication ingestion) and the month of completion of treatment recorded in the chart (calculated through the number of medication packages used). It was observed that the information recorded in the chart changed the real time of tuberculosis treatment, since this note considered as a month of treatment the counting of the consumption of one medication package consumed by the patient, which can take over 30 days. Incomplete report forms, medical and nursing development sheets and the recording criterion corresponding to the patient’s month of treatment were found in this study, which suggests greater attention from the service to these facts and a better clarification to health workers concerning the criteria and precision of the data to be informed.

É cada vez maior o número de empresas procurando diferenciais competitivos para atrair novos clientes. Um destes diferenciais é o desenvolvimento de novos produtos. As quantidades de recursos destinadas a esta atividade são, portanto, cada vez mais elevados. Diante disto, procurou-se discutir neste trabalho, o tratamento dado aos gastos com a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos produtos. Partindo-se de que, a forma dispensada a estes gastos pela contabilidade financeira não satisfaz as necessidades dos gestores, este estudo contribui para a formulação de um modelo de apuração de resultado para esta atividade, gerando informações que possam dar subsídios ao processo de gestão, fornecendo ao gestor uma mensuração mais adequada destes valores. O modelo apresentado, utilizando os conceitos da Gestão Econômica, evidencia a contribuição de cada área e atividade para o resultado global da empresa, atingindo assim o seu real valor econômico, destacando o processo de eficácia no desenvolvimento de produtos e estabelecendo requisitos para o modelo de apoio aos gestores na tomada de decisão. A aplicabilidade dos conceitos apresentados é demonstrada com o desenvolvimento de um exemplo hipotético, com a ocorrência de vários eventos relacionados à pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos produtos. / The number of companies that are looking for competitione differential to attract new customers is increasing. One of these differentials is the development of new products. The amount of resources addressed to this activities are becoming higher and higher. So, this work tries to discuss the treatment given to the expenses with the research and development of new products. Since the way addressed to these expenses by the financial accounting doesn?t satisfy the necessities of the managers, this study contributes to the formulation of a cleasing model of results to this activity, producing information that can subsidize the process of management, giving to the manager a suitable mensuration of these values. The model presented, making use of the concepts of the Economic Management displays a contribution of each area and activity for the global result of the company, and thus, reaches its real economic value and outstands the process of efficacy in the development of the products and establishing condition for a prop model to the manager when they need to take a decision. The applicability of the concepts presented is demonstrate with the development of on hypothetical exemples with the happining of several events related with a research and development of new products.

Metallic implants have been used widely in a lot of orthopaedic applications. Titanium, Ceramics,medical grade titanium and other metal alloys are inserted in large bones designed as artificialjoints. Plates and bars are also attached to bones in order to facilitate healing of fracturedbones. The disadvantages of metal implants however are corrosion and the release of ions, sothere is need for finding new orthopaedic materials like composites, which have a closer densityto the natural bone too.This project is part of European project NEWBONE and it is based on the manufacturing andprocessing of glass fiber reinforced composite and the assessment of its properties.The goal of the project is to manufacture composite parts in the lab in different designs and dimensionswhich are suitable for mechanical and chemical tests.The theoretical work deals with the processing methods and the medical composites, medical devices,plastics, reinforcement of medical composites, PEEK and carbon fibers and other materials.The glass fibers are impregnated with dental curing resin. The residual void content, glass fibercontent and chemical and mechanical properties are estimated by ASTM standard methods.Results are resented according to evaluation of composite performance mechanically and chemicallyand show the best choice of composite parts in order to improve future use of orthopaedicapplications.