L’obligation de résutat est une notion fondamentale du droit civil. Construite sur des bases doctrinales, son implantation en jurisprudence est une réalité. Ayant pour principale fonction de régir les relations entre un créancier et un débiteur, son utilisation a longtemps été l’exclusivité du droit privé. Pourtant son apparition en droit administratif a permis de considérer la personne publique comme débitrice. L’obligation de résultat de l’Administration, se divise en deux catégories : l’obligation légale et l’obligation contractuelle. C’est une notion juridique fondamentale, qui rappelle que la question de l’existence d’emprunts entre deux ordres juridiques distincts autonomes et a priori indépendant reste d’actualité. Indépendante de sa conceptualisation théorique, l’obligation de résultat est un instrument juridictionnel, dont le caractère normatif, a été forgé par la jurisprudence. Cette utilisation démontre des buts poursuivis par l’Administration pour répondre à différents objectifs de l’action publique. Ces finalités divergent, selon la qualification que l’on peut retenir de l’obligation. Le caractère contractuel, de l’obligation offre des effets restreints à la seule sphère du contrat. C’est un moyen juridique interessant permettant à l’Administration de poursuivre sa quête de performance. L’obligation légale possède unedimension singulière, tant elle s’impose à l’Administration et vient conférer aux créanciers de l’obligation de véritables droits. La tentation est grande de créer une hiérarchie entre ces différentes obligations, dont le résultat serait de confirmer une suprématie de l’obligation légale sur l’obligation contractuelle de résultat. D’autant plus, que l’obligation légale semble plus contraignante tant elle naît dans un rapport qui n’est pas consenti mais imposé à la personne publique. Cette démarche n’est pas possible tant la notion reste la même dans les deux hypothèses. La différence atttrait donc à ses conditions de formation. Le lien d’obligation reste identique engageant la responsabilité de la personne publique en cas d’inéxécution du résultat déterminé. / The obligation of result is a fundamental concept of civil law. Built on doctrinal bases its position in law is areality. Whose main function is to regulate the relationship between a creditor and a debtor, its use has long been the exclusivity of private law. Yet its appearance in administrative law allowed to consider the public entity as debtor.The obligation of result of the Administration, is divided into two categories: the legal obligation and contractual obligation. This is a fundamental legal concept which states that "the question of the existence of two autonomous loans between separate legal orders and a priori independent of the debate on the existence of a certain unity of law, a jus universarum. Independent of its theoretical conceptualization, the obligation of result is a judicial instrument, the legislative character was forged by the courts. This demonstrates use of the aims pursued by the Administration to meet different objectives of public action. These goals differ depending on the qualifications that can be learned from the obligation.The contractual nature of the obligation has effects limited only to the sphere of contract. It's an interesting legal means allowing the Administration to continue its quest for performance. The legal obligation has a singular dimension, as it requires the Administration and comes confer creditors of the obligation genuine rights. The temptation to create a hierarchy between these obligations, the result would be to confirm the supremacy of a legal obligation on the contractual obligation of result. Especially, that the legal requirement appears more restrictive as it arises in a report that is not agreed but imposed on the public entity. This approach is not possible as the concept remains the same in both contexts. The difference therefore atttrait its training conditions. The obligation remains the same link engaging the responsibility of the public person in breach of the determined result.

A justiça administrativa é uma necessidade que serve tanto para manter o Poder Público dentro dos limites jurídicos, como para tutelar os direitos subjetivos dos cidadãos. Há três principais modelos: contencioso administrativo, unidade de jurisdição e o misto, os quais são cada vez mais semelhantes entre si. No Brasil, durante a monarquia, existia o contencioso administrativo, que funcionava de forma precária. Proclamada a República, o contencioso administrativo foi substituído pela unidade de jurisdição, que vigora até hoje. Com a Constituição de 1988, o acesso à justiça administrativa foi facilitado, extinguindo obstáculos como o exaurimento prévio das vias administrativas. Isso, aliado à reticência do Poder Público em enxergar o cidadão como um verdadeiro sujeito de direitos, canalizou todos os conflitos para a única porta aberta disponível: o Judiciário. Após o período de afirmação do acesso à justiça administrativa, foi renovado o interesse por mecanismos alternativos de resolução de conflitos, inclusive, para o setor público, com o escopo de equacionar os conflitos de forma mais célere e adequada / The administrative justice is a necessity that serves both to keep the Government within the legal limits and to protect the legal rights of citizens. There are three main models: administrative litigation, unity of jurisdiction and mixed, which are becoming more alike. In Brazil, during the monarchy, there was the administrative litigation, which operated precariously. Proclaimed the Republic, the administrative litigation was replaced by unity of jurisdiction, which exists even today. With the Constitution of 1988, access to administrative justice was facilitated, extinguishing barriers such as prior exhaustion of administrative channels. This coupled with the reluctance of the government to see the citizen as a true subject of rights, directed all conflicts to the only open door: the Judiciary. After the period of claim access to administrative justice, was renewed interest in alternative dispute resolution, including for the public sector, with the aim of balance the conflicts more expeditiously and appropriately.

A justiça administrativa é uma necessidade que serve tanto para manter o Poder Público dentro dos limites jurídicos, como para tutelar os direitos subjetivos dos cidadãos. Há três principais modelos: contencioso administrativo, unidade de jurisdição e o misto, os quais são cada vez mais semelhantes entre si. No Brasil, durante a monarquia, existia o contencioso administrativo, que funcionava de forma precária. Proclamada a República, o contencioso administrativo foi substituído pela unidade de jurisdição, que vigora até hoje. Com a Constituição de 1988, o acesso à justiça administrativa foi facilitado, extinguindo obstáculos como o exaurimento prévio das vias administrativas. Isso, aliado à reticência do Poder Público em enxergar o cidadão como um verdadeiro sujeito de direitos, canalizou todos os conflitos para a única porta aberta disponível: o Judiciário. Após o período de afirmação do acesso à justiça administrativa, foi renovado o interesse por mecanismos alternativos de resolução de conflitos, inclusive, para o setor público, com o escopo de equacionar os conflitos de forma mais célere e adequada / The administrative justice is a necessity that serves both to keep the Government within the legal limits and to protect the legal rights of citizens. There are three main models: administrative litigation, unity of jurisdiction and mixed, which are becoming more alike. In Brazil, during the monarchy, there was the administrative litigation, which operated precariously. Proclaimed the Republic, the administrative litigation was replaced by unity of jurisdiction, which exists even today. With the Constitution of 1988, access to administrative justice was facilitated, extinguishing barriers such as prior exhaustion of administrative channels. This coupled with the reluctance of the government to see the citizen as a true subject of rights, directed all conflicts to the only open door: the Judiciary. After the period of claim access to administrative justice, was renewed interest in alternative dispute resolution, including for the public sector, with the aim of balance the conflicts more expeditiously and appropriately.

There is a great need for qualified MBL and MBA graduates in South Africa to support and maintain the current growth rate that the economy is experiencing. Diligent effort is required to ensure that the locally acquired MBA/MBL qualifications remain on par with international qualifications. As an initial step to ensure high standards, the Council for Higher Education (CHE) did accreditation evaluations and only 18 MBA courses are now accredited. Admission criteria for the MBA/MBL is one of the minimum standards being assessed as part of the accreditation process conducted by the CHE. / Department of Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.B.L.

There is a great need for qualified MBL and MBA graduates in South Africa to support and maintain the current growth rate that the economy is experiencing. Diligent effort is required to ensure that the locally acquired MBA/MBL qualifications remain on par with international qualifications. As an initial step to ensure high standards, the Council for Higher Education (CHE) did accreditation evaluations and only 18 MBA courses are now accredited. Admission criteria for the MBA/MBL is one of the minimum standards being assessed as part of the accreditation process conducted by the CHE. / Department of Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.B.L.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to design a kindergarten in Moravany u Brna. The building is situated in a flat terrain. There will be designed a garden house behind the kindergarten. The building is basementless with two storeys, in part one storey. There are three operating units, unit with classes, economical unit and administration unit. Walls are designed from KM Beta Sendwix system, ceilings are from reinforced concrete and the roof is designed as a flat roof.

OBJETIVO: Compreender como e por que o estigma voltado aos portadores de transtornos mentais é reatualizado na cultura do hospital geral, com vistas a contribuir para a superação desse fator limitante para a implantação de UPHGs no Brasil. MÉTODO: Foi delineada uma pesquisa social, de natureza qualitativa, admitindo-se que a produção de sentidos e significados pelos sujeitos é função estruturante crucial das práticas cotidianas. Adotou-se, como estratégia, a pesquisa-ação - pressupondo-se que a intervenção incitaria os atores envolvidos a revelarem seu posicionamento - e, como desenho, o estudo de caso único, que possibilita uma relação mais intensa do pesquisador com seu objeto de estudo. Isso foi possível graças ao acordo para a implantação de uma UPHG no Hospital Universitário de Taubaté (HUT), sob gestão da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo (SES-SP), a partir de julho de 2005. RESULTADOS: O investimento excepcional do órgão gestor (SES-SP) possibilitou que as concepções estigmatizantes presentes na cultura do hospital estudado fossem ressignificadas, viabilizando a implantação da UPHG. A análise mostrou que essas concepções eram reatualizadas pelo contexto assistencial, onde o acesso dos portadores de transtornos mentais é restrito. CONCLUSÕES: A postura assumida pelo órgão gestor, que decidiu pelo financiamento adequado da UPHG e exerceu sua ascendência sobre o hospital prestador (HUT), foi decisiva para o desfecho do caso. Isso fez ver que a dificuldade na implantação das UPHGs é antes de ordem estratégica: a falta de uma política afirmativa para essas unidades. / OBJECTIVE: To understand how and why the stigma against the mentally ill persists in general hospitals culture, aiming to overcome this limiting factor for the implementation of GHPUs in Brazil. METHOD: A qualitative social survey was outlined, assuming that the production of meanings by the subjects is a crucial function that organizes everyday practices. The strategy adopted was the action research - since the intervention encouraged professionals involved to reveal their position - and the design, the study of a single case, which enables a more intense object-researcher relationship. This was possible thanks to an agreement to implement a GHPU at the Taubaté University Hospital (HUT), under the management of the Secretary of State for Health of São Paulo (SES-SP), as of July 2005. RESULTS: The exceptional investment made by the health manager (SES-SP) enabled the resignification of stigmatizing conceptions derived from the culture of the hospital, allowing the implementation of the GHPU. The analysis showed that these concepts persist because of a care system that restricts the access of people with mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The attitude taken by the health manager, which decided for adequate funding of GHPU, by exerting his influence over the hospital provider (HUT), was decisive for the outcome of the case. This showed that the difficulty in the implementation of GHPUs is of strategic order: the lack of an affirmative policy for these units.

OBJETIVO: Compreender como e por que o estigma voltado aos portadores de transtornos mentais é reatualizado na cultura do hospital geral, com vistas a contribuir para a superação desse fator limitante para a implantação de UPHGs no Brasil. MÉTODO: Foi delineada uma pesquisa social, de natureza qualitativa, admitindo-se que a produção de sentidos e significados pelos sujeitos é função estruturante crucial das práticas cotidianas. Adotou-se, como estratégia, a pesquisa-ação - pressupondo-se que a intervenção incitaria os atores envolvidos a revelarem seu posicionamento - e, como desenho, o estudo de caso único, que possibilita uma relação mais intensa do pesquisador com seu objeto de estudo. Isso foi possível graças ao acordo para a implantação de uma UPHG no Hospital Universitário de Taubaté (HUT), sob gestão da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo (SES-SP), a partir de julho de 2005. RESULTADOS: O investimento excepcional do órgão gestor (SES-SP) possibilitou que as concepções estigmatizantes presentes na cultura do hospital estudado fossem ressignificadas, viabilizando a implantação da UPHG. A análise mostrou que essas concepções eram reatualizadas pelo contexto assistencial, onde o acesso dos portadores de transtornos mentais é restrito. CONCLUSÕES: A postura assumida pelo órgão gestor, que decidiu pelo financiamento adequado da UPHG e exerceu sua ascendência sobre o hospital prestador (HUT), foi decisiva para o desfecho do caso. Isso fez ver que a dificuldade na implantação das UPHGs é antes de ordem estratégica: a falta de uma política afirmativa para essas unidades. / OBJECTIVE: To understand how and why the stigma against the mentally ill persists in general hospitals culture, aiming to overcome this limiting factor for the implementation of GHPUs in Brazil. METHOD: A qualitative social survey was outlined, assuming that the production of meanings by the subjects is a crucial function that organizes everyday practices. The strategy adopted was the action research - since the intervention encouraged professionals involved to reveal their position - and the design, the study of a single case, which enables a more intense object-researcher relationship. This was possible thanks to an agreement to implement a GHPU at the Taubaté University Hospital (HUT), under the management of the Secretary of State for Health of São Paulo (SES-SP), as of July 2005. RESULTS: The exceptional investment made by the health manager (SES-SP) enabled the resignification of stigmatizing conceptions derived from the culture of the hospital, allowing the implementation of the GHPU. The analysis showed that these concepts persist because of a care system that restricts the access of people with mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The attitude taken by the health manager, which decided for adequate funding of GHPU, by exerting his influence over the hospital provider (HUT), was decisive for the outcome of the case. This showed that the difficulty in the implementation of GHPUs is of strategic order: the lack of an affirmative policy for these units.