Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως θέμα την σεισμική αποτίμηση υφισταμένου τριώροφου δομήματος οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος. Συγκεκριμένα γίνεται έλεγχος των μέτρων επέμβασης για το κτήριο αιθουσών διδασκαλίας του ΤΕΛ Ναυπάκτου. Για τον σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιούνται μη-γραμμικές αναλύσεις (στατικές και δυναμικές) με βάση τις αρχές των κανονιστικών κειμένων ΚΑΝ.ΕΠΕ και EC8 για την αποτίμηση και τον ανασχεδιασμό κατασκευών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται τεκμηρίωση του υφιστάμενου δομήματος. Δίνονται στοιχεία για την θέση, την γεωμετρία, τις κατασκευαστικές μεθόδους που εφαρμόστηκαν. Δίνονται τα αποτελέσματα των οπτικών και των ενόργανων ελέγχων και προσδιορίζεται η γεωμετρία του φορέα. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο δίνονται οι παραδοχές και οι αρχές με βάση τις οποίες έγινε η εξιδανίκευση του φορέα για την πραγματοποίηση των μη γραμμικών στατικών αναλύσεων. Για τις αναλύσεις χρησιμοποιείται το πακέτο λογισμικού ANSRuop που έχει αναπτυχθεί στο Εργαστήριο Κατασκευών του Τμήματος. Το μοντέλο μονότονης και ανακυκλιζόμενης φόρτισης που χρησιμοποιείται είναι το γνωστό προσομοίωμα Τakeda με εννέα κανόνες υστέρησης. Προσδιορίζονται οι παραδοχές για τον υπολογισμό των διαθέσιμων αντιστάσεων σε όρους παραμορφώσεων και δυνάμεων που υιοθετούνται από τον ΚΑΝΕΠΕ και τον EC8 καθώς και τα κριτήρια που αποδέχεται το κάθε κείμενο για την επιθυμητή στάθμη αποτίμησης και ανασχεδιασμού του φορέα. Ακόμα γίνεται αναφορά στο μοντέλο προσομοίωσης του λικνισμού των θεμελίων για θεώρηση διαφόρων εδαφών. Εν συνεχεία στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στους στόχους σχεδιασμού που θέτει ο κάθε κανονισμός και στις στάθμες επιτελεστικότητας για τον κάθε κανονισμό. Γίνεται παρουσίαση των τεχνητών σεισμικών καταγραφών που λήφθηκαν υπόψη για την πραγματοποίηση των μη γραμμικών δυναμικών αναλύσεων. Οι καταγραφές είναι κανονικοποιημένες πάνω στο φάσμα του EC8 για τύπο εδάφους C που διαφέρει από το φάσμα σχεδιασμού κατά ΕΑΚ για την στάθμη επιτελεστικότητας «Προστασία ζωής και περιουσίας των ενοίκων » μόνο κατά τον εδαφικό συντελεστή S. Ακόμα δίνεται η μεθοδολογία που υιοθετήθηκε για την εκτίμηση της ικανότητας του κτηρίου έναντι των απαιτήσεων που θέτει ο κανονισμός και προτείνεται εναλλακτικά και από τα δύο κείμενα. Στα κεφάλαια 4 και 5 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των μη-γραμμικών αναλύσεων. Συνολικά πραγματοποιήθηκαν 56 μη-γραμμικές στατικές αναλύσεις και 84 μη-γραμμικές δυναμικές. Για τις μη-γραμμικές στατικές αναλύσεις παρουσιάζονται οι καταγραφές τέμνουσας βάσης μετατόπισης κορυφής ενώ τα αποτελέσματα των μη-γραμμικών δυναμικών αναλύσεων δίνονται με την μορφή των μέσων όρων των δεικτών βλάβης. Τέλος στο 6ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται προσπάθεια ερμηνείας των αποτελεσμάτων για τις αναλύσεις πρίν και μετά την δομητική επέμβαση. / The present project deals with a seismic assessment analysis of an existing reinforced concrete building. A fully performance-based procedure is adopted based on the principals of the draft Greek Retrofitting Code and the draft part 3 of the Eurocode 8 : Assessment and retrofitting of Buildings. The method is subjected on an existing building, which has been constructed, during early 70’ s, prior to the principals of the modern codes for earthquake resistant design. The building is located in the area of Nafpaktos. In the first chapter a summary of the characteristics of the existing building is given. Special data concerning the site, the geometry and the construction methods at the time in which the building was constructed. The results of the damage investigation according to the visual and the instrumental inspection are also given. The basic principals according to which the modelling and the non-linear analysis procedures took place is given in the 2nd chapter. For the analysis procedures the program ANSR University of Patras is used which has been developed in the Structural Laboratory of The Civil Engineering Department of the University of Patras. One-component, point-hinge macromodels are used for the RC members, to relate the end-moment to the chord rotation at member ends within each plane of bending. The M-θ relation in monotonic loading is taken bilinear, with a post-yield hardening ratio p computed assuming antisymmetric bending and using empirical expressions according to the Greek Retrofitting Code and Part-3 of the EC8 (according to the selected limit state). The hysteresis rules supplementing the bilinear monotonic M-θ curve are of the modified-Takeda type. Also the monotonic M-θ relation which is used for the modelling of the foundation uplift is given. In the 3rd chapter the performance objectives of the assessment procedure are given according to the appropriate levels of protection for the selected limit state. The synthetic accellerograms which are used for the Nonlinear dynamic procedure are compatible to the EC8 elastic spectrum for type soil C for the limit state of Significant Damage. Moreover the methodology of the determination of the target displacement according to the Annex B of the EC8-part 1 and the draft Greek Retrofitting Code. Finally in chapters 4 and 5 the results of the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis are presented. For the nonlinear static procedures the results are given in terms of base shear vs roof displacement and in terms of Spectral acceleration vs Spectral displacement for the determination of the target displacement. The results of the NonLinear dynamic procedures are given in terms of mean values of the damage index.

Terrorism has become a serious threat in the world, with bomb attacks carried out both inside and outside buildings. There are already many unreinforced masonry buildings in existence, and some of them are historical buildings. However, they do not perform well under blast loading. Aiming on protecting masonry buildings, retrofitting techniques were developed. Some experimental work on studying the effect of retrofitted URM walls has been done in recent years; however, these tests usually cost a significant amount of time and funds. Because of this, numerical simulation has become a good alternative, and can be used to study the behaviour of masonry structures, and predict the outcomes of experimental tests. This project was carried out to find efficient retrofitting technique under blast loading by developing numerical material models. It was based on experimental research of strengthening URM walls by using retrofitting technologies under out-of-plane loading at the University of Adelaide. The numerical models can be applied to study large-scaled structures under static loading, and the research work is then extended to the field of blast loading. Aiming on deriving efficient material models, homogenization technology was introduced to this research. Fifty cases of numerical analysis on masonry basic cell were conducted to derive equivalent orthotropic material properties. To study the increasing capability in strength and ductility of retrofitted URM walls, pull-tests were simulated using interface element model to investigate the bond-slip relationship of FRP plates bonded to masonry blocks. The interface element model was then used to simulate performance of retrofitted URM walls under static loads. The accuracy of the numerical results was verified by comparing with the experimental results from previous tests at the University of Adelaide by Griffith et al. (2007) on unreinforced masonry walls and by Yang (2007) on FRP retrofitted masonry walls. To study the de-bonding behaviours of retrofits bonded to masonry, and find appropriate solution to protect certain masonry walls against blast loading, various retrofitting technologies were examined. The simulation covers explosive impacts of a wide range of impulses. Based on this work, pressure-impulse diagrams for different types of retrofitted URM walls were developed as a design guideline for estimating the blast effect on retrofitted masonry walls. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the development of numerical simulation on modelling retrofitted URM walls, improving the technique for explosion-resistant of masonry buildings, and providing a type of guideline for blast-resistant design. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349719 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) - University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2009

Terrorism has become a serious threat in the world, with bomb attacks carried out both inside and outside buildings. There are already many unreinforced masonry buildings in existence, and some of them are historical buildings. However, they do not perform well under blast loading. Aiming on protecting masonry buildings, retrofitting techniques were developed. Some experimental work on studying the effect of retrofitted URM walls has been done in recent years; however, these tests usually cost a significant amount of time and funds. Because of this, numerical simulation has become a good alternative, and can be used to study the behaviour of masonry structures, and predict the outcomes of experimental tests. This project was carried out to find efficient retrofitting technique under blast loading by developing numerical material models. It was based on experimental research of strengthening URM walls by using retrofitting technologies under out-of-plane loading at the University of Adelaide. The numerical models can be applied to study large-scaled structures under static loading, and the research work is then extended to the field of blast loading. Aiming on deriving efficient material models, homogenization technology was introduced to this research. Fifty cases of numerical analysis on masonry basic cell were conducted to derive equivalent orthotropic material properties. To study the increasing capability in strength and ductility of retrofitted URM walls, pull-tests were simulated using interface element model to investigate the bond-slip relationship of FRP plates bonded to masonry blocks. The interface element model was then used to simulate performance of retrofitted URM walls under static loads. The accuracy of the numerical results was verified by comparing with the experimental results from previous tests at the University of Adelaide by Griffith et al. (2007) on unreinforced masonry walls and by Yang (2007) on FRP retrofitted masonry walls. To study the de-bonding behaviours of retrofits bonded to masonry, and find appropriate solution to protect certain masonry walls against blast loading, various retrofitting technologies were examined. The simulation covers explosive impacts of a wide range of impulses. Based on this work, pressure-impulse diagrams for different types of retrofitted URM walls were developed as a design guideline for estimating the blast effect on retrofitted masonry walls. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the development of numerical simulation on modelling retrofitted URM walls, improving the technique for explosion-resistant of masonry buildings, and providing a type of guideline for blast-resistant design. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349719 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) - University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2009

Terrorism has become a serious threat in the world, with bomb attacks carried out both inside and outside buildings. There are already many unreinforced masonry buildings in existence, and some of them are historical buildings. However, they do not perform well under blast loading. Aiming on protecting masonry buildings, retrofitting techniques were developed. Some experimental work on studying the effect of retrofitted URM walls has been done in recent years; however, these tests usually cost a significant amount of time and funds. Because of this, numerical simulation has become a good alternative, and can be used to study the behaviour of masonry structures, and predict the outcomes of experimental tests. This project was carried out to find efficient retrofitting technique under blast loading by developing numerical material models. It was based on experimental research of strengthening URM walls by using retrofitting technologies under out-of-plane loading at the University of Adelaide. The numerical models can be applied to study large-scaled structures under static loading, and the research work is then extended to the field of blast loading. Aiming on deriving efficient material models, homogenization technology was introduced to this research. Fifty cases of numerical analysis on masonry basic cell were conducted to derive equivalent orthotropic material properties. To study the increasing capability in strength and ductility of retrofitted URM walls, pull-tests were simulated using interface element model to investigate the bond-slip relationship of FRP plates bonded to masonry blocks. The interface element model was then used to simulate performance of retrofitted URM walls under static loads. The accuracy of the numerical results was verified by comparing with the experimental results from previous tests at the University of Adelaide by Griffith et al. (2007) on unreinforced masonry walls and by Yang (2007) on FRP retrofitted masonry walls. To study the de-bonding behaviours of retrofits bonded to masonry, and find appropriate solution to protect certain masonry walls against blast loading, various retrofitting technologies were examined. The simulation covers explosive impacts of a wide range of impulses. Based on this work, pressure-impulse diagrams for different types of retrofitted URM walls were developed as a design guideline for estimating the blast effect on retrofitted masonry walls. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the development of numerical simulation on modelling retrofitted URM walls, improving the technique for explosion-resistant of masonry buildings, and providing a type of guideline for blast-resistant design. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349719 / Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) - University of Adelaide, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, 2009

Η ενίσχυση πλαισίων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με εμφάτνωση από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα αποτελεί μια συχνά χρησιμοποιούμενη και αποτελεσματική μέθοδο για την αύξηση της αντοχής και της δυσκαμψίας. Η πειραματική έρευνα μέχρι στιγμής δεν καλύπτει επαρκώς το πεδίο της ενίσχυσης πλαισίων με φάτνωμα από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα και αυτό γιατί έχει διεξαχθεί σε μονώροφα και διώροφα πλαίσια, με πάχος φατνώματος αρκετά μικρότερο από το πλάτος των μελών του υφιστάμενου πλαισίου. Αυτό αποτυπώνεται και στο γεγονός ότι ο Ευρωκώδικας 8 – Μέρος 3 δεν αναφέρεται καθόλου στην προσθήκη εμφατνωμένων τοιχωμάτων. Ο Κανονισμός Επεμβάσεων (Καν.Επε) αναφέρεται στη διαστασιολόγηση των τοιχωμάτων αυτών μόνο σε όρους δυνάμεων και δεν παρέχει μέσα για τον υπολογισμό των χαρακτηριστικών τους παραμορφώσεων και της δυσκαμψίας τους. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση της απόκρισης πολυώροφων πλαισίων από οπλισμένο σκυρόδεμα, ενισχυόμενων με εμφατνούμενα τοιχώματα. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν υβριδικές δοκιμές σε τρία 4-όροφα πλαίσια οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος ενισχυμένα με φάτνωμα οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος κλίμακας 1:¾. Παράμετροι διερεύνησης αποτελούν τόσο ο οπλισμός του φατνώματος όσο και η σύνδεση του με το περιβάλλον πλαίσιο, για αυτό τον λόγο εξετάζονται δύο τρόποι σύνδεσης του πλαισίου με το φάτνωμα. Από τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα προκύπτει ότι η σύνδεση για αμφότερους τους τύπους που εξετάστηκαν οδηγεί σε μονολιθική συμπεριφορά του φατνώματος με τα μέλη του περιβάλλοντος πλαισίου. Για την πιστοποίηση των συμπερασμάτων ακολούθησε εκτεταμένη προσπάθεια εκτέλεσης μη-γραμμικών δυναμικών αναλύσεων της απόκρισης των δοκιμίων χρησιμοποιώντας προσομοιώματα αυξανόμενου βαθμού λεπτομέρειας. Η σύγκριση των πειραμάτικών αποτελεσμάτων με εκείνα τον αναλύσεων έδειξαν ικανοποιητική σύγκλιση. Τέλος, με βάση τα παραπάνω προκύπτει ότι οι ιδιότητες του σύνθετου τοιχώματος μπορούν να υπολογιστούν με όσα ισχύουν κατά Καν.Επε. για μονολιθικό τοίχωμα, εφόσον υιοθετηθούν κατάλληλες παραδοχές. / The construction of reinforced concrete infills is a very effective method for retrofitting multi – storey reinforced concrete buildings. The experimental research to date has conducted only at one or two storey specimens with infill thickness considerably smaller than the width of the members of the existing frame. Because of this lack of knowledge, Eurocode 8 - Part 3 does not cover this technique. The Greek code for Structural Interventions (Kan.Epe.) refers to the dimensioning of these walls only in terms of forces and does not provide means for calculating deformation at yielding and ultimate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the response of multi-storey reinforced concrete frames, retrofitted with reinforced concrete infill walls. Three 4-storey reinforced concrete frames infilled with reinforced concrete were tested at 75%-scale via the hybrid testing method. Parameters of investigation are both the reinforcement of the infill and the connection between the surrounding frame and the infill. Two types of connection were examined. The experimental results show that both connection options lead to a close to monolithic behavior of the specimens and to a favourable flexure-controlled energy absorbing mechanism. From the experimental results deformations characteristics at yielding and ultimate were calculated. The magnitude of these deformations are in good agreement with those predicted for a monolithic wall according to Eurocode 8 and Kan.Epe, if one takes into account the reduced fixed end rotation of the wall at the base of each floor due to the epoxy–grouting of the dowels into the frame members. To verify these conclusions nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed with increasing level of detailing. The comparison of experimental results with those of the analysis showed satisfactory convergence.

This research involves the study of the short term loaded behaviour of mechanically degraded reinforced concrete (RC) flexural elements, which are strengthened with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The two main objectives have been: (a) to conduct a series of realistic tests, the results of which would be used to establish the design criteria, and (b) to carry out analytical modelling and hence develop a set of suitable design equations. It is expected that this work will contribute towards the establishment of definitive design guidelines for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures using advanced fibre composites. The experimental study concentrated on the laboratory testing of 30 simply supported, and 4 two-span continuous full size RC beams, which were strengthened by either FRP plates or fabric sheets. The failure modes of these beams, at ultimate limit state, were examined and the influencing factors were identified. A premature and extremely brittle collapse mechanism was found to be the predominant type of failure for beams strengthened with a large area of FRP composites. A modified semi-empirical approach was presented for predicting the failure load of such over strengthened beams. Despite the lack of ductility in fibre composites, it was found that the FRP strengthened members would exhibit acceptable ductile characteristics, if they were designed to be under strengthened. A new design-based methodology for quantifying the deformability of FRP strengthened elements was proposed, and its difference to the conventional concept of ductility was discussed. The available techniques for ductility evaluation of FRP strengthened concrete members were reviewed and a suitable method was recommended for determining ductility level of FRP strengthened members. A non-linear material based analytical model was developed to simulate the flexural behaviour of the strengthened and control beams, the results were seen to match very well. The parametric study provided an insight into the effects of various factors including the mechanical properties and cross sectional area of FRP composites, on the failure modes and ductility characteristics of the strengthened beams. Based on the findings of the experimental and analytical studies, design equations in the BS 8110 format were developed, and design case studies have been carried out. It was concluded that fibre composites could effectively and safely strengthen mechanically degraded reinforced concrete structures if appropriately designed. The modes of failure and the degree of performance enhancement of FRP strengthened beams depend largely on the composite material properties as well as the original strength and stiffness of the RC structure. If the FRP strengthened elements were designed to be under-strengthened, then the premature and brittle failure mode could be prevented and ductile failure mode could be achieved. It was also found that existing steel reinforcement would always yield before the FRP composite reached the ultimate strength. Furthermore, a critical reinforcement ratio, above which FRP strengthening should not be carried out, was defined. It was concluded that FRP strengthening is most suitable for reinforced concrete floor slabs, bridge decks, flanged beams and other relatively lightly reinforced elements. The study also revealed that to avoid a brittle concrete failure, existing doubly reinforced members should not be strengthened by FRP composites.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Mariotoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borin_FernandoLuders_M.pdf: 5674159 bytes, checksum: 06b685198e7c4437396ce7f2a615662d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo fornecer maiores subsídios tendo em vista a matriz energética brasileira, no que se refere ao planejamento, repotênciação, operação e controle dos sistemas de geração de energia elétrica, de modo a prover meios de otimização mais eficazes, reduzindo os impactos de recursos naturais e econômicos demandados pelo sistema elétrico de geração e transmissão. O uso de técnicas de rotação ajustável já vem sendo empregado com sucesso em vários casos, tanto a nível nacional, quanto a nível internacional. A geração através de sistemas eólicos é o exemplo mais forte neste sentido, superando as expectativas de planejamento em vários casos. Os sistemas eólicos só podem operar por meio de técnicas de rotação ajustável. Contudo, a utilização das técnicas de rotação ajustável, tem muito a contribuir, mediante devidas ponderações, nos mais diversos segmentos de geração de energia. Qualquer que seja o caso, é possível de se obter ganhos consideráveis, no que se refere à otimização dos aproveitamentos energéticos. Dentro deste contexto, o trabalho apresenta um panorama geral das alternativas de geração de energia elétrica, e os possíveis ganhos que o sistema de rotação ajustável pode disponibilizar em cada um destes casos. Inicialmente são abordados aspectos gerais dos sistemas convencionais, de forma a estabelecer parâmetros de comparação. A seguir, aspectos específicos de geração por meios hidráulicos, térmicos, eólicos são abordados. Uma análise referente a sistemas isolados de geração também é apresentada, agregando vantagens adicionais não evidenciadas nos sistemas interligados. Desta forma, espera-se que levando em consideração estas técnicas de rotação ajustável, possam conduzir a investimentos relativos de expansão, reforma e operação do sistema de forma mais racional, minimizando impactos ambientais e sociais, contado ainda com ganhos de eficiência disponibilizados. / Abstract: This work has for objective to supply larger subsidies the head office Brazilian energetics, in what he/she refers to the planning, retrofitting, operation and control of the systems of electric power generation, in way to provide more effective optimization means, reducing the impacts of natural and economical resources disputed by the electric system of generation and transmission. The use of techniques of adjustable speed has already been used with success in several cases, so much at national level, as for international level. The generation through eolic systems is the strongest example in this sense, overcoming the planning expectations in several cases. The eolic systems can only operate through techniques of adjustable rotation. However, the use of the techniques of adjustable speed, has a lot to contribute, by the due considerations in the most several segments of generation of energy. Any that is the case, is possible of obtaining won considerable, in what it refers the optimization of the energy uses. Inside of this context, the work presents a general panorama of the alternatives of electric power generation, and the possible impacts that the system of adjustable speed can make available in each one of these cases. Initially general aspects of the conventional systems are approached, in way to establish comparison parameters. To proceed, specific aspects of generation for means hydraulic, thermal, eolics are approached. An analysis regarding isolated systems of generation is also presented, joining additional advantages no evidenced in the interlinked systems. This way, it is waited that taking into account these techniques of adjustable rotation, they can lead to relative investments of expansion, it reforms and operation of the system in a more rational way, minimizing environmental and social impacts, still counted with won of efficiency made available. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Rönnbyskolan and Rönnby förskola is a school area situated in the city of Västerås, Sweden that consist of a total of five buildings. The main buildings are built in 1973 which makes their energy use of interest. Due to the individual goals for Sweden to lower its energy use by 2020, the city of Västerås has begun an energy efficiency process to reduce energy use in potential buildings. In this degree project, a survey of the buildings’ energy consumption has been reviewed and possible energy reduction methods have been presented. This was made by studying the surveys of the buildings ventilation systems, the heating systems, the envelope and the buildings application by taking measurements. The results from the measurements have been studied and confirmed with the literature study and suggestions of energy effective solutions are presented based on energy calculations. Based on the results, four different technological installations and four building engineering actions have been evaluated. The calculations were supplemented with a model built and simulated in the simulation tool IDA ICE. Economical aspects were taken into account, which shows the connection between energy savings and economic profit. Due to high investment costs, only a few actions were cost effective. The result of the study showed that the buildings can reduce their energy consumption by 17 % or 34 kWh/ m2, year using the measures that turned out profitable.

Most of the housing stock in European cities needs to be updated to fulfill current requirements. Although energy and climate have been prioritized in European policies, other sustainable development challenges are sometimes disregarded. Retrofitting plays a part in addressing social concerns such as unemployment and poverty. Therefore, these issues also need to be tackled during the decision-making process.Decision makers need assessment methods to help them to comprehensively address complex processes such as retrofitting on a territorial scale. Several tools are available to address certain aspects of building sustainability, but these often disregard social inclusion aspects. The life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) methodology seems to be an appropriate framework, but it needs further adaptation and development for the intended application; that is, to guide policy-making related to housing retrofitting in a given territory towards a more sustainable model of development.This PhD thesis develops an assessment tool in the framework of LCSA. The proposal combines environmental assessment methods with a set of specifically developed socioeconomic models. The socioeconomic models address social and socioeconomic concerns, which are relevant in housing retrofitting processes, for which a cause-effect relationship can be established. The so-called characterization models result from the identification, combination and adaptation of available methods developed within various research fields. These methods analyze damages to the health of workers involved in the life cycle and to the health of the household living in the retrofitted dwelling. Impacts on human well-being and dignity are addressed through prosperity, in terms of fair employment, alleviation of fuel poverty of households, and contribution to economic growth.Two retrofits are analyzed and compared in multiple scenarios of household and housing conditions. The impacts of the retrofitting on sustainable development are calculated considering their remaining life period and taking into account the reference situation where retrofitting would not be undertaken. Some of the results are unexpected, whereas others were more predictable, and the tool helps to properly quantifying them. However, the tool does not provide a unique solution: the “best-performing” scenarios regarding natural environment are the “less-performing” scenarios regarding health and well-being, and vice versa. Decisions therefore need to be adjusted and aim for a combination of job creation, meeting environmental targets, overcoming poverty thresholds and using available public resources. This LCSA proposal helps to adapt measures which promote retrofitting to housing typologies, household type and dwelling conditions. This tool also serves to identify scenarios to prioritize and quantify the potential improvements in the retrofitting process. / En Europe, la plupart du parc bâti de logements doit être rénové en accord avec les besoins actuels. Dans les politiques européennes, la priorité est donnée à l’énergie et au climat et d’autres défis liés au développement durable semblent être négligés. La rénovation parait pouvoir atténuer des problèmes sociaux tels que le taux de chômage, la pauvreté ou l’exclusion sociale et doit donc aussi être considérées.Les décideurs publics ont besoin de méthodes d’analyse qui leur permettent d’aborder des processus complexes comme la rénovation de logements au niveau du territoire. Il y plusieurs outils à disposition pour analyser certains aspects de la durabilité des bâtiments mais, souvent, ces outils ne prennent pas en compte des aspects d’inclusion sociale. La méthodologie d’analyse de la durabilité du cycle de vie (LCSA en anglais) s’avère un cadre approprié pour aborder cette problématique mais il est encore nécessaire de la développer et de l’adapter pour l’appliquer à l’objet de cette étude ,c’est-à-dire, guider la prise de décisions publiques, en relation avec la rénovation de bâtiments à l’échelle du territoire, vers un développement plus durable.Cette recherche développe « sur mesure » un outil d’analyse dans le cadre du LCSA. La méthodologie proposée combine des méthodes d’analyse environnementale avec un ensemble de modèles socioéconomiques, dits modèles de caractérisation. Ces derniers, spécifiquement développés, ciblent des préoccupations sociales et socioéconomiques qui concernent le processus de rénovation du logement et dont la relation cause-effet peut être établie. Ils résultent de l’identification, la combinaison et l’adaptation de méthodes existantes développées dans différents domaines. Ces méthodes analysent les impacts sur la santé des travailleurs impliqués dans tout le cycle de vie et sur la santé du ménage qui habite le logement. Les impacts sur le bien-être et la dignité humaine sont analysés au moyen de la prospérité, en termes de travail juste, de la lutte contre la précarité énergétique et de la contribution au développement économique.Les effets produits par deux rénovations à Bruxelles sont analysés et comparés dans plusieurs scénarios, pour la période de vie qui reste au logement. Quelques résultats s’écartent de ceux attendus ;d’autres pouvaient être pressentis mais cet outil permet de les quantifier de manière appropriée. Cependant, l’outil ne dégage pas de solution unique :dans certains cas, les bénéfices en termes de bien-être sont moindres pour les scénarios où la rénovation produit les meilleurs résultats environnementaux, et vice versa. Les décisions résultent de l’ajustement et la combinaison entre les objectifs en termes d’environnement, de création d’emploi, seuils de seuil de pauvreté et les ressources publiques disponibles. Cet outil aide à l’adaptation des politiques et mesures d’encouragement aux typologies de bâti, aux types de ménages et aux conditions du logement. Il permet l’identification de scénarios à rendre prioritaire, ainsi que de quantifier les effets d’éventuelles améliorations à apporter au processus de rénovation urbaine. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Polytechnique) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This doctoral thesis proposes a new method of energy retrofitting of existing residential buildings towards nearly zero-energy status. The topic of energy retrofitting of existing buildings is widely discussed and lamented within the European Union and the Member states and is enshrined in the Directive 2010/31/EU. This research is in line with the European Union strategy Europe 2020 which sets targets for climate change and energy sustainability. The thesis describes the study of building energy performance of a pilot energy retrofitted residential building towards nearly zero-energy where progressive design technologies, such as energy modelling, monitoring, building optimisation and verification were used. This case study helped to formulate the recommendations on the effectiveness of various passive and active design methods together with renewable energy systems and after the extensive research it contributes to model and verify the future expectation and energy efficiency requirements of the residential market.