• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 52
  • 41
  • 5
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 133
  • 56
  • 54
  • 53
  • 30
  • 25
  • 21
  • 18
  • 16
  • 14
  • 14
  • 11
  • 11
  • 11
  • 10
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Nasal and bronchial airway reactivity in allergic and non allergic airway inflammation /

Kölbeck, Karl-Gustav, January 2003 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
62

Phospholipase A₂ expression in the human nasal mucosa /

Lindbom, John, January 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
63

Investigation of the pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory interactions of cobalt, palladium, platinum and vanadium with human neutrophils in vitro

Fickl, Heidi January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (PhD.(Immunology)--Faculty of Health Sciences)-University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.
64

Fatores de risco para asma e rinite alérgica em população de escolares na cidade de Passo Fundo, RS

Porto Neto, Arnaldo Carlos January 2012 (has links)
Introdução: nas últimas décadas, tem havido aumento na prevalência das doenças alérgicas, como também na sensibilização a aeroalérgenos ou alimentos, fenômenos caracterizados como “epidemia das doenças alérgicas”. Objetivo: determinar os fatores de risco associados a sintomas de asma (sibilância) e rinoconjuntivite, descrevendo a prevalência desses sintomas em crianças escolares do município de Passo Fundo, RS. Método: estudo transversal realizado em alunos de oito a doze anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas e particulares do ensino fundamental, moradores da zona urbana de Passo Fundo, RS. A amostra representativa dessa população foi escolhida aleatoriamente, e seus pais ou responsáveis responderam questionário escrito padrão do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), acrescido de perguntas sobre fatores de risco pessoais, familiares e ambientais (ISAAC fase II). Dessa população inicial, separou-se, aleatoriamente, um subgrupo de crianças (n=878), para realizar testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata (TCHIs) com alérgenos ambientais e coletar amostras de fezes para exame protoparasitológico. As crianças também foram pesadas, tendo sua estatura aferida e seu índice de massa corporal (IMC) calculado. Resultados: a prevalência de asma ativa foi de 31,2%; de asma diagnosticada, de 16,3%; de asma induzida por exercício, de 14,1%; de asma grave, de 7,4%; de crise aguda severa de asma, de 5,6%. A prevalência de rinite ativa foi de 53%; rinoconjuntivite, 37,6%; rinite diagnosticada, 35%; rinite polínica (hay fever), 27,9%; rinite moderada a grave, 14,7%. A prevalência de eczema ativo foi de 17,8%; de eczema em dobras, 16,8%; de eczema grave, 2,7%. Eram atópicos 487/878 (55,5%), independentemente de serem asmáticos ou não; desses, 84,4% eram polissensibilizados. A maioria (70,2%) dos que tinham asma atual era atópica, sendo somente 9% monossensibilizados. Da mesma maneira, a maioria (83,1%) dos com asma ativa também era atópica (OR = 3,16; IC95%=4,4-7,6). Além disso, os asmáticos atópicos tinham asma mais grave em relação aos não atópicos (OR = 2,39; IC95% = 2,60-7,60). Os fatores de risco siginificativamente associados à asma ativa foram: história materna de asma (OR = 1,75, IC 95%= 1,05-2,87), rinite ativa (OR = 2,07, IC 95%=1,42-3,01), compartilhar quarto no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 2,03, IC 95%= 1,36-3,04), ser atópico (OR = 1,82, IC 95%=1,26-2,50), ter contato com gato intradomiciliar no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 1,73, IC 95%=1,07-2,78), usar paracetamol mais de 12× ao ano nos últimos doze meses (OR=1,68, IC 95= 1,20-2,31)), usar antibiótico com ≤6 meses de vida (OR = 1,57, IC 95%= 1,13-2,17), ter tido bronquiolite com ≤2 anos de vida (OR = 3,11, IC 95%=2,23-4,33), ter nascido de parto prematuro (OR = 1,60, IC 95%=1,02-2,50). Em relação à rinoconjuntivite, os fatores de risco foram: história de eczema no pai (OR = 3,50, IC 95%= 1,05-10,70), rinite no pai (OR= 1,73, IC 95%=1,06-2,82), residência com mofo (OR = 2,09, IC 95%=1,16-3,74), ter morado em casa úmida no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 2,05, IC 95%=1,20-3,48), ter eczema ativo (OR = 1,97, IC 95%=1,16-3,56), ter sensibilidade alérgica a Lolium perenne (OR = 14,03, IC 95%=7,75-25,40), ter sensibilidade a ácaros da poeira doméstica (OR = 2,82, IC 95%=1,77-4,52), ter tido bronquiolite com ≤2 anos idade (OR = 1,78, IC 95%=1,10-2,90). Compartilhar quarto foi fator de proteção para rinoconjuntivite (OR = 0,50, IC 95%=0,32-0,79). Os questionários foram respondidos pelas mães em 83,9%, das quais 42% tinham baixa escolaridade (≤8 anos completos). Cerca de 25% das famílias das crianças tinham renda mensal ≤1 salário mínimo (SM) vigente na época, e 4,4%, renda ≥10 SMs. Um terço dessa população era exposto a mãe fumante, tendo 15% delas afirmado que fumaram durante a gravidez e 18%, durante o primeiro ano de vida da criança. Nasceram de parto cesariano 48,0%; 15,0% eram prematuros e 20,0% da amostra tinham baixo peso (<2,500 g) ao nascer, tendo 2% pesado <1,500 g. Um terço mamou no peito menos de seis meses. Tiveram contato com cachorro dentro de casa no primeiro ano de vida 30%, e somente 12%, com gato intradomicílio. Apenas 7,5% das crianças tiveram contato com animais de fazenda no primeiro ano de vida. Conclusões: a prevalência de asma e rinoconjuntivite está acima da média mundial relatada pelos centros do projeto ISAAC fase II e acima da média nacional medida pelo projeto ISAAC fase III, Brasil. Houve uma importante associação entre asma ativa com a história materna de asma e de antecedentes pessoais atópicos (rinite ativa e atopia). Ter tido bronquiolite com <2 anos de idade foi forte fator de risco para asma ativa aos dez anos de idade. Ao contrário de algumas proposições da hipótese da higiene, contato com animais (gato) dentro de casa e compartilhar dormitório no primeiro ano de vida foram fatores de risco para asma ativa, e não de proteção. Em relação à rinoconjuntivite, igualmente, houve um forte componente genético (familiar) como fator de risco, ao lado do fator ambiental (moradia úmida e com mofo). Ter sensibilidade ao pólen de Lolium perenne mostrou-se forte fator de risco para rinoconjuntivite. Por outro lado, compartilhar quarto se mostrou fator de proteção para rinoconjuntivite na faixa etária de oito a doze anos de idade. / Introduction: over the last decades the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased, as well as the sensitization to aeroallergens or food, phenomena characterized as "allergic diseases epidemic". Objective: to determine the risk factors associated to asthma symptoms (wheezing) and rhinoconjunctivitis and to describe the prevalence of these symptoms in schoolchildren from the city of Passo Fundo, RS. Method: cross sectional study performed in students from ages nine to twelve, enrolled in public and private elementary schools, residents of the urban zone of Passo Fundo, RS. The sample representing this population was randomly selected. Their parents or responsible persons answered a written questionnaire standard to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), with the addition of questions about personal, familial and environmental risk factors (ISAAC phase II). From this initial population, a subgroup of children (n=878) was selected to perform skin prick tests (SPT) with environmental allergens and to collect stool samples for the protoparasitological exam. The children were also weighed, their height was assessed, and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: the prevalence of current asthma was 31.2%; diagnosed asthma 16.3%; exercise induced asthma 14.1%; severe asthma 7.4%; severe acute asthma attack 5.6%. The prevalence of current eczema was 17.8%; eczema in folds 16.8%; severe eczema 2.7%. Regardless of being asthmatic or not, 487/878 (55.5%) were atopic; 84.4% of these were polysensitized. Most of the children (70.2%) who had current asthma were atopic and only 9% were monosensitized. Similarly, most of the children (83.1%) with active asthma were also atopic (OR = 3.155; CI 95% = 4.40-7,60). Moreover, the atopic asthmatic children presented more severe asthma compared to the non-atopic ones (OR = 2.39; CI 95% = 2.602-7.603). The factors significantley associated to current asthma were: history of maternal asthma (OR = 1.75, IC 95%=1.05-2.87), current rhinitis (OR = 2.07; IC 95%=1.42-3.0), bedroom sharing during the first year of life (OR = 2.03; IC95%=1.36-3.04), atopy (OR = 1.82; IC 95%=1.26-2.50), indoor contact with cats during the first year of life (OR = 1.73; IC 95%=1.07-2.78), paracetamol use >12× per year over the last twelve months (OR = 1.68; IC 95%=1.20-2.31), antibiotic use ≤6 months of age (OR= 1.57; IC 95%=1.13-2.17), history of bronchiolitis in the first 2 years of life (OR = 3.11; IC 95%=2.23-4.33) and premature birth (OR = 1.60; IC 95%=1.02-2.50). Regarding rhinoconjunctivitis, the risk factors were: history of paternal eczema (OR = 3.35; IC 95%=1.05-10.70), paternal rhinitis (OR = 1.73; IC 95%=1.06-2.82), house with mold (OR = 2.09; IC 95%=1.16-3.75), having lived in a humid house during the first year of life (OR = 2.05; IC 95%=1.21-3.48), having current eczema (OR = 1.97; IC 95%=1.16-3.36), allergic sensitivity to Lolium perenne (OR = 14.0; IC 95%=7.75-25.40), sensitivity to house dust mites (OR = 2.82; IC 95%=1.77-4.52), history of bronchiolitis in the first two years old (OR = 1.78; IC 95%=1.78; IC 95%=1.10-2.90). Sharing a bedroom was a protective factor to rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 0,50; IC 95%=0.32-0.79). A total of 84.0% of the mothers answered the questionnaires, 42% of which had a low education level (≤eight years of school completed). About 25% of families had a monthly income of ≤1 national minimum wage (NMW) at the time, while 5.0%, had an income of ≥10 NMW. One third of these children were exposed to smoking mothers. Approximately 15% of the mothers affirmed to have smoked during pregnancy, and 18% during the child‟s first year. A total of 48.0% born from C-sections; 15.0% were premature, and 20.0% of the sample had low weight (<2,500 g) upon birth, where 2% weighed <1,500 g. One third was breastfed for less than six months. A total of 30% the individual had contact with dogs inside the house during the first year of life, and only 12% had contact with indoor cat over the same period. Only 7.5% had contact with farm animals during the first year of life. Conclusions: the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in Passo Fundo is above the world average measured by the ISAAC phase II, and above the national average measured by the ISAAC phase III, Brazil. There is an important association between current asthma with history of maternal asthma and personal atopic background (current rhinitis and atopy). A history of bronchiolitis during the first two years of life was a strong risk factor to current asthma at ten years old. Unlike some proposals of the hygiene hypothesis, the contact with animals (cat) inside the house and sharing a bedroom during the first year of life were risk factors for current asthma, and not protective factors. Concerning rhinoconjunctivitis, there was also a strong genetic component (family) as a risk factor, as well as an environmental component (humid house with mold). Sensitivity to Lolium perenne polen represented a strong risk factor to rhinoconjunctivitis. On the other hand, sharing a bedroom represented a protective factor to rhinoconjunctivitis at eight to twelve years old.
65

Prevalência de asma e rinite e fatores associados à asma em escolares de Fortaleza

Luna, Maria de Fátima Gomes de January 2015 (has links)
Introdução: Asma e rinite são as doenças crônicas mais comuns da infância, e causam importante impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. As suas prevalências vêm aumentando ao redor do mundo nas últimas décadas, de forma gradual e constante. Os fatores genéticos, embora sejam importantes, não são capazes de justificar, isoladamente, esses aumentos observados nas prevalências, e é provável que os fatores ambientais tenham maior relevância na determinação das manifestações dessas doenças. Nesse sentido, é importante que estudos epidemiológicos sejam realizados com questões padronizadas e medidas objetivas de avaliação de prevalência e gravidade, conduzidos em mais de uma ocasião, em todo o mundo, para obter dados confiáveis que possibilitem acompanhar a tendência mundial das prevalências dessas doenças e detectar variações em diferentes regiões geográficas, buscando também identificar possíveis fatores ambientais associados a essas doenças. Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e gravidade de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza; estimar as prevalências dessas doenças entre os adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, também morando em Fortaleza, e fazer estudo comparativo dos dados atuais com as taxas encontradas em 2006\2007 em estudo ISAAC nesta faixa etária; descrever possíveis fatores de risco associados a asma nesses dois grupos etários. Método: Estudo transversal utilizando o protocolo do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), módulos asma e rinite, além dos seus questionários ambientais, e composto de dois inquéritos: o primeiro, em 2006\2007 envolvendo amostra aleatória de 3.015 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares; o segundo, em 2.010, com amostragem aleatória de 3.020 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos e 2.020 escolares de 6 e 7 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes, em 2010, houve um aumento significativo na prevalência de sibilos após exercícios, tosse seca noturna e asma diagnosticada (p < 0,01 para todos); houve redução significativa na prevalência de rinite grave (p = 0,01). Em ambos os períodos, tosse seca noturna, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes nas mulheres (p < 0,01 para todos); asma atual, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes entre os adolescentes das escolas particulares (p < 0,01 para todos). Nos 2 inquéritos, as taxas de “asma diagnosticada” e “rinite diagnosticada” foram bem menores que as respectivas taxas de “asma atual” e “rinite atual". Além de rinoconjuntivite, o consumo de biscoitos recheados e salgados fritos 3 ou mais vezes por semana foram independentemente associados à asma, como fatores agravantes, enquanto o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana esteve associado à asma como fator protetor. Entre os escolares de 6 e 7 anos, a prevalência de “sibilos cumulativos” (sibilos na vida) foi 52,6%; a de “sibilos nos últimos 12 meses” (asma atual), 28,3%, e a taxa de “asma diagnosticada”, 12,4%. Para os sintomas associados à gravidade da asma, como “sibilos com limite da fala”, “quatro ou mais crises de sibilos no último ano” e “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana”, as taxas foram, respectivamente, 4,1%, 3,9% e 6,7%. A taxa de “sibilos pós-exercícios” foi 7,2%, e a de “tosse seca noturna” foi de 39,7%. Houve predomínio no sexo masculino, com significância estatística, de sibilos cumulativos (p<0,001) e asma atual (p=0,04). “Sibilos com limite da fala”, “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana” e “sibilos pós exercícios” predominaram no grupo das escolas públicas (p=0,002, p=0,002 e p=0,003, respectivamente). As prevalências de rinite cumulativa, rinite atual, rinoconjuntivite e rinite diagnosticada foram, respectivamente, 49,9%, 42,0%, 15,0% e 28,1%, predominando entre as crianças das escolas particulares (p<0,001 para todos), sem diferença entre os sexos. Interferência dos sintomas nasais com as atividades diárias foi relatada por 25,3% dos pesquisados, sem diferença entre os sexos. Além de rinoconjuntivite, o uso de paracetamol pelo menos uma vez\mês no último ano, o tabagismo materno, o tabagismo paterno e a exposição a animais domésticos no 1º ano de vida foram, independentemente, associados à asma, nesse grupo etário, como fatores agravantes. Conclusões: As prevalências de sintomas de asma e rinite continuam elevadas e crescentes entre os adolescentes de 13-14 anos em Fortaleza, mantendo o predomínio no sexo feminino e entre os alunos das escolas particulares. As prevalências de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza mostraram-se elevadas, e acima da média nacional, com predomínio dos sintomas de asma no sexo masculino e entre o grupo das escolas públicas, onde a asma também é mais grave. Os sintomas de rinite predominaram no grupo das escolas privadas, e não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos. Nos dois grupos etários, asma e rinite mostraram-se subdiagnosticadas. Fatores clínicos, ambientais e hábitos alimentares estão associados a essas elevadas taxas; o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana mostrou-se protetor contra os sintomas de asma entre os adolescentes. Intervenções que atuem nesses fatores podem reduzir a ocorrência de asma nessas populações. / Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in 6-7 years old schoolchildren in Fortaleza; to describe the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis in 13-14 years old adolescents in the same city, in 2010, comparing the results with those obtained in a prevalence survey conducted in 2006-2007; and to identify factors associated with asthma in these two age groups in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, involving probabilistic samples of 3,015 and 3,020 adolescents in surveys conducted in 2006-2007 and 2010, respectively, and 2,020 schoolchildren in 2010. Results: Among adolescents, comparing the two periods, the prevalences of exercise-induced wheezing, dry cough at night, and physician-diagnosed asthma were significantly higher in 2010 than in the 2006-2007 period (p < 0.01 for all). There were no significant differences regarding cumulative wheezing, active asthma, four or more wheezing attacks within the last year, sleep disturbed by wheezing more than one night per week, and speech-limiting wheezing. The prevalence of severe rhinitis was significantly lower in 2010 (p = 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences between the two periods regarding cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis. In both periods, cumulative wheezing, dry cough at night, cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis were significantly more prevalent in females than in males (p < 0.01 for all). Also in both periods, active asthma, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis were more prevalent in private school students than in public school students (p < 0.01 for all). Rhinoconjunctivitis and the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks three or more times per week were independently and positively associated with asthma; consumption of fruits three or more times per week was negatively associated with asthma. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), the prevalences of “wheezing ever”, “wheezing within the last 12 months” (active asthma) and “asthma ever” (physician-diagnosed asthma) were 52.6%, 28.3% and 12.4%, respectively. The prevalences of symptoms associated with asthma severity, such as "speech-limiting wheeze", "four or more wheezing attacks in the last 12 months" and "sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week", were, respectively, 4.1%, 3.9% and 6.7%. The rate of "wheezing after exercise" was 7.2%, and that of "night cough" was 39.7%. The prevalences of “wheezing ever” (p<0.001) and active asthma (p=0.04) were higher among males. Public school students presented higher prevalences of "speech-limiting wheezing", “sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week" and "wheezing after exercise" (p=0.002, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). The prevalence of cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and physician-diagnosed rhinitis was 49.9%, 42.0%, 15.0% and 28.1%, respectively. Rhinitis symptoms and physician-diagnosed rhinitis were significantly more prevalent among private school students (OR = 0.55, CI 95%: 0.46 – 0.66, p<0.001; OR= 0.50, CI95%: 0.41 – 0.60, p<0.001; OR = 0.67, CI95%: 0.52 – 0.85, p<0.001; OR=0.15, CI95%: 0.12-0.19, p<0.001, respectively), without differences between genders. Interference with daily activities was reported by 25.3% and 5.7% reported to be moderately or severely affected, without difference between genders. Rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.19, CI: 1.24-3.86, p=0.007), paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months (OR=3.48, CI: 1.94-6.24, p < 0.001), maternal smoking (OR=3.18, CI: 1.21-8.30, p=0.018), paternal smoking (OR=2.14, CI: 1.01-4.54, p=0.047) and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life (OR=2.26, CI: 1.25-4.06, p = 0.007) were independently and positively associated with asthma. Conclusions: Our data show that the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis symptoms remain increasing among 13-14-year old adolescents in Fortaleza, predominantly among females and private school students. The prevalence rates of asthma and rhinitis in schoolchildren aged 6-7 years are also high, above the national average. Symptoms related to asthma were predominant among males and public school students, whereas rhinitis was predominant among private school students, without differences between genders. It was also observed that asthma and rhinitis are underdiagnosed in these two populations in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Among adolescents, dietary factors were the most associated with asthma in this study. Besides rhinoconjunctivitis, the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks (foods with high content of saturated fat) three or more times per week were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors, while the consumptions of fruits three or more times per week was associated with asthma as protective factor. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), besides rhinoconjunctivitis, paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months, maternal smoking, paternal smoking and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors. Interventions acting on these factors may decrease the occurrence of asthma in these populations.
66

A Study on the Effect of Non – Asthmatic Atopy on Pregnancy Outcomes

Johnson, Ayesha 24 March 2016 (has links)
Objectives – To measure the effect of non – asthmatic atopy (NAA) on the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes; low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA) and preterm birth (PTB), among primiparous women 19 – 25 years of age. Methods – Vital Statistics records from births occurring between 2004 and 2014, from approximately 60,000 primiparous women in South Carolina, aged 19 to 25 years, were linked to their Medicaid records. Maternal records were examined to determine if they had a previous diagnosis of NAA. Women with a diagnosis of NAA were frequency matched with a ratio of 1:4 to non – atopic controls by age, sex of infant, and asthma diagnosis. Next, the frequencies of LBW, SGA and PTB were compared across the two groups of women. Tests for linear trend across birth weight categories and gestational age at birth categories were then conducted after which separate Poisson regression models were estimated to measure the risk of each outcome. Results – Linear tests for increasing trend were statistically significant (p < 0.001); indicating that higher percentages of NAA are associated with higher infant birth weight. Similarly, higher percentages of NAA were associated with greater gestational age at birth. After controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, smoking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes and pre – pregnancy hypertension; mothers with a diagnosis of NAA had reduced risk for each outcome (RR = 0.96, 0.94 and 0.95 for LBW, SGA and PTB respectively). These results were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Similar results were seen when data was further explored by maternal race/ethnicity. Conclusions – NAA could promote a healthy pregnancy and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes and should therefore be taken into account when assessing a woman’s risk of same. Until now this protection has gone unnoticed due to the increase in the risk of study outcomes that are associated with a diagnosis of asthma, and the fact that in many instances asthma is present with NAA. Additional analyses are needed to evaluate unknown factors associated with its diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: rhinitis, dermatitis, asthma, low birth weight, small for gestation age, preterm birth, race/ethnicity
67

Fatores de risco para asma e rinite alérgica em população de escolares na cidade de Passo Fundo, RS

Porto Neto, Arnaldo Carlos January 2012 (has links)
Introdução: nas últimas décadas, tem havido aumento na prevalência das doenças alérgicas, como também na sensibilização a aeroalérgenos ou alimentos, fenômenos caracterizados como “epidemia das doenças alérgicas”. Objetivo: determinar os fatores de risco associados a sintomas de asma (sibilância) e rinoconjuntivite, descrevendo a prevalência desses sintomas em crianças escolares do município de Passo Fundo, RS. Método: estudo transversal realizado em alunos de oito a doze anos de idade matriculados em escolas públicas e particulares do ensino fundamental, moradores da zona urbana de Passo Fundo, RS. A amostra representativa dessa população foi escolhida aleatoriamente, e seus pais ou responsáveis responderam questionário escrito padrão do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), acrescido de perguntas sobre fatores de risco pessoais, familiares e ambientais (ISAAC fase II). Dessa população inicial, separou-se, aleatoriamente, um subgrupo de crianças (n=878), para realizar testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata (TCHIs) com alérgenos ambientais e coletar amostras de fezes para exame protoparasitológico. As crianças também foram pesadas, tendo sua estatura aferida e seu índice de massa corporal (IMC) calculado. Resultados: a prevalência de asma ativa foi de 31,2%; de asma diagnosticada, de 16,3%; de asma induzida por exercício, de 14,1%; de asma grave, de 7,4%; de crise aguda severa de asma, de 5,6%. A prevalência de rinite ativa foi de 53%; rinoconjuntivite, 37,6%; rinite diagnosticada, 35%; rinite polínica (hay fever), 27,9%; rinite moderada a grave, 14,7%. A prevalência de eczema ativo foi de 17,8%; de eczema em dobras, 16,8%; de eczema grave, 2,7%. Eram atópicos 487/878 (55,5%), independentemente de serem asmáticos ou não; desses, 84,4% eram polissensibilizados. A maioria (70,2%) dos que tinham asma atual era atópica, sendo somente 9% monossensibilizados. Da mesma maneira, a maioria (83,1%) dos com asma ativa também era atópica (OR = 3,16; IC95%=4,4-7,6). Além disso, os asmáticos atópicos tinham asma mais grave em relação aos não atópicos (OR = 2,39; IC95% = 2,60-7,60). Os fatores de risco siginificativamente associados à asma ativa foram: história materna de asma (OR = 1,75, IC 95%= 1,05-2,87), rinite ativa (OR = 2,07, IC 95%=1,42-3,01), compartilhar quarto no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 2,03, IC 95%= 1,36-3,04), ser atópico (OR = 1,82, IC 95%=1,26-2,50), ter contato com gato intradomiciliar no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 1,73, IC 95%=1,07-2,78), usar paracetamol mais de 12× ao ano nos últimos doze meses (OR=1,68, IC 95= 1,20-2,31)), usar antibiótico com ≤6 meses de vida (OR = 1,57, IC 95%= 1,13-2,17), ter tido bronquiolite com ≤2 anos de vida (OR = 3,11, IC 95%=2,23-4,33), ter nascido de parto prematuro (OR = 1,60, IC 95%=1,02-2,50). Em relação à rinoconjuntivite, os fatores de risco foram: história de eczema no pai (OR = 3,50, IC 95%= 1,05-10,70), rinite no pai (OR= 1,73, IC 95%=1,06-2,82), residência com mofo (OR = 2,09, IC 95%=1,16-3,74), ter morado em casa úmida no primeiro ano de vida (OR = 2,05, IC 95%=1,20-3,48), ter eczema ativo (OR = 1,97, IC 95%=1,16-3,56), ter sensibilidade alérgica a Lolium perenne (OR = 14,03, IC 95%=7,75-25,40), ter sensibilidade a ácaros da poeira doméstica (OR = 2,82, IC 95%=1,77-4,52), ter tido bronquiolite com ≤2 anos idade (OR = 1,78, IC 95%=1,10-2,90). Compartilhar quarto foi fator de proteção para rinoconjuntivite (OR = 0,50, IC 95%=0,32-0,79). Os questionários foram respondidos pelas mães em 83,9%, das quais 42% tinham baixa escolaridade (≤8 anos completos). Cerca de 25% das famílias das crianças tinham renda mensal ≤1 salário mínimo (SM) vigente na época, e 4,4%, renda ≥10 SMs. Um terço dessa população era exposto a mãe fumante, tendo 15% delas afirmado que fumaram durante a gravidez e 18%, durante o primeiro ano de vida da criança. Nasceram de parto cesariano 48,0%; 15,0% eram prematuros e 20,0% da amostra tinham baixo peso (<2,500 g) ao nascer, tendo 2% pesado <1,500 g. Um terço mamou no peito menos de seis meses. Tiveram contato com cachorro dentro de casa no primeiro ano de vida 30%, e somente 12%, com gato intradomicílio. Apenas 7,5% das crianças tiveram contato com animais de fazenda no primeiro ano de vida. Conclusões: a prevalência de asma e rinoconjuntivite está acima da média mundial relatada pelos centros do projeto ISAAC fase II e acima da média nacional medida pelo projeto ISAAC fase III, Brasil. Houve uma importante associação entre asma ativa com a história materna de asma e de antecedentes pessoais atópicos (rinite ativa e atopia). Ter tido bronquiolite com <2 anos de idade foi forte fator de risco para asma ativa aos dez anos de idade. Ao contrário de algumas proposições da hipótese da higiene, contato com animais (gato) dentro de casa e compartilhar dormitório no primeiro ano de vida foram fatores de risco para asma ativa, e não de proteção. Em relação à rinoconjuntivite, igualmente, houve um forte componente genético (familiar) como fator de risco, ao lado do fator ambiental (moradia úmida e com mofo). Ter sensibilidade ao pólen de Lolium perenne mostrou-se forte fator de risco para rinoconjuntivite. Por outro lado, compartilhar quarto se mostrou fator de proteção para rinoconjuntivite na faixa etária de oito a doze anos de idade. / Introduction: over the last decades the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased, as well as the sensitization to aeroallergens or food, phenomena characterized as "allergic diseases epidemic". Objective: to determine the risk factors associated to asthma symptoms (wheezing) and rhinoconjunctivitis and to describe the prevalence of these symptoms in schoolchildren from the city of Passo Fundo, RS. Method: cross sectional study performed in students from ages nine to twelve, enrolled in public and private elementary schools, residents of the urban zone of Passo Fundo, RS. The sample representing this population was randomly selected. Their parents or responsible persons answered a written questionnaire standard to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), with the addition of questions about personal, familial and environmental risk factors (ISAAC phase II). From this initial population, a subgroup of children (n=878) was selected to perform skin prick tests (SPT) with environmental allergens and to collect stool samples for the protoparasitological exam. The children were also weighed, their height was assessed, and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: the prevalence of current asthma was 31.2%; diagnosed asthma 16.3%; exercise induced asthma 14.1%; severe asthma 7.4%; severe acute asthma attack 5.6%. The prevalence of current eczema was 17.8%; eczema in folds 16.8%; severe eczema 2.7%. Regardless of being asthmatic or not, 487/878 (55.5%) were atopic; 84.4% of these were polysensitized. Most of the children (70.2%) who had current asthma were atopic and only 9% were monosensitized. Similarly, most of the children (83.1%) with active asthma were also atopic (OR = 3.155; CI 95% = 4.40-7,60). Moreover, the atopic asthmatic children presented more severe asthma compared to the non-atopic ones (OR = 2.39; CI 95% = 2.602-7.603). The factors significantley associated to current asthma were: history of maternal asthma (OR = 1.75, IC 95%=1.05-2.87), current rhinitis (OR = 2.07; IC 95%=1.42-3.0), bedroom sharing during the first year of life (OR = 2.03; IC95%=1.36-3.04), atopy (OR = 1.82; IC 95%=1.26-2.50), indoor contact with cats during the first year of life (OR = 1.73; IC 95%=1.07-2.78), paracetamol use >12× per year over the last twelve months (OR = 1.68; IC 95%=1.20-2.31), antibiotic use ≤6 months of age (OR= 1.57; IC 95%=1.13-2.17), history of bronchiolitis in the first 2 years of life (OR = 3.11; IC 95%=2.23-4.33) and premature birth (OR = 1.60; IC 95%=1.02-2.50). Regarding rhinoconjunctivitis, the risk factors were: history of paternal eczema (OR = 3.35; IC 95%=1.05-10.70), paternal rhinitis (OR = 1.73; IC 95%=1.06-2.82), house with mold (OR = 2.09; IC 95%=1.16-3.75), having lived in a humid house during the first year of life (OR = 2.05; IC 95%=1.21-3.48), having current eczema (OR = 1.97; IC 95%=1.16-3.36), allergic sensitivity to Lolium perenne (OR = 14.0; IC 95%=7.75-25.40), sensitivity to house dust mites (OR = 2.82; IC 95%=1.77-4.52), history of bronchiolitis in the first two years old (OR = 1.78; IC 95%=1.78; IC 95%=1.10-2.90). Sharing a bedroom was a protective factor to rhinoconjunctivitis (OR = 0,50; IC 95%=0.32-0.79). A total of 84.0% of the mothers answered the questionnaires, 42% of which had a low education level (≤eight years of school completed). About 25% of families had a monthly income of ≤1 national minimum wage (NMW) at the time, while 5.0%, had an income of ≥10 NMW. One third of these children were exposed to smoking mothers. Approximately 15% of the mothers affirmed to have smoked during pregnancy, and 18% during the child‟s first year. A total of 48.0% born from C-sections; 15.0% were premature, and 20.0% of the sample had low weight (<2,500 g) upon birth, where 2% weighed <1,500 g. One third was breastfed for less than six months. A total of 30% the individual had contact with dogs inside the house during the first year of life, and only 12% had contact with indoor cat over the same period. Only 7.5% had contact with farm animals during the first year of life. Conclusions: the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in Passo Fundo is above the world average measured by the ISAAC phase II, and above the national average measured by the ISAAC phase III, Brazil. There is an important association between current asthma with history of maternal asthma and personal atopic background (current rhinitis and atopy). A history of bronchiolitis during the first two years of life was a strong risk factor to current asthma at ten years old. Unlike some proposals of the hygiene hypothesis, the contact with animals (cat) inside the house and sharing a bedroom during the first year of life were risk factors for current asthma, and not protective factors. Concerning rhinoconjunctivitis, there was also a strong genetic component (family) as a risk factor, as well as an environmental component (humid house with mold). Sensitivity to Lolium perenne polen represented a strong risk factor to rhinoconjunctivitis. On the other hand, sharing a bedroom represented a protective factor to rhinoconjunctivitis at eight to twelve years old.
68

Úloha sestry v prevenci a léčbě recidivující a chronické rýmy a možných komplikacích v dětském věku / Exercise sister in prevention and treatment recurrent and chronic rhinitis and possible complication near puppy fat

OSADČÍ, Jana January 2011 (has links)
Abstract The thesis examines the role of a nurse in prevention and treatment of recurrent and chronic rhinitis and possible complications in children. Rhinitis belongs to the most frequent diseases with chronic course in the group of children and adolescents. The number of affected people, particularly among children living in towns and cities is still rising, so sufficient and suitable education of children and parents provided by nurses is very important. Four goals were set in this thesis. The first goal was to examine the role of a nurse in prevention of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. The second goal was to examine the role of a nurse in treatment of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. The third goal focused on examination of the complications nurses most frequently face. The fourth goal was to elaborate an educational standard for nurses working at paediatric wards of hospitals and in surgeries of practitioners for children and adolescents. Three hypotheses were linked to the goals. The first hypothesis assumed that nurses educated parents in prevention of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. The second hypothesis asked whether nurses educated parents and children in treatment and possible complications of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. The third hypothesis said that otitis media, sinusitis and conjunctivitis were the most frequent complications of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. Quantitative research performed by the questionnaire method was used to achieve the goals. An anonymous questionnaire was designed for nurses and parents. The questionnaire for nurses and parents contained 24 questions. 70 questionnaires were distributed among nurses from paediatric wards and 50 returned. The return was 71 %. 60 questionnaires were distributed among nurses in surgeries of practitioners for children and adolescents, 40 returned. The return was 66 %. 50 questionnaires were distributed among parents and 30 returned. The return was 60 %. The data collection was performed in March 2011. The research results showed that most of the nurses educate parents in prevention and treatment of recurrent and chronic rhinitis. The parents confirm the benefit of the education. They consider a talk with a nurse in a surgery the most suitable education form. Education by a nurse has strong influence on parents and children suffering from recurrent and chronic rhinitis. A nurse helps them learn and understand the disease, teaches them how to find a new lifestyle, informs them about prevention and provides information on treatment. We also found that no educational standard dealing with care about children suffering from recurrent and chronic rhinitis existed. We have elaborated the standard and provided it to nurses in surgeries of practitioners for children and adolescents and paediatric wards.
69

Prevalência de asma e rinite e fatores associados à asma em escolares de Fortaleza

Luna, Maria de Fátima Gomes de January 2015 (has links)
Introdução: Asma e rinite são as doenças crônicas mais comuns da infância, e causam importante impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. As suas prevalências vêm aumentando ao redor do mundo nas últimas décadas, de forma gradual e constante. Os fatores genéticos, embora sejam importantes, não são capazes de justificar, isoladamente, esses aumentos observados nas prevalências, e é provável que os fatores ambientais tenham maior relevância na determinação das manifestações dessas doenças. Nesse sentido, é importante que estudos epidemiológicos sejam realizados com questões padronizadas e medidas objetivas de avaliação de prevalência e gravidade, conduzidos em mais de uma ocasião, em todo o mundo, para obter dados confiáveis que possibilitem acompanhar a tendência mundial das prevalências dessas doenças e detectar variações em diferentes regiões geográficas, buscando também identificar possíveis fatores ambientais associados a essas doenças. Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e gravidade de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza; estimar as prevalências dessas doenças entre os adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, também morando em Fortaleza, e fazer estudo comparativo dos dados atuais com as taxas encontradas em 2006\2007 em estudo ISAAC nesta faixa etária; descrever possíveis fatores de risco associados a asma nesses dois grupos etários. Método: Estudo transversal utilizando o protocolo do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), módulos asma e rinite, além dos seus questionários ambientais, e composto de dois inquéritos: o primeiro, em 2006\2007 envolvendo amostra aleatória de 3.015 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares; o segundo, em 2.010, com amostragem aleatória de 3.020 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos e 2.020 escolares de 6 e 7 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes, em 2010, houve um aumento significativo na prevalência de sibilos após exercícios, tosse seca noturna e asma diagnosticada (p < 0,01 para todos); houve redução significativa na prevalência de rinite grave (p = 0,01). Em ambos os períodos, tosse seca noturna, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes nas mulheres (p < 0,01 para todos); asma atual, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes entre os adolescentes das escolas particulares (p < 0,01 para todos). Nos 2 inquéritos, as taxas de “asma diagnosticada” e “rinite diagnosticada” foram bem menores que as respectivas taxas de “asma atual” e “rinite atual". Além de rinoconjuntivite, o consumo de biscoitos recheados e salgados fritos 3 ou mais vezes por semana foram independentemente associados à asma, como fatores agravantes, enquanto o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana esteve associado à asma como fator protetor. Entre os escolares de 6 e 7 anos, a prevalência de “sibilos cumulativos” (sibilos na vida) foi 52,6%; a de “sibilos nos últimos 12 meses” (asma atual), 28,3%, e a taxa de “asma diagnosticada”, 12,4%. Para os sintomas associados à gravidade da asma, como “sibilos com limite da fala”, “quatro ou mais crises de sibilos no último ano” e “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana”, as taxas foram, respectivamente, 4,1%, 3,9% e 6,7%. A taxa de “sibilos pós-exercícios” foi 7,2%, e a de “tosse seca noturna” foi de 39,7%. Houve predomínio no sexo masculino, com significância estatística, de sibilos cumulativos (p<0,001) e asma atual (p=0,04). “Sibilos com limite da fala”, “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana” e “sibilos pós exercícios” predominaram no grupo das escolas públicas (p=0,002, p=0,002 e p=0,003, respectivamente). As prevalências de rinite cumulativa, rinite atual, rinoconjuntivite e rinite diagnosticada foram, respectivamente, 49,9%, 42,0%, 15,0% e 28,1%, predominando entre as crianças das escolas particulares (p<0,001 para todos), sem diferença entre os sexos. Interferência dos sintomas nasais com as atividades diárias foi relatada por 25,3% dos pesquisados, sem diferença entre os sexos. Além de rinoconjuntivite, o uso de paracetamol pelo menos uma vez\mês no último ano, o tabagismo materno, o tabagismo paterno e a exposição a animais domésticos no 1º ano de vida foram, independentemente, associados à asma, nesse grupo etário, como fatores agravantes. Conclusões: As prevalências de sintomas de asma e rinite continuam elevadas e crescentes entre os adolescentes de 13-14 anos em Fortaleza, mantendo o predomínio no sexo feminino e entre os alunos das escolas particulares. As prevalências de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza mostraram-se elevadas, e acima da média nacional, com predomínio dos sintomas de asma no sexo masculino e entre o grupo das escolas públicas, onde a asma também é mais grave. Os sintomas de rinite predominaram no grupo das escolas privadas, e não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos. Nos dois grupos etários, asma e rinite mostraram-se subdiagnosticadas. Fatores clínicos, ambientais e hábitos alimentares estão associados a essas elevadas taxas; o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana mostrou-se protetor contra os sintomas de asma entre os adolescentes. Intervenções que atuem nesses fatores podem reduzir a ocorrência de asma nessas populações. / Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in 6-7 years old schoolchildren in Fortaleza; to describe the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis in 13-14 years old adolescents in the same city, in 2010, comparing the results with those obtained in a prevalence survey conducted in 2006-2007; and to identify factors associated with asthma in these two age groups in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, involving probabilistic samples of 3,015 and 3,020 adolescents in surveys conducted in 2006-2007 and 2010, respectively, and 2,020 schoolchildren in 2010. Results: Among adolescents, comparing the two periods, the prevalences of exercise-induced wheezing, dry cough at night, and physician-diagnosed asthma were significantly higher in 2010 than in the 2006-2007 period (p < 0.01 for all). There were no significant differences regarding cumulative wheezing, active asthma, four or more wheezing attacks within the last year, sleep disturbed by wheezing more than one night per week, and speech-limiting wheezing. The prevalence of severe rhinitis was significantly lower in 2010 (p = 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences between the two periods regarding cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis. In both periods, cumulative wheezing, dry cough at night, cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis were significantly more prevalent in females than in males (p < 0.01 for all). Also in both periods, active asthma, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis were more prevalent in private school students than in public school students (p < 0.01 for all). Rhinoconjunctivitis and the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks three or more times per week were independently and positively associated with asthma; consumption of fruits three or more times per week was negatively associated with asthma. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), the prevalences of “wheezing ever”, “wheezing within the last 12 months” (active asthma) and “asthma ever” (physician-diagnosed asthma) were 52.6%, 28.3% and 12.4%, respectively. The prevalences of symptoms associated with asthma severity, such as "speech-limiting wheeze", "four or more wheezing attacks in the last 12 months" and "sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week", were, respectively, 4.1%, 3.9% and 6.7%. The rate of "wheezing after exercise" was 7.2%, and that of "night cough" was 39.7%. The prevalences of “wheezing ever” (p<0.001) and active asthma (p=0.04) were higher among males. Public school students presented higher prevalences of "speech-limiting wheezing", “sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week" and "wheezing after exercise" (p=0.002, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). The prevalence of cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and physician-diagnosed rhinitis was 49.9%, 42.0%, 15.0% and 28.1%, respectively. Rhinitis symptoms and physician-diagnosed rhinitis were significantly more prevalent among private school students (OR = 0.55, CI 95%: 0.46 – 0.66, p<0.001; OR= 0.50, CI95%: 0.41 – 0.60, p<0.001; OR = 0.67, CI95%: 0.52 – 0.85, p<0.001; OR=0.15, CI95%: 0.12-0.19, p<0.001, respectively), without differences between genders. Interference with daily activities was reported by 25.3% and 5.7% reported to be moderately or severely affected, without difference between genders. Rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.19, CI: 1.24-3.86, p=0.007), paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months (OR=3.48, CI: 1.94-6.24, p < 0.001), maternal smoking (OR=3.18, CI: 1.21-8.30, p=0.018), paternal smoking (OR=2.14, CI: 1.01-4.54, p=0.047) and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life (OR=2.26, CI: 1.25-4.06, p = 0.007) were independently and positively associated with asthma. Conclusions: Our data show that the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis symptoms remain increasing among 13-14-year old adolescents in Fortaleza, predominantly among females and private school students. The prevalence rates of asthma and rhinitis in schoolchildren aged 6-7 years are also high, above the national average. Symptoms related to asthma were predominant among males and public school students, whereas rhinitis was predominant among private school students, without differences between genders. It was also observed that asthma and rhinitis are underdiagnosed in these two populations in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Among adolescents, dietary factors were the most associated with asthma in this study. Besides rhinoconjunctivitis, the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks (foods with high content of saturated fat) three or more times per week were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors, while the consumptions of fruits three or more times per week was associated with asthma as protective factor. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), besides rhinoconjunctivitis, paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months, maternal smoking, paternal smoking and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors. Interventions acting on these factors may decrease the occurrence of asthma in these populations.
70

Prevalência de asma e rinite e fatores associados à asma em escolares de Fortaleza

Luna, Maria de Fátima Gomes de January 2015 (has links)
Introdução: Asma e rinite são as doenças crônicas mais comuns da infância, e causam importante impacto negativo na qualidade de vida. As suas prevalências vêm aumentando ao redor do mundo nas últimas décadas, de forma gradual e constante. Os fatores genéticos, embora sejam importantes, não são capazes de justificar, isoladamente, esses aumentos observados nas prevalências, e é provável que os fatores ambientais tenham maior relevância na determinação das manifestações dessas doenças. Nesse sentido, é importante que estudos epidemiológicos sejam realizados com questões padronizadas e medidas objetivas de avaliação de prevalência e gravidade, conduzidos em mais de uma ocasião, em todo o mundo, para obter dados confiáveis que possibilitem acompanhar a tendência mundial das prevalências dessas doenças e detectar variações em diferentes regiões geográficas, buscando também identificar possíveis fatores ambientais associados a essas doenças. Objetivos: estimar a prevalência e gravidade de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza; estimar as prevalências dessas doenças entre os adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, também morando em Fortaleza, e fazer estudo comparativo dos dados atuais com as taxas encontradas em 2006\2007 em estudo ISAAC nesta faixa etária; descrever possíveis fatores de risco associados a asma nesses dois grupos etários. Método: Estudo transversal utilizando o protocolo do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), módulos asma e rinite, além dos seus questionários ambientais, e composto de dois inquéritos: o primeiro, em 2006\2007 envolvendo amostra aleatória de 3.015 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares; o segundo, em 2.010, com amostragem aleatória de 3.020 adolescentes de 13 e 14 anos e 2.020 escolares de 6 e 7 anos, de escolas públicas e particulares. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes, em 2010, houve um aumento significativo na prevalência de sibilos após exercícios, tosse seca noturna e asma diagnosticada (p < 0,01 para todos); houve redução significativa na prevalência de rinite grave (p = 0,01). Em ambos os períodos, tosse seca noturna, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes nas mulheres (p < 0,01 para todos); asma atual, rinite atual e rinoconjuntivite foram significativamente mais prevalentes entre os adolescentes das escolas particulares (p < 0,01 para todos). Nos 2 inquéritos, as taxas de “asma diagnosticada” e “rinite diagnosticada” foram bem menores que as respectivas taxas de “asma atual” e “rinite atual". Além de rinoconjuntivite, o consumo de biscoitos recheados e salgados fritos 3 ou mais vezes por semana foram independentemente associados à asma, como fatores agravantes, enquanto o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana esteve associado à asma como fator protetor. Entre os escolares de 6 e 7 anos, a prevalência de “sibilos cumulativos” (sibilos na vida) foi 52,6%; a de “sibilos nos últimos 12 meses” (asma atual), 28,3%, e a taxa de “asma diagnosticada”, 12,4%. Para os sintomas associados à gravidade da asma, como “sibilos com limite da fala”, “quatro ou mais crises de sibilos no último ano” e “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana”, as taxas foram, respectivamente, 4,1%, 3,9% e 6,7%. A taxa de “sibilos pós-exercícios” foi 7,2%, e a de “tosse seca noturna” foi de 39,7%. Houve predomínio no sexo masculino, com significância estatística, de sibilos cumulativos (p<0,001) e asma atual (p=0,04). “Sibilos com limite da fala”, “sono interrompido por sibilos uma ou mais noites por semana” e “sibilos pós exercícios” predominaram no grupo das escolas públicas (p=0,002, p=0,002 e p=0,003, respectivamente). As prevalências de rinite cumulativa, rinite atual, rinoconjuntivite e rinite diagnosticada foram, respectivamente, 49,9%, 42,0%, 15,0% e 28,1%, predominando entre as crianças das escolas particulares (p<0,001 para todos), sem diferença entre os sexos. Interferência dos sintomas nasais com as atividades diárias foi relatada por 25,3% dos pesquisados, sem diferença entre os sexos. Além de rinoconjuntivite, o uso de paracetamol pelo menos uma vez\mês no último ano, o tabagismo materno, o tabagismo paterno e a exposição a animais domésticos no 1º ano de vida foram, independentemente, associados à asma, nesse grupo etário, como fatores agravantes. Conclusões: As prevalências de sintomas de asma e rinite continuam elevadas e crescentes entre os adolescentes de 13-14 anos em Fortaleza, mantendo o predomínio no sexo feminino e entre os alunos das escolas particulares. As prevalências de asma e rinite em escolares de 6 e 7 anos morando em Fortaleza mostraram-se elevadas, e acima da média nacional, com predomínio dos sintomas de asma no sexo masculino e entre o grupo das escolas públicas, onde a asma também é mais grave. Os sintomas de rinite predominaram no grupo das escolas privadas, e não apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos. Nos dois grupos etários, asma e rinite mostraram-se subdiagnosticadas. Fatores clínicos, ambientais e hábitos alimentares estão associados a essas elevadas taxas; o consumo de frutas 3 ou mais vezes por semana mostrou-se protetor contra os sintomas de asma entre os adolescentes. Intervenções que atuem nesses fatores podem reduzir a ocorrência de asma nessas populações. / Objective: To determine the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis in 6-7 years old schoolchildren in Fortaleza; to describe the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis in 13-14 years old adolescents in the same city, in 2010, comparing the results with those obtained in a prevalence survey conducted in 2006-2007; and to identify factors associated with asthma in these two age groups in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire, involving probabilistic samples of 3,015 and 3,020 adolescents in surveys conducted in 2006-2007 and 2010, respectively, and 2,020 schoolchildren in 2010. Results: Among adolescents, comparing the two periods, the prevalences of exercise-induced wheezing, dry cough at night, and physician-diagnosed asthma were significantly higher in 2010 than in the 2006-2007 period (p < 0.01 for all). There were no significant differences regarding cumulative wheezing, active asthma, four or more wheezing attacks within the last year, sleep disturbed by wheezing more than one night per week, and speech-limiting wheezing. The prevalence of severe rhinitis was significantly lower in 2010 (p = 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences between the two periods regarding cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis. In both periods, cumulative wheezing, dry cough at night, cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis were significantly more prevalent in females than in males (p < 0.01 for all). Also in both periods, active asthma, current rhinitis, and rhinoconjunctivitis were more prevalent in private school students than in public school students (p < 0.01 for all). Rhinoconjunctivitis and the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks three or more times per week were independently and positively associated with asthma; consumption of fruits three or more times per week was negatively associated with asthma. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), the prevalences of “wheezing ever”, “wheezing within the last 12 months” (active asthma) and “asthma ever” (physician-diagnosed asthma) were 52.6%, 28.3% and 12.4%, respectively. The prevalences of symptoms associated with asthma severity, such as "speech-limiting wheeze", "four or more wheezing attacks in the last 12 months" and "sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week", were, respectively, 4.1%, 3.9% and 6.7%. The rate of "wheezing after exercise" was 7.2%, and that of "night cough" was 39.7%. The prevalences of “wheezing ever” (p<0.001) and active asthma (p=0.04) were higher among males. Public school students presented higher prevalences of "speech-limiting wheezing", “sleep disturbed due to wheezing one or more nights a week" and "wheezing after exercise" (p=0.002, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). The prevalence of cumulative rhinitis, current rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and physician-diagnosed rhinitis was 49.9%, 42.0%, 15.0% and 28.1%, respectively. Rhinitis symptoms and physician-diagnosed rhinitis were significantly more prevalent among private school students (OR = 0.55, CI 95%: 0.46 – 0.66, p<0.001; OR= 0.50, CI95%: 0.41 – 0.60, p<0.001; OR = 0.67, CI95%: 0.52 – 0.85, p<0.001; OR=0.15, CI95%: 0.12-0.19, p<0.001, respectively), without differences between genders. Interference with daily activities was reported by 25.3% and 5.7% reported to be moderately or severely affected, without difference between genders. Rhinoconjunctivitis (OR=2.19, CI: 1.24-3.86, p=0.007), paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months (OR=3.48, CI: 1.94-6.24, p < 0.001), maternal smoking (OR=3.18, CI: 1.21-8.30, p=0.018), paternal smoking (OR=2.14, CI: 1.01-4.54, p=0.047) and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life (OR=2.26, CI: 1.25-4.06, p = 0.007) were independently and positively associated with asthma. Conclusions: Our data show that the prevalences of asthma and rhinitis symptoms remain increasing among 13-14-year old adolescents in Fortaleza, predominantly among females and private school students. The prevalence rates of asthma and rhinitis in schoolchildren aged 6-7 years are also high, above the national average. Symptoms related to asthma were predominant among males and public school students, whereas rhinitis was predominant among private school students, without differences between genders. It was also observed that asthma and rhinitis are underdiagnosed in these two populations in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil. Among adolescents, dietary factors were the most associated with asthma in this study. Besides rhinoconjunctivitis, the consumption of stuffed biscuits and fried snacks (foods with high content of saturated fat) three or more times per week were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors, while the consumptions of fruits three or more times per week was associated with asthma as protective factor. Among schoolchildren (6-7 years of age), besides rhinoconjunctivitis, paracetamol at least once per month in the last 12 months, maternal smoking, paternal smoking and contact with cat or dog in the first year of life were independently associated with asthma as aggravating factors. Interventions acting on these factors may decrease the occurrence of asthma in these populations.

Page generated in 0.0497 seconds