Daily rhythms of physiology and behaviour in mammals are orchestrated by a hierarchical network of cellular oscillators. The master pacemaker that defines local and systemic timing across the brain and body are the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN). Disruption to the timing of sleep and daily behavioural activity can manifest in a range of pathologies including neuropsychiatric disorders. Bipolar disorder (BPD) is once such neurological condition that exhibits profound associations with altered circadian rhythm generation and whose toolkit of pharmacological interventions impact upon circadian rhythm generation. Currently it is unclear exactly how changes to rhythmic physiology contribute to the aetiology and pathology of BPD. In recent years, rodent models possessing lesions within genes that make up the basic cellular oscillator are widely reported to exhibit concomitant changes in affective behaviours, namely mania-like phenotypes. Recently a mouse model possessing a mutation within the neuron-specific Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) alpha3 subunit, known as Myshkin, was described as a model of the manic phase of BPD. The NKA alpha3 is not reported as a critical element of the circadian oscillator and we used this opportunity to characterise the behavioural and physiological circadian system of these animals. Under wheel-running paradigms Myk/+ animals exhibited a broad array of behavioural deficits including lengthened, low amplitude and labile free-running rhythms, altered phase re-setting and elevated metabolic activity. Physiological characterisation of the SCN revealed deficits in amplitude of electrical output and changes to post-synaptic signalling although the ex vivo molecular pacemaking of the SCN remained intact. Myshkin animals therefore represent a novel model in which changes to central output arise independently of changes to basic molecular pacemaking. Despite this seemingly distinct mechanism Myshkin animals share many mood and circadian phenotypes with other clock gene models of affective behaviours highlighting that changes to pacemaking output of the SCN may be a critical factor across animal models exhibiting circadian and mood deficits. In addition, the impact of the mood stabiliser lithium, commonly prescribed in BPD, on cellular pathways within the SCN was investigated. Lithium consistently lengthens the period of cellular and behavioural rhythms in mammals although the mechanism of this action is yet undefined. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) are the major biochemical targets of lithium at therapeutic concentrations. GSK3β is known to shorten rhythms and this study targeted IMPase and inositol phosphate turnover in the period lengthening effects of lithium. We reveal that although inhibition of IMPase dampens SCN molecular rhythms, the period of oscillations remains unchanged and therefore lithium acts upon distinct cellular pathways within the SCN to exert effects on period.

Master of Music / School of Music, Theatre, and Dance / Frederick Burrack / Finding a systematic process for teaching rhythms in the instrumental setting has presented its own set of challenges. Numerous factors such as time constraints, engagement, motivation, and various degrees of proficiency amongst the students can all play a part in the overall success of the group. This video presentation includes a teaching demonstration utilizing techniques acquired from MU680-A (Advanced Rehearsal Techniques). Using rhythm readiness sheets modeled by Dr. Jay Gilbert and specific rehearsal techniques taught by Dr. Frank Tracz, this presentation exhibits a process for teaching rhythms that increases retention of rhythmic patterns in a way that enables all students to engage in the learning process simultaneously. The lesson plan is explained in detail and the routine was repeated daily and eventually implemented into the twelve-minute warmup portion of the rehearsal. After three weeks the students were recorded and asked to reflect on their progression. A noticeable change was observed after the lesson was completed and applied to the piece. In addition, the method also revealed several hidden learning outcomes, such as facilitating independence as musicians, utilizing listening skills to distinguish how various patterns fit within an established pulse, and increasing student motivation by creating positive rehearsals with attainable goals. The result was a performance showcasing the growth of the ensemble’s overall musicianship. The rhythm readiness sheet and concept that was utilized in the teaching demonstration is credited to Dr. Jay Gilbert. The rhythm readiness sheet is not copyrighted or published, however expressed written consent was granted by Dr. Gilbert and can be found in the Appendix.

This paper focuses on the prosody of spontaneous speech in specific field - service-oriented speech and non-service-oriented speech. It investigates the prosodic features of "service attitude utterances" and "neutral attitude utterances" in Mandarin Chinese. As study of spontaneous speech, the corpus is collected from service workplaces and two participated are included. Based on adjusted definition of prosody and intonation, this research examines the prosody factors of pitch range, mean pitch, tempo and involving accent of phrase. The research problem of this paper is to investigate prosodic patterns of service attitude utterances and neutral attitude utterances. The study defines the attitudes of "service attitude" to contrast with "neutral attitude", and classifies utterances according to prosodic structures into two types. Contrastive analyses include prosodic features of different attitudes speeches as well as of different prosodic structures. The conclusion of this study is pitch range and pitch scale both contributes to the expression of service attitude and they are not exclusive. Widening the pitch range and enlarging the pitch scale are realizations of service attitude utterances. Tempo and the accent of prosodic phrase show little relation to service attitude speech. 本文研究具體的語言場所一服務業和非服務業的自然話語的韻律特徵，考察漢語中“服務態度”和“中性態度”的韻律特點。作為自然話語研究，本文實驗的語料來自兩位發音人的其實工作場所。為了研究需要，本文重新定義了韻律和語調的關條，在此基礎上考察音域，平均基頻值，語速，以及韻律短語重音等韻律因素。 本文的研究問題是考察“服務態度”和“中性態度”兩種話語中的韻律特徵。為此，本文定義了自然話語中的“服務態度”和“中性態度”，並且將話語按照韻律結構分為兩組。文章涵蓋了兩種態度話語的韻律特徵對此，以及不同韻律結構問話語特徵的對比分析。 最終， 研究得出結論， 話語的音城和音階都有助於表達“服務態度”，兩者並不衝突，擴大音域和提高音階實現是“服務態度”表達的方式。同時發現，語速和韻律短語重音對表達“服務態度”沒有直接影響。

Since World War II Canadian literary criticism has tended to be either historical or aesthetic in its emphasis. Little or no interest has been shown in the linguistic approach to criticism; no work has been done on Canadian poets comparable to the writing of Donald David and David Abercrombie on English poets, or of Chatman or Miles on American poets. It is the purpose of this thesis to make a preliminary survey of contemporary Canadian poets from Pratt to Newlove, with particular reference to their style and technique. Special attention will be given to rhythm, and sound, relating Canadian poets' experience to contemporary trends elsewhere. Central to this study is the concept of rhythm in poetry. For the older poets, Pratt and Klein, rhythm was contained in the traditional metres. Raymond Bolster, influenced by the Chicago poets, directed attention to the imagist conception of free verse; and this led, among the poets of the forties, to an increasing interest in the experiments of Pound and Williams. In the fifties, Olson, Duncan, Creeley and Ginsberg began to emphasize the oral and linguistic side of poetry-making. Their influence, first felt in Eastern Canada, has recently gained recognition on the West Coast. The Canadian poets dealt with in this study are those specifically concerned with new experiments in rhythm and sound, and for this reason such poets as Birney and Layton have been excluded. Their eclecticism and frequent changes in style would seem to deserve specialized. research. In this present work, Chapter I defines the terms used and summarizes various critical views on verse techniques, from the Russian Formalists up to the present. Chapter II deals with the forerunners of experimentation, Pratt and Klein. Of the two, Klein was the greater technician, a poet who played with many metrical forms. Both men, however, were deeply concerned with language and its relation to poetry, and this linguistic interest undoubtedly Influenced younger poets. Chapter III examines the imagist movement and in particular its effect on the poet of the thirties, Raymond Knister. Although he used metaphor and symbol, the emphasis which Knister put upon the object— "little things and great"— did great service to the growth of an indigenous, objective movement in Canadian poetry. This movement is the subject of chapters IV and V, in which the work of Souster and Dudek is examined. Chapter VI considers the poetry of Milton Acorn as it relates to the imagism and social commentary already present in the poetry of Souster and Dudek. An unusual aspect of Acorn's verse is its didactic note, expressed in resonant rhythms. Chapter VII examines the style of Alfred Purdy. Although he eschews rhyme, he uses the Iambic stance whenever it suits his purpose. Purdy's own personal rhythm dominates the content and structure of all his poetry. In conclusion Chapter VIII refers to the contemporary scene in British Columbia, attempting to show that the experimental trends from the western States and from eastern Canada have united in the work of Phyllis Webb, James Reid and John Newlove. Each one, though markedly individual, is profoundly conscious of the spoken word, the linguistic collecation of words, and the importance of syntax as a propeller of rhythm and sound. Newlove's poetry is especially singled out as being an 'oral' and 'aural' reflection of his place and time. An Appendix is attached which described the Trager and Smith approach to stress, intonation and juncture, with some critical notes on its application to the art of poetry. Throughout this thesis, the emphasis is on an examination of a poet's style rather than an evaluation of his content. Nonetheless it should be borne in mind that "Sound and meter...must be studied as elements of the totality of a work of art, not in isolation from meaning." An examination of Canadian poetry from Pratt to Purdy must recognize the intimate interplay that exists between thought and expression. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

Four studies were undertaken to investigate the advance planning and perception of simple rhythmic patterns. Subjects listened to patterns of identical, computer-generated tones and then reproduced them as accurately as possible by tapping on a single response key. Section One focussed on the advance planning of isochronous rhythmic patterns in which subjects performed the additional task of initiating pattern reproduction as quickly as possible. In Experiment 1, subjects listened to patterns of one to six tones with interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 300 ms. The reproduction phase involved no stimulus uncertainty. Reaction time (RT) was found to increase linearly with number of response events. Advance planning thus occurs for patterns reproduced as slow as 300 ms per response event. Stimulus uncertainty is not a necessary condition for RT to increase with response complexity. In Experiment 2, subjects reproduced patterns of one to eight tones with ISIs of 200, 400, 600, and 800 ms. A linear RT trend was found only at the 200-ms rate. Patterns slower than this rate did not display "response coherence". Patterns at the 200-ms and 400-ms rates showed evidence of grouping through the accenting of first and last intervals. These patterns' displayed "perceptual coherence". Section Two focussed on the perceptual organization of patterns in which pattern structures could suggest the grouping of events as two equal-duration intervals. In Experiment 3, subjects reproduced two series of patterns, one series in which the suggested grouping-intervals were initiated by external-world events, and one in which they were not. Pattern structures in the latter series were not suggestive enough to induce grouping of events as two equal-duration intervals. Patterns were instead grouped as two intervals of unequal duration showing that the relative temporal positions of external-world events dominates in simple perceptual grouping. Experiment 4 investigated the upper temporal limit of perceptual grouping intervals and the influence of number of group constituents. Results showed that perceptual grouping of events that span more than 1800 ms is seldom accomplished and that grouping occurs when intervals contain up to seven constituents. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Internal clocks, or circadian rhythms, are nearly ubiquitous across taxa (e.g., animals, plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria), and it is widely believed that a biological clock benefits organisms by enabling them to schedule behavioral and physiological changes in anticipation of predictable changes in environmental conditions. Theory and evidence suggest it is important that the internal clock resonate closely with the 24-h daily cycle. Recently, however, Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer, 1841) (Araneidae) was revealed to have a circadian clock with a period of about 19 h, which was presumed to be anomalous. Here, we report on the behavioral rhythms of a nocturnal orbweaver, Metazygia wittfeldae (McCook, 1894), from the same family. Under laboratory conditions of a 12:12 h light:dark cycle, we found that locomotor activity initiates shortly after dark, reaching a peak early in the dark phase, continuing at a lower level throughout the remaining dark phase, and then diminishing shortly after lights-on. Locomotor activity continued to cycle under constant dark conditions with a mean free-running period of 22.7 h. We also found a second component in the free-running activity (mean 11.5 h) which correlated very tightly with the free-running period. Thus, M. wittfeldae has what can be considered a typical circadian clock resonating with the 24-h day. Notably, however, there were two outliers close to the 19-h period observed in C.Turbinata, suggesting that there may be sufficient variation in clock period among araneid spiders upon which selection could act leading to the short-period clocks in C.Turbinata.

Almost all organisms have approximately a 24-hour circadian rhythm that enables them to anticipate their environment’s daily rhythmicity. Anticipation increases their likelihood of success in foraging, reproduction, predation, and other life events. Therefore, a disruption of their endogenous clock results in detrimental physiological consequences that significantly impact organisms’ fitness. Surprisingly, we have found numerous spider species with free-running periods that deviate greatly from 24 hours. Free-running period (FRP) is a standard measurement of the period of an organism’s circadian rhythm found by measuring periodicity of behaviors or physiology under constant conditions (e.g., constant darkness and temperature). So far, these extreme spider FRPs have only been observed in the superfamily Araneoidea, but we have only limited sampling of species outside this clade. Therefore, we want to fill this data gap of non-araneoid spiders to deepen our understanding of the evolution of circadian clocks in spiders. Also, we will observe if significant deviation from 24 hours and wide variation in FRP are common to all spider species or are only characteristics of araneoid spiders. Here, we describe the FRPs of four non-araneoid spider species belonging to the RTA clade: Schizocosa avida, Phidippus audax, Agelenopsis pennsylvanica, and Mecaphesa celer. We detected significant free runs (mean + SD) at p<0.001 using Lomb-Scargle periodograms in three out of the four species: S. avida (23.84 ± 1.03 h); P. audax (22.67 ± 0.36 h); and A. pennsylvanica (23.97 ± 0.32 h). However, M. celer was found to be arrhythmic under constant conditions. These findings of near 24-hour FRPs with low deviation among the RTA species, along with previous data, strongly suggest that extreme FRPs are confined to the Araneoidea clade. Thus, we have phylogenetically localized a major evolutionary change in the circadian system of spiders occurring in the Araneoidea clade, approximately 170 million years ago.

I denna studie undersöker jag hur rytmläsning och rytmnotation gestaltar sig för instrumentlärare. För att nå studiens syfte gjordes kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare i olika instrument: två pianolärare, två gitarrlärare, en blåsinstrumentlärare och en slagverkslärare. Resultatet visar att instrumentlärarna använder kroppen, rösten och rytmkort som hjälpmedel för att träna på rytmläsning med nybörjarelever. När det handlar om elever på en mer avancerad nivå utrycker lärarna att rytmerna lärs ut på gehör. Nedskrivning av rytm var inte något som lärarna lade stor vikt på i. I diskussionen analyseras resultatet ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där informanternas svar och val av metoder diskuteras i förhållande till ålder, instrument och sammanhang de undervisar i.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21255号 / 医博第4373号 / 新制||医||1029(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 柳田 素子, 教授 渡邊 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Abstract Yeoville presents a particular context of the inner city in decline and has been identified by the city as a suburb in need of regeneration. In 2004, The Yeoville Rockey/Raleigh High Street Development was conceived as the urban regeneration strategy for the upgrading of the suburb. The objectives of this strategy were to upgrade strategic public facilities and to improve urban management of the area over a period of five years. Through the prioritisation of a privatised urban management system, the aim was to attract a new middle class back into Yeoville (gentrification). However, the absence of a plan for dealing with the socio-economic challenges faced by the existing poorer residents has leads to cultural and class conflicts. International experience has shown that in order to achieve the long-term, strategic regeneration of poorer neighbourhoods, social networks and community development should be prioritised. An effective regeneration strategy should budget for capacity building from the outset and should involve citizens in the design and decision making process in order to ensure that the needs of all the local actors are met and that all possible resources are mobilised. At the forefront of this approach are alternative methodologies like social network analysis, which aim to reconnect the social, cultural and economic dimensions of society to rhythms of space and time. The focus on the mapping of existing social capital resources helps to pinpoint the opportunities, and constraints presented within neighbourhoods and ultimately guide the restructuring process in a meaningful and relevant way.