This thesis aims to establish a greater understanding of the effects of the single-sided robotic tufting process on component manufacturing costs and weight, and subsequently determine whether potential economic benefits can be realised through its implementation. To complete this assessment, the study uses the novel composite rib post application of the Next Generation Composite Wing (NGCW) project as an example case, investigating the component’s manufacturing cost, performance and weight relative to those of a non-tufted rib post with the same initial fabric layup, and a prepreg rib post with the same fibre orientation and fibre volume fraction. Detailed analyses of the tufted composite rib post manufacturing process have established the relationships between its manufacturing activities and the consumed resources, facilitating the creation of a novel cost model incorporating algorithms defining the robotic tufting process, which may be adapted for different geometries and tuft parameters. In addition, novel permeability data for the considered tufted preform have been obtained experimentally allowing the simulation of the liquid composite manufacturing process. The insertion of tufting in the studied arrangement was shown to decrease the in-plane permeability of the preform, reducing the characteristic by a factor of 3.5 in the direction perpendicular to the tuft seams, and 1.8 in the direction parallel. Completing structural analyses and further cost modelling, the study considers the manufacturing costs and weight of each of the studied components when performance is normalised. Implementing weight penalties including lifetime fuel consumption and lifetime revenue, appreciation is given to the potential lifetime costs generated by each of the structural solutions. Comparing the amalgamated costs of each component, relative economy has been evaluated both when considering equipment amortisation and also the use of pre-amortised equipment. Considering lifetime fuel cost/kg as the weight penalty, the novel composite rib post has greater economy within the pure pull-off load case without tufting due to its lower manufacturing costs. However, with the consideration of a more significant weight penalty, such as potential increased lifetime revenue, the use of the novel composite rib post results in superior economy, its lifetime cost/part is estimated to be 14% less than the component without tufting and 61% less than the lifetime cost/part of the prepreg component. Critical evaluations of the project’s methodologies have highlighted the various assumptions made due to the limitations of available information and means to perform certain validations. Under these circumstances the assumptions are believed to be the best representations of what is experienced in reality. As far as possible, errors believed to be the result of assumptions have been accounted for in rigorous error analyses to establish their propagation through the various calculations performed. These analyses have provided confidence in the results of the study, ensuring the significance of the determined economical differences between the investigated components.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta de crescimento e desenvolvimento tecidual de gordura e músculo, através de medidas seriadas obtidas por ultrassom em fêmeas Brangus após desmama, até os 16 meses de idade em diferentes manejos alimentares. O trabalho envolveu 43 fêmeas da raça Brangus. No início do estudo os animais apresentavam uma média de peso vivo (PV) ajustado aos 205 dias de idade de 172.9 ± 18.45 kg e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos de manejo alimentar (MA). O tratamento 1 (T1, n = 9) com média de PV e erro padrão de 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectivamente. O tratamento 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, tratamento 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg e tratamento 4 (T4, n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. As características peso vivo, área do músculo longissimus (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) foram mensuradas dos 205 até os 485 dias de idade, enquanto que espessura de gordura na picanha (EGP) foi mensurada dos 261 até os 485 dias de idade. O peso vivo, AOL, EGS e EGP foram avaliados a cada 56 dias. O ganho médio diário (GMD) de PV apresentou uma grande influência no crescimento e na deposição dos tecidos muscular e adiposo, sendo necessários ganhos acima de 0.566 kg/dia, para que possa ocorrer o crescimento destes tecidos. A deposição de gordura de cobertura pode ser comprometida em animais que experimentam ganhos médios diários menores que 0.401 kg/dia na fase de recria, culminando com perda de escore corporal. Nas condições deste estudo, o manejo alimentar T4 mostrou impacto no aumento do peso vivo e deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo aos 16 meses de idade. O manejo alimentar com suplementação energética diária por um período de 112 dias durante o inverno sob condições de pastoreio, afetou positivamente a percentagem do peso vivo maduro aos 16 meses de idade, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da área do músculo longissimus, espessura de gordura na costela e espessura de gordura na picanha. As magnitudes das taxas de ganho de peso vivo são determinantes na deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo. A ultrassonografia em tempo real é uma tecnologia que pode ser utilizada para estimar o desenvolvimento tecidual da gordura e músculo com medidas repetidas no tempo, para ser utilizada como ferramenta de manejo e método de seleção de novilhas de reposição para obtenção de eficiência no sistema de produção. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and tissue development of fat and muscle through serial measurements obtained by ultrasound in Brangus females after weaning until 16 months of age under different feeding management. The study involved 43 Brangus breed females. At the begin of study the animals had an average body weight (BW) set at 205 days of age of 172.9 ± 18.45 kg and were randomized into four feeding management treatments (MA). Treatment 1 (T1, n = 9) with an average of BW and standard error of 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, treatment 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg and Treatment 4 (T4 n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. The characteristics BW, rib eye area (REA), back fat thickness (BF), were measured from 205 to 485 days of age, while rump fat (RF) was measured from 261 to 485 days age. Body weight, REA, BF and RF were evaluated every 56 days. The average daily gain (ADG) had a strong influence on growth and deposition of muscle and fat tissues, requiring gains above of 0.566 kg/day, to occur growth of these tissues. The deposition of fat cover may be compromised in animals with average daily gain lower than 0.401 kg/day in the growing phase, culminating in loss of body score condition. In our study, feeding management T4 showed impact on the increase of body weight and tissue deposition of fat and muscle to 16 months of age. The feeding regime with daily energy supplementation for a period of 112 days during the winter under grazing conditions, positively affected the percentage of mature body weight at 16 months of age, growth and development of rib eye area, back fat thickness and rump fat. The magnitudes of live weight gain rates are crucial in tissue deposition of fat and muscle. The real-time ultrasound is a technology that can be used to estimate the tissue development of fat and muscle with repeated measures over time, to be used as a management tool and replacement heifer selection method for obtaining efficient production system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:46:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreno_gmb_me_jabo.pdf: 352503 bytes, checksum: 6ae1341109d20344528d13b1062a3175 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Utilizou-se 32 cordeiros Ile de France, não castrados, alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milho ou cana-de-açúcar em duas relações volumoso:concentrado, 60:40 ou 40:60. Os animais permaneceram confinados individualmente com controle do alimento fornecido e sobras, e foram abatidos aos 32 kg de peso corporal. O ganho de peso foi maior nos animais alimentados com silagem de milho (294,6 g/dia) e na relação 40:60 (314,3 g/dia). Cordeiros alimentados com silagem de milho apresentaram maior consumo de todos os nutrientes digestíveis, exceto de proteína bruta (PB) (162,00 g/dia) e carboidratos não fibrosos (471,42 g/dia). Houve maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (78,91%), PB (81,30%) e energia bruta (78,77%) nos animais alimentados com cana-de-açúcar. As características in vivo e da carcaça dos cordeiros não foram afetadas (p>0,05) pela relação volumoso:concentrado e tipo de volumoso, exceto a condição corporal, que foi maior (3,85) nos cordeiros alimentados com 40% de volumoso. O conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal foi maior nos cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar (15,17%) e na relação 60:40 (14,55%). Os rendimentos de carcaça quente (48,6%) e comercial (47,3%) foram menores nos cordeiros que receberam cana-de-açúcar. Houve menor rendimento de lombo nos cordeiros alimentados com cana-de-açúcar (9,1%) e na relação 60:40 (9,2%)... / Thirty-two male Ile de France lambs, non castrated, were submitted to diets containing corn silage or sugar cane with two roughage:concentrate ratio, 60:40 or 40:60. The lambs were confined individually with control of the food supplied and leftovers and were slaughtered at 32 kg of body weight. The daily weight gain were greater for lambs fed up with corn silage (294.6 g/day) and for the 40:60 roughage:concentrate ratio (314.3 g/day). Lambs fed up with corn silage showed greater intake for all digestible nutrients, except for crude protein (162.0 g/day) and non fiber carbohydrate (471.42 g/day). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (78.91%), crude protein (81.30%) and crude energy (78.77%) were greater in lambs that received sugar cane. The in vivo and carcasses traits were not affected (p>0.05) by diets, except for the corporal condition, that was greater (3.85) in lambs that received 40% of roughage. The contain of gastrointestinal tract was greater in lambs fed up with sugar cane (15.17%) and 60% of roughage (14.55%). The warm (48.6%) and commercial (47.3%) carcass yields were smaller in lambs that received sugar cane, 48.6 and 47.3%. There was smaller loin yield in the lambs fed up with sugar cane (9.1%) and 60% of roughage (9.2%)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta de crescimento e desenvolvimento tecidual de gordura e músculo, através de medidas seriadas obtidas por ultrassom em fêmeas Brangus após desmama, até os 16 meses de idade em diferentes manejos alimentares. O trabalho envolveu 43 fêmeas da raça Brangus. No início do estudo os animais apresentavam uma média de peso vivo (PV) ajustado aos 205 dias de idade de 172.9 ± 18.45 kg e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos de manejo alimentar (MA). O tratamento 1 (T1, n = 9) com média de PV e erro padrão de 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectivamente. O tratamento 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, tratamento 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg e tratamento 4 (T4, n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. As características peso vivo, área do músculo longissimus (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) foram mensuradas dos 205 até os 485 dias de idade, enquanto que espessura de gordura na picanha (EGP) foi mensurada dos 261 até os 485 dias de idade. O peso vivo, AOL, EGS e EGP foram avaliados a cada 56 dias. O ganho médio diário (GMD) de PV apresentou uma grande influência no crescimento e na deposição dos tecidos muscular e adiposo, sendo necessários ganhos acima de 0.566 kg/dia, para que possa ocorrer o crescimento destes tecidos. A deposição de gordura de cobertura pode ser comprometida em animais que experimentam ganhos médios diários menores que 0.401 kg/dia na fase de recria, culminando com perda de escore corporal. Nas condições deste estudo, o manejo alimentar T4 mostrou impacto no aumento do peso vivo e deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo aos 16 meses de idade. O manejo alimentar com suplementação energética diária por um período de 112 dias durante o inverno sob condições de pastoreio, afetou positivamente a percentagem do peso vivo maduro aos 16 meses de idade, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da área do músculo longissimus, espessura de gordura na costela e espessura de gordura na picanha. As magnitudes das taxas de ganho de peso vivo são determinantes na deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo. A ultrassonografia em tempo real é uma tecnologia que pode ser utilizada para estimar o desenvolvimento tecidual da gordura e músculo com medidas repetidas no tempo, para ser utilizada como ferramenta de manejo e método de seleção de novilhas de reposição para obtenção de eficiência no sistema de produção. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and tissue development of fat and muscle through serial measurements obtained by ultrasound in Brangus females after weaning until 16 months of age under different feeding management. The study involved 43 Brangus breed females. At the begin of study the animals had an average body weight (BW) set at 205 days of age of 172.9 ± 18.45 kg and were randomized into four feeding management treatments (MA). Treatment 1 (T1, n = 9) with an average of BW and standard error of 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, treatment 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg and Treatment 4 (T4 n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. The characteristics BW, rib eye area (REA), back fat thickness (BF), were measured from 205 to 485 days of age, while rump fat (RF) was measured from 261 to 485 days age. Body weight, REA, BF and RF were evaluated every 56 days. The average daily gain (ADG) had a strong influence on growth and deposition of muscle and fat tissues, requiring gains above of 0.566 kg/day, to occur growth of these tissues. The deposition of fat cover may be compromised in animals with average daily gain lower than 0.401 kg/day in the growing phase, culminating in loss of body score condition. In our study, feeding management T4 showed impact on the increase of body weight and tissue deposition of fat and muscle to 16 months of age. The feeding regime with daily energy supplementation for a period of 112 days during the winter under grazing conditions, positively affected the percentage of mature body weight at 16 months of age, growth and development of rib eye area, back fat thickness and rump fat. The magnitudes of live weight gain rates are crucial in tissue deposition of fat and muscle. The real-time ultrasound is a technology that can be used to estimate the tissue development of fat and muscle with repeated measures over time, to be used as a management tool and replacement heifer selection method for obtaining efficient production system.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta de crescimento e desenvolvimento tecidual de gordura e músculo, através de medidas seriadas obtidas por ultrassom em fêmeas Brangus após desmama, até os 16 meses de idade em diferentes manejos alimentares. O trabalho envolveu 43 fêmeas da raça Brangus. No início do estudo os animais apresentavam uma média de peso vivo (PV) ajustado aos 205 dias de idade de 172.9 ± 18.45 kg e foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos de manejo alimentar (MA). O tratamento 1 (T1, n = 9) com média de PV e erro padrão de 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectivamente. O tratamento 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, tratamento 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg e tratamento 4 (T4, n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. As características peso vivo, área do músculo longissimus (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) foram mensuradas dos 205 até os 485 dias de idade, enquanto que espessura de gordura na picanha (EGP) foi mensurada dos 261 até os 485 dias de idade. O peso vivo, AOL, EGS e EGP foram avaliados a cada 56 dias. O ganho médio diário (GMD) de PV apresentou uma grande influência no crescimento e na deposição dos tecidos muscular e adiposo, sendo necessários ganhos acima de 0.566 kg/dia, para que possa ocorrer o crescimento destes tecidos. A deposição de gordura de cobertura pode ser comprometida em animais que experimentam ganhos médios diários menores que 0.401 kg/dia na fase de recria, culminando com perda de escore corporal. Nas condições deste estudo, o manejo alimentar T4 mostrou impacto no aumento do peso vivo e deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo aos 16 meses de idade. O manejo alimentar com suplementação energética diária por um período de 112 dias durante o inverno sob condições de pastoreio, afetou positivamente a percentagem do peso vivo maduro aos 16 meses de idade, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da área do músculo longissimus, espessura de gordura na costela e espessura de gordura na picanha. As magnitudes das taxas de ganho de peso vivo são determinantes na deposição tecidual de gordura e músculo. A ultrassonografia em tempo real é uma tecnologia que pode ser utilizada para estimar o desenvolvimento tecidual da gordura e músculo com medidas repetidas no tempo, para ser utilizada como ferramenta de manejo e método de seleção de novilhas de reposição para obtenção de eficiência no sistema de produção. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and tissue development of fat and muscle through serial measurements obtained by ultrasound in Brangus females after weaning until 16 months of age under different feeding management. The study involved 43 Brangus breed females. At the begin of study the animals had an average body weight (BW) set at 205 days of age of 172.9 ± 18.45 kg and were randomized into four feeding management treatments (MA). Treatment 1 (T1, n = 9) with an average of BW and standard error of 160.1 ± 2.5 kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (T2, n = 9) 158.1 ± 4.4 kg, treatment 3 (T3, n = 9) 167.3 ± 3.8 kg and Treatment 4 (T4 n = 16) 170.8 ± 3.6 kg. The characteristics BW, rib eye area (REA), back fat thickness (BF), were measured from 205 to 485 days of age, while rump fat (RF) was measured from 261 to 485 days age. Body weight, REA, BF and RF were evaluated every 56 days. The average daily gain (ADG) had a strong influence on growth and deposition of muscle and fat tissues, requiring gains above of 0.566 kg/day, to occur growth of these tissues. The deposition of fat cover may be compromised in animals with average daily gain lower than 0.401 kg/day in the growing phase, culminating in loss of body score condition. In our study, feeding management T4 showed impact on the increase of body weight and tissue deposition of fat and muscle to 16 months of age. The feeding regime with daily energy supplementation for a period of 112 days during the winter under grazing conditions, positively affected the percentage of mature body weight at 16 months of age, growth and development of rib eye area, back fat thickness and rump fat. The magnitudes of live weight gain rates are crucial in tissue deposition of fat and muscle. The real-time ultrasound is a technology that can be used to estimate the tissue development of fat and muscle with repeated measures over time, to be used as a management tool and replacement heifer selection method for obtaining efficient production system.

RIB är ett verktyg som kan användas vidverksamhet med riskhantering, förebyggande av olyckor, utbildning, för tillsyn, planering och vid genomförande av räddningstjänstinsatser. Meningen är att RIB ska kunna användas av personer som endast har en grundläggande datorvana utan att dessa ska behöva genomgå en omfattande utbildning i hur programmet fungerar. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att identifiera brister i gränssnitt och struktur i RIB utan inblandning av Räddningsverkets egna värderingar och förutfattade meningar. Arbetet inleddes med teoriinhämtning varefter empiriska studier följde i form av genomgång av en marknadsanalys, intervjuer med användare samt observation av användare. Under arbetets gång utformades också en utvärderingsmodell för användartest, denna låg till grund för ett utfört användbarhetstest. Arbetet har resulterat i en diskussion dör förändringar i RIB föreslås. Del föreslås förändringar i den övergripande strukturen för att göra RIB mer konsekvent i dess utformning och därigenom göra det lättare för användaren att överblicka programmet. Dels föreslås förändringar i de olika delar som RIB består av som är tänkta att göra det enklare för användaren att överblicka all information i en akut situation. / RIB is a tool that can be used for activities such as risk management, emergency prevention, education, supervision, planning and when carrying out a rescue operation. The objective is that novice users should be able to use RIB without the need of extensive training in how the program works. The purpose of this master thesis has been to identify deficiencies in the user interface and structure of RIB without any interference from the Swedish Rescue Services Agency concerning its values and preconceived notions.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Previous studies have shown that the use of chloride mass balance (CMB) method is a suitable and practical approach to estimate groundwater recharge. This enables the prediction of groundwater availability to inform practical strategies for managing groundwater resources. However, such studies have largely applied the chloride mass balance method on national and catchment scales with limited focus on quaternary catchment level (QCL). Neglecting the chloride mass balance method at quaternary catchment level limits practical management and utilization of water resources at quaternary catchment level. The goal of the current study was to prove that 1) the chloride mass balance method should be applied at quaternary catchment level to ensure practical assessment of groundwater availability and that 2) chloride mass balance assessment should be accompanied with supplementary methods for its application in quaternary catchments of similar physiographic and hydrogeologic conditions. To achieve these goals, the present study assessed the application of chloride mass balance method on a pilot scale used alongside rainwater infiltration breakthrough (RIB) and water table fluctuation (WTF) methods to estimate the groundwater recharge as an indicator of groundwater availability. The pilot area (PA) was in the upper Berg River catchment in Western Cape in South Africa. Chloride concentrations were determined in groundwater samples collected from boreholes and rain water in rain gauges in the pilot area. Rainfall and borehole water levels in the pilot area were used in water table fluctuation and rainwater infiltration breakthrough analyses. As quality assurance, the specific yield data obtained from the pumping test were compared to those determined with the linear regression model. This established the reliability of the analysis i.e. the relationship between groundwater level and rainfall. Mean groundwater recharge values calculated using the chloride mass balance, rainwater infiltration breakthrough and water table fluctuation methods were 27.6 %, 23.67 %, and 22.7 % of the total precipitation received in the catchment, respectively. These results indicate that the use of these three methods have potential to estimate groundwater recharge at quaternary level which is the basic unit of water management in South Africa. These findings agree with previous studies conducted in the same catchment that indicate that mean groundwater recharge ranges between 18.6 % and 28 % of the total precipitation. In the future, these methods could be tested in catchments which have physiographic and hydrogeologic conditions similar to those of the current pilot area. / African Union (AU)

Pork rib is a minimally processed product since it is a kind of meat that has only been cut and immediately packed and refrigerated. It has a short shelf-life, which is determined mainly for the microbiological deterioration. Having the objective of verifying the efficiency (antimicrobiotic and antioxidant action) of preservation methods applied associated to the shelf-life of pork ribs, the latter were bathed in the following solutions: Minerat B® solution (market product) in 10% = T1, organic acid mixed solution (1% lactic acid, 1% citric acid, 1% acetic acid and 0,8% ascorbic acid) = T2, lactic acid solution in 1,25% = T3, acid solution of sodium cloret (0,6% of citric acidand 0,1% of NaCl) = T4. One of the samples had no bathed solution and it was considered as controll = C. Afterwards, the samples were stored in packages that contained modified atmosphere (CO2 69,93% + N2 29,57% + CO 0,5%) in these proportions: 2:1 (gas:meat), in the first test and 3:1 in the second one, and stored under 5°C (± 1°C), considering that in the first test the samples remained, inicially, under 1°C (± 1°C) for one week. Mesophile aerobic microorganisms, psychrotrophy and lactic bacteria counting, pH and TBA index determination and sensorial anlysis were made. In the first test, the T2 treatment obtained a better performance while reducing the microbiological growth and also greater durability (between 21 and 24 days) but in the second test, the greatest antimicrobiotic effect was achieved by T3, however, T4 had greater durability (19 days). In terms of TBA index, all results were below the minimum limit for the showing of undesirable characteristics. Sensorially, in the first test, among the raw samples, T4 had greater acceptability, and among the roasted it was T3. In the second test, among the raw samples, T2 obtained the best color and T4 had the best odor, and among the roasted it was T2. The samples acquired a bright cherry red color that remained throughout and after the end of the analyses, not showing indication of deterioration, even after its occurence. According to the results, one can say that the treatments that were used (modified atmosphere + antimicrobiotic bath) have shown to be efficient in the preservation of refrigerated pork ribs, even under different degrees, and do not interfeer negatively in their sensorial characteristics. / A costela suína é um produto "minimamente processado" por se tratar de uma carne que sofreu apenas cortes e em seguida foi embalada e refrigerada, possuindo um curto shelf-life, que é determinado principalmente pela deterioração microbiológica. Com o objetivo de verificar a eficiência (ação antimicrobiana e antioxidante) de métodos de conservação, aplicados associados, sobre a vida de prateleira de costelas suínas, as mesmas foram aspergidas com as seguintes soluções: solução de Minerat B® (produto comercial) a 10% = T1, solução de mistura de ácidos orgânicos (1% de ácido lático, 1% de ácido cítrico, 1% de ácido acético e 0,8% de ácido ascórbico) = T2, solução de ácido lático a 1,25% = T3, solução ácida de cloreto de sódio (0,6% de ácido cítrico e 0,1% de NaCl) = T4. Uma das amostras não teve nenhuma solução aspergida, sendo considerada como controle = C. Após, as amostras foram armazenadas em embalagens contendo atmosfera modificada (CO2 69,93% + N2 29,57% + CO 0,5%) nas proporções: 2:1 (gás:carne),no primeiro ensaio e 3:1 no segundo ensaio, e armazenadas a 5°C (± 1°C), sendo que no primeiro ensaio as amostras permaneceram, inicialmente, a 1°C (± 1°C) por uma semana. Contagens de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos, psirotróficos e bactérias láticas, determinação do pH e do índice de TBA e análise sensorial foram realizadas. No primeiro ensaio, o tratamento T2 obteve um melhor desempenho em reduzir o crescimento microbiológico e também a maior durabilidade (entre 21 e 24 dias), porém, no segundo ensaio, o maior efeito antimicrobiano foi alcançado por T3, no entanto T4 teve maior durabilidade (19 dias). Em relação ao índice de TBA, todos os valores encontrados ficaram abaixo do limite mínimo para o aparecimento de características indesejáveis. Sensorialmente, no primeiro ensaio, dentre as amostras cruas T4 teve maior aceitabilidade, e dentre as assadas foi T3. No segundo ensaio, dentre as amostras cruas T2 obteve a melhor coloração e T4 o melhor odor e dentre as assadas foi T2. As amostras adquiriram uma coloração vermelho cereja brilhante que permaneceu durante e após o término das análises, não havendo indicação de deterioração, mesmo após sua ocorrência. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se dizer que os tratamentos utilizados (atmosfera modificada + aspersão com antimicrobianos) demonstraram ser eficientes na conservação de costelas suínas refrigeradas, mesmo em diferentes graus, e não interferir negativamente nas características sensoriais das mesmas.

The presence of rib fractures in deceased infants is generally considered to be highly specific of non-accidental injury, with some pathologists considering them to be evidence of abuse. Although rib fractures may occur during resuscitative efforts in adults, the general consensus is that such injuries are exceptional in infants owing to inherent plasticity within the thoracic region. The recommendation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of infants since the year 2000 has been for the use of the “two-thumb” technique. However, there has been limited biomechanical investigation to what injuries may occur subsequent to this specific form of CPR. The overall aim of this thesis was to determine if two-thumb CPR can cause similar rib injuries to those seen in abusive squeezing cases. In particular, whether or not this CPR technique allows for over excessive levering of the posterior rib over the transverse process of the spine. To this end, physical experimentation simulating both two-thumb CPR and abusive squeezing was performed on an immature swine model of the infant thorax. The results of these tests did not show any significant difference in the force required to compress the thorax by one third its original anterior-posterior diameter in the two scenarios. One third being the recommended depth for CPR compressions. Fractures resultant from the testing were assessed with radiography and computed tomography, techniques commonly used by post-mortem pathologists. The type and nature of the injuries observed were remarkably similar in both scenarios. Rib injuries were primarily seen in the anterior part of the thoracic cage in both CPR and abusive specimens. The specific site of rib fracture was typically close to or within the costochondral joints. There was however an apparent absence of posterior rib fractures in the abusively tested cohort. This is in part due to the slight difference in profile of the neck and head areas within the ribs of the surrogate model. This acts to reduce the mechanical advantage offered by levering over the transverse processes of the spine. This study has shown anterior fractures of the ribs result from two-thumb CPR, challenging the long held belief that CPR cannot produce rib fractures. X-ray CT offered a significant improvement on the ability to detect costochondral junction injuries. This would offer further support to the routine use of X-ray CT in post-mortem examinations of infants where the cause of death is unknown. This has the potential to offer differential interpretation to the cause of rib injuries, especially in cases of sudden unexpected deaths in infancy, where otherwise child abuse may be diagnosed.

This diploma thesis involves design and assessment of the supporting elements of a two-storey family house ceiling construction. The slab components are pairs of beams and translations. I have choose two variants of solution for a long span elements. The first variant includes reinforced concrete elements only and in the second one prestress is used for beams, because of reducing construction height requirements. The basic model was evaluate by the calculation program Scia Engineer 2013, so I made 2D model of a slab in the program and joined 1D elements to the slab like a ribs. Selected prestress reduces a construction height, so it matches the desired appearance.