Being able to extrapolate interaction values from a database of pullout resistance testing results may possibly help with narrowing down the most suitable reinforcement/fill material combinations for a Mechanically Stabilized Earth wall, thereby reducing the number of tests needed for a design and maximizing the efficiency of the system. The objectives of this thesis include the following: collect and organize a broad collection of data in a way that can assist in preliminary selection of interaction properties for uniaxial geogrids; analyze the collection of data for trends related to geogrid polymer type; analyze the collection of data for trends related to the presence of fines in the fill material; compare the collected data to previous studies on the effects of geogrid specimen length on pullout performance; and compare the collected data to previous studies on the effect of geogrid rib thickness to mean particle size ratio on normalized bearing stress and CI values. The data from 101 pullout tests are presented in tabular and graphic form so that the coefficient of interaction may be interpolated for many geogrid/fill material combinations. The effect of polymer type (PET vs HDPE) was shown to have little effect on how a geogrid performs in a fill material. In one case, the two polymer types exhibit differing trends within the same fill material. The presence of fines (>12% by weight) in the fill material results in a significant decrease in the coefficient of interaction when compared to clean granular fills. The effects of geogrid embedment length have significant effects on the results of geogrid pullout tests. Samples with shorter lengths were shown to carry a greater load per unit area than longer samples. Normalized bearing stress is shown to be heavily influenced by the geogrid transverse rib thickness to mean particle size ratio (B/D50). For a particular fill material, normalized bearing stress decreases linearly with increasing B/D50. For a particular geogrid, normalized bearing stress is shown to have a bi-linear behavior with increasing B/D50. Initially, normalized bearing stress increases with increasing B/D50. After reaching a peak, normalized bearing stress begins to decrease with increasing B/D50. / text

La respiration est un phénomène vital qui implique une synergie entre diverses structures anatomiques qui constituent le thorax. La physiologie articulaire reste un parent pauvre de la physiologie et la littérature concernant la quantification de la cinématique 3D des articulations du thorax durant le mouvement respiratoire est rare. Ce travail se concentre sur le développement et l'application d'une méthodologie permettant de répondre à cet objectif. La méthode développée combine le traitement de données tomodensitométriques réalisées à trois volumes pulmonaires différents et des techniques d'infographies. Les amplitudes (ROMs) et axes de mouvements (axe hélicoïdaux moyen, AHMs) ont été obtenus au niveau des articulations costo-vertébrales de 12 sujets asymptomatiques. En résumé, les amplitudes diminuent graduellement dans les étages inférieurs ; le volume pulmonaire et l'étage costal influencent significativement les amplitudes costales ; l'orientation des AHMs ne diffère pas entre les étages costaux. En complément, la méthode a été appliquée pour un échantillon de 10 patients atteints de mucoviscidose. La condition pathologique influençait significativement les amplitudes de mouvements mais pas l'orientation des AHMs. Enfin, le déplacement sternal, les variations de l'angle sternal et la cinématique des articulations sternocostales a été analysée. Les déplacements angulaires des côtes par rapport au sternum diminuaient dans les étages inférieurs comme au niveau des articulations costo-vertébrales. L'orientation des AHMs des articulations sternocostales ne différait pas entre les étages. Une corrélation linéaire a été mise en évidence entre les déplacements verticaux du sternum et les amplitudes de mouvement costales au niveau costo-vertébral et sternocostal. Ce travail contribue de façon substantielle à la modélisation 3D du thorax humain durant le mouvement respiratoire d'un point de vue qualitatif et quantitatif / Breathing is a vital phenomenon that implies synergy of various anatomical structures that constitute the thorax. Joint physiology remains a relatively poorly-known component of the overall thorax physiology. Quantitative literature related to in vivo thorax kinematics during breathing is scarce. The present work focuses specifically on developing and applying a methodology to reach this goal. The developed method combined processing of CT data obtained at different lung volumes and infographic techniques. Detailed ranges of motion (ROMs) and axes of movement (mean helical axes, MHAs) were obtained at costovertebral joints in 12 asymptomatic subjects; rib ROMs gradually decrease with increasing rib number; lung volume and rib level have a significant influence on rib ROM; MHAs did not differ between rib levels. In addition, the method was applied on a sample of 10 patients with cystic fibrosis. The pathological condition significantly influenced CVJ ROMs while the orientation of the MHAs did not differ. Finally, the sternal displacement, sternal angle variations and sternocostal joints (SCJ at rib1 to 7) kinematics during breathing motion were analyzed. Rib ranges of motion relative to sternum decreased with increasing rib number similarly to CVJ. Orientation of the MHAs did not differ between SCJ levels. A significant linear correlation was demonstrated between sternum vertical displacement and rib ranges of motion at both CVJ and SCJ. The present work substantially contributes to 3D modelling of human thorax in breathing at a joint level both qualitatively and quantitatively

Räddningstjänstens verksamhet regleras i Lag (2003:778) om skydd mot olyckor och det första nationella målet lyder: ”Bestämmelserna i denna lag syftar till att i hela landet bereda människors liv och hälsa samt egendom och miljö ett med hänsyn till de lokala förhållandena tillfredsställande och likvärdigt skydd mot olyckor.”   Räddningstjänst organiseras med brandmän i tre olika anställningsformer, varav deltidsanställda brandmän är en av dem och idag är den formella benämningen Räddningspersonal i beredskap, RiB. Ungefär 67% av Sveriges brandmän utgörs av RiB och redan år 1999 uppmärksammades svårigheter med personalförsörjningen. Vid kontakt med Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap samt Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting fanns kännedom om rekryteringssituationen, men den exakta omfattningen var okänd.   Denna studie består av en undersökning av den nuvarande situationen avseende rekrytering för RiB i Sverige. Undersökningen jämförs med den svenska regeringens undersökning från år 2003. I jämförelsestudien medverkar samtliga respondenter från den tidigare utredningen, vilket medför en svarsfrekvens på 100%. Jämförelsen påvisar att nyrekrytering och upprätthållande av beredskap har en negativ trend, trots att grundutbildningen gjorts om samt att kommunerna har moderniserat och utvecklat rekryteringsmetoderna. I den nationella sammanställningen, för år 2018 som omfattar 111 respondenter och representerar drygt 60% av Sveriges kommuner, framkommer att majoriteten av räddningstjänsterna upplever svårigheter vid nyrekrytering. Totalt är det 331 vakanser för fasta RiB-tjänster samt 194 vakanser för vikarietjänster och drygt hälften, 52%, av respondenterna klarar inte att kontinuerligt upprätthålla den beslutade beredskapen.   Den största orsaken till rekryteringssituationen är de demografiska förhållandena, vilket har samband med att 200 av Sveriges 290 kommuner uppfyller Europeiska kommissionens generaldirektorat för statistisk information, Eurostats, definition för landsbygd. Det som är mest alarmerande är att det påverkar kommunernas förmåga att upprätthålla beredskap.   Det finns möjlighet att förbättra och stärka situationen genom olika slags förbättringsåtgärder och/eller en kombination av dessa. Det finns ingen entydig lösning på problemet i och med att förutsättningarna är olika från kommun till kommun. Det som är tydligt är att det är upp till våra politiker och staten att försöka stötta räddningstjänsterna på ett annat sätt än vad som görs idag och att investera mer i landsbygden. Målsättningen borde vara att leda Sverige till att bli ett ledande land som ligger i framkant när det gäller att utveckla, främja och stödja landsbygden. / The Swedish civil protection service activities are governed by ‘Lag (2003:778) om skydd mot olyckor’ and the first national objective reads: ‘The provisions of this law aim to make people's lives and health as well as property and environment throughout the country a satisfactory and equivalent protection against accidents, taking into account the local conditions.’   Emergency services are organized with firefighters in three different types of employment. One of these is part time firefighters, and the formal term for this employment is ‘Räddningspersonal i beredskap’, RiB. About 67% of Sweden's firefighters consist of RiB and as early as 1999, difficulties with staffing was noted. In contact with the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions, the problems with recruitment of RiB was known, but the vast extent of these problems had not yet been discovered.   This study consists of a survey of the current situation regarding the recruitment situation for RiB in Sweden. The survey is controlled and compared against the Swedish government's investigation from 2003. The compilation study involves all participants from the previous investigation which results in a response rate of 100%. The study shows that new recruitment and maintenance of preparedness has a negative trend, even though the basic education has been modified and the municipalities have modernized and developed recruitment methods. In the national compilation, of year 2018 involving 111 respondents representing more than 60% of Sweden's municipalities, it appears that the majority of emergency services experience difficulties in recruitment, a total of 331 vacancies for permanent RiB services and 194 vacancies for temporary employment and more than half, 52%, of the respondents fail to maintain the determined preparedness continously.   The main reason for the recruitment situation is the demographic conditions, which is linked to the fact that 200 of Sweden's 290 municipalities meet the European commission’s definition of rural areas. What is most alarming is that it directly affects municipalities' abilities to maintain preparedness.   There is an opportunity to improve and strengthen the situation through various kinds of improvement actions and/or a combination of these. There is no clear solution to the problem. As conditions are different in most municipalities, it is also difficult to provide a simple and general way for how to proceed. What is clear is that it is up to our politicians and the state to try to support the emergency services in a different way than today, alternatively, investing in rural areas. The goal should be to lead Sweden to become a leading country at the forefront of developing, promoting and supporting rural areas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meirelles_sl_dr_jabo_prot.pdf: 325686 bytes, checksum: 5b1303e4e98a3092a0fa9f1e186529b9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) / A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e a área de olho de lombo (AOL) são características importantes ligadas à eficiência de produção e à qualidade da carne bovina. Para considerá-las em um programa de avaliação genética e/ou de seleção assistida por marcadores, é necessário quantificar sua variação genética aditiva e validar marcadores moleculares associados a elas. Desta forma, o objetivo neste trabalho foi contribuir para o melhoramento genético da raça Canchim por meio do estudo das características de carcaça EGS e AOL e de peso, obtidas em média aos 18 meses de idade, com abordagens quantitativas e moleculares. Dados de 987 animais da raça Canchim (5/8 Charolês + 3/8 zebu) e MA (filhos de touros Charolês e vacas 1/2 Canchim + 1/2 zebu), machos e fêmeas criados em pastagens, nascidos entre 2003 e 2005, foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, cujo modelo estatístico incluiu os efeitos de ano de nascimento, rebanho, sexo, grupo genético e idade à medição (covariável). Foram feitas análises uni e bicaracterísticas utilizando-se um modelo animal que incluiu, além de efeitos fixos, os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto e residual, por meio do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, para estimar as herdabilidades e as correlações genéticas entre as características. Foram realizadas análises para verificar efeitos de cinco marcadores moleculares (BMS490 e ETH10 do cromossomo 5, INRA133 e ILSTS090 do cromossomo 6 e BMS2142 do cromossomo 19) sobre as características EGS e AOL, com modelo estatístico igual ao anterior mais o efeito do genótipo para o marcador... / Carcass traits like back fat thickness (BFT) and rib eye area (REA) are important to determine production efficiency and beef quality. To consider them as selection criteria in genetic evaluation and marker assisted selection programs, it is necessary to quantify their additive genetic variation and to evaluate the existence of genetic markers associated to them. The objective in this work was to contribute to the Canchim breeding program through the study of BFT, REA and body weight (BW), using quantitative and molecular informations. Data on 987 eighteen months old Canchim (5/8 Charolais + 3/8 zebu) and MA (offspring of Charolais bulls and 1/2 Canchim + 1/2 Zebu cows) bulls and heifers, grown on pasture, born from 2003 to 2005, were analyzed by the least squares method, with a model that included the fixed effects of year of birth, herd, sex, genetic group and age (covariate). One and two-trait analyses with a model that included fixed effects and the additive direct and residual random effects, by the restricted maximum likelihood method, were undertaken to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations among the traits. Statistical analyses to verify the effect of five genetic markers (BMS490 and ETH10 in chromosome 5, INRA133 and ILSTS090 in chromosome 6 and BMS2142 in chromosome 19) on BFT and REA were also realized with a similar model, but including the genotype of a marker as a fixed effect. All effects included in the model for the analyses of variance significantly affected all traits studied, with the exception of year of birth for REA and of sex for BFT. In general, bulls... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les données biomécaniques sur les enfants sont rares et difficiles à obtenir lors d'expérimentations. Cette recherche s'intéresse à l'évaluation in vivo du comportement mécanique du tronc et des propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes. Le comportement mécanique in vivo du tronc de l'enfant et de l'adulte sous charge pendant des manipulations de kinésithérapie respiratoire ont été étudiées. Trois formes typiques de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement ont été observées. Un plus grand décalage en temps entre les courbes de force en fonction du temps et les courbes de déplacement en fonction du temps ont été observés plus fréquemment chez les enfants que chez les adultes, ce qui conduit à différentes formes de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement entre les enfants et les adultes. Parmi les paramètres qui peuvent affecter le comportement mécanique du tronc, les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes ont été étudiées. Dans un premier temps, il a été constaté ex vivo que les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes des adultes sont liées de façon linéaire à la Densité Minérale Osseuse (DMO) mesurée par la tomodensitométrie quantitative (Quantitative Computed Tomography, QCT) et la tomographie périphérique quantitative à haute résolution (High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, HR-pQCT). La DMO peut être mesurée par QCT in vivo. Ensuite, les relations entre la DMO et les propriétés mécaniques pour l'adulte ont été appliquées aux enfants, et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical de l'enfant ont pu être estimées. Les propriétés mécaniques ont été trouvées plus élevées dans la partie latérale des côtes que dans les régions antérieures et postérieures. Il a également été constaté que les propriétés mécaniques augmentent au cours de la croissance. Il s'agite la première étude qui a évalué les propriétés des matériaux de l'os cortical des côtes de l'enfant in vivo. Cette étude peut aider à mieux comprendre la réponse mécanique du tronc de l'enfant et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical costal. À court terme, ces résultats mesurés in vivo seront considérés dans des modèles éléments finis du tronc de l'enfant / Biomechanical data on children, both mechanical behaviors and tissue properties, are rare and difficult to be obtained through biomechanical experiments. This thesis mainly discussed the mechanical behavior of pediatric trunk and mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones in vivo. The mechanical responses of the living and active pediatric and adult trunks during in vivo loading tests were investigated. Three typical shapes of force-displacement curves were observed. Larger time lags between force time histories and displacement time histories were observed more frequently in children than adults, resulting in different shapes of force-displacement curves between children and adults. To better understand the mechanical behavior of pediatric trunk, rib cortical bone mechanical properties were studied. It was found that mechanical properties of adult rib cortical bones were linearly related to Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) and High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT). The BMD could be measured by QCT in vivo. Then, the mechanical property-BMD relationships were introduced to child population, and the mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones were estimated. The mechanical properties were found higher in the lateral part of the ribs than the anterior and posterior regions. It was also found that the mechanical properties were growing during the growth of children. This is the first study which estimated the material properties of pediatric rib cortical bones in vivo. This study can help to better understand the mechanical response of pediatric trunk and mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones. These results measured in vivo could contribute to improve the biofidelity of pediatric modeling

Breathing is a vital phenomenon that implies synergy of various anatomical structures that constitute the thorax. Joint physiology remains a relatively poorly-known component of the overall thorax physiology. Quantitative literature related to in vivo thorax kinematics during breathing is scarce. The present work focuses specifically on developing and applying a methodology to reach this goal. The developed method combined processing of CT data obtained at different lung volumes and infographic techniques. Detailed ranges of motion (ROMs) and axes of movement (mean helical axes, MHAs) were obtained at costovertebral joints in 12 asymptomatic subjects; rib ROMs gradually decrease with increasing rib number; lung volume and rib level have a significant influence on rib ROM; MHAs did not differ between rib levels. In addition, the method was applied on a sample of 10 patients with cystic fibrosis. The pathological condition significantly influenced CVJ ROMs while the orientation of the MHAs did not differ. Finally, the sternal displacement, sternal angle variations and sternocostal joints (SCJ at rib1 to 7) kinematics during breathing motion were analyzed. Rib ranges of motion relative to sternum decreased with increasing rib number similarly to CVJ. Orientation of the MHAs did not differ between SCJ levels. A significant linear correlation was demonstrated between sternum vertical displacement and rib ranges of motion at both CVJ and SCJ. The present work substantially contributes to 3D modelling of human thorax in breathing at a joint level both qualitatively and quantitatively. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The objective of this thesis was to design and check typical elements of the 5th storey of monolithic reinforced concrete structure of residential building. Horizontal load-bearing structure consists of a continuous slab of six fields with reinforcing ribs, which are located under the building envelope, bidirectional slab simply supported, further staircase beam and lintels in the corridors and loggias. Vertical structures consist of walls and columns.

Topology optimization is a method providing new direction in designing of a technical objects. The aim of topology optimization is to find optimal distribution of material in design space. This diploma thesis is focused on optimization of aircraft wing rib num.6 of the airplane EV-55 using a software HW/Optistruct 7.0 implemented in a software package HyperWorks 7.0. The optimization of the rib was calculated under four different load cases. Resulting shapes of the rib were then tested by strenght calculations in software ANSYS 10.0. Finally, the obtained data of weights of optimized ribs were compared with the weight of the original rib.

The master's thesis deals with the project of the new building of the Sports Hall in the Staré Město at the stage of project documentation for the construction on plots 2420/1, 2420/41, 2420/42, 2420/43, 2420/44, 4568/38, 6277/2, 6277/3 , 2517/4. The plots on which the construction is proposed are flat or slightly sloping. The building has no basement, has two floors. The perimeter structures in the locker rooms are designed from ceramic blocks of the POROTHERM system, including the thermal insulation system according to the principles of ETICS, and in the gym from the curtain walling of the KINGSPAN system. Horizontal structures are folded prestressed ceiling panels SPIROLL. The cloakroom building is covered by a warm flat roof, and the gymnasium by barrel roof made of glued laminated girder. In the sports hall, 5 changing rooms are designed, including sanitary facilities, then facilities for the operation of the hall and refreshments for spectators.

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