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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Impact of Low Temperature on RNA Splicing of Aberrant Mitochondrial Group II Introns in Wheat Embryos

Dalby, Stephen J. January 2013 (has links)
A subset of mitochondrial group II introns of flowering plants has, over evolutionary time, lost characteristic features and employs unconventional splicing pathways. Given the potential impact of cold treatment on RNA folding, as well as on enzymatic activity and import of nuclear-encoded splicing machinery, I have examined the physical excised forms of aberrant introns from wheat embryos subjected to 4oC. My findings suggest a shift in biochemistry with cold treatment to novel splicing pathways that generate heterogeneous in vivo circularized forms for nad1 intron 2, nad2 intron 1 and the cox2 intron, in contrast to predominantly linear excised intron forms at room temperature. Interestingly, the highly degenerate nad1 intron 1, which due to DNA rearrangement has been broken into two halves that interact for splicing in trans, is excised exclusively by first-step hydrolysis at room temperature and under cold treatment. In this case, splicing culminates in two distinct linear half introns that appears correlated with an unusual 5’ terminal insert. This represents the first in vivo demonstration of hydrolytic trans-splicing. Based on northern analysis, cold treatment was further associated with reduced splicing efficiency for all introns surveyed. Moreover, study of precursor transcripts of the nad1a-intron 1a locus suggests the efficiency of end-maturation, including processing of the cotranscribed tRNA-Pro gene, is also reduced in the cold. My findings demonstrate a temperature-sensitivity of transcript maturation, particularly for RNA splicing, providing new insight into the impact of cold growth conditions on plant mitochondrial gene expression.
12

Application of Internal Competition Kinetics to Probe the Catalytic Strategies of RNA 2’-O-transphosphorylation

Kellerman, Daniel 27 January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
13

Régulation et coordination rétrograde de l'expression génétique mitochondriale / Regulation and retrograde coordination of mitochondrial gene expression

Niazi, Adnan Khan 26 June 2013 (has links)
Le système génétique complexe des mitochondries de plantes supérieures n'a pu être étudié par des approches transgéniques car les méthodes conventionnelles ne permettent pas de transformer ces organites. Une approche alternative a été développée au laboratoire, grâce à l'existence d'un processus naturel assurant l'import d'ARN de transfert (ARNt) du cytosol dans les mitochondries. Il a été montré qu'un mime d'ARNt peut servir in vivo de navette pour importer dans les mitochondries de plante des ARN-passagers exprimés à partir de transgènes nucléaires. L'utilisation d'un transribozyme comme séquence-passagère a permis d'obtenir l'invalidation spécifique d'un ARN messager (ARNm) majeur dans les mitochondries de cellules végétales transformées. Nous avons mis en oeuvre cette stratégie pour développer des études de régulation mitochondriale. Cinq ARNm mitochondriaux (nad9, sdh3, cob, cox3 et atp9) ont été choisis comme cibles pour des transribozymes spécifiques à tête de marteau. Après validation de l'activité de ces ribozymes in vitro, les vecteurs d'expression portant les transgènes correspondants ont servi pour transformer des cultures cellulaires de Nicotiana tabacum, des plantes d'Arabidopsis thaliana (pour nad9, cob, cox3 et atp9) et des plantes de N. tabacum (pour sdh3). L'invalidation spécifique des ARN mitochondriaux ciblés par les ribozymes a été établie in vivo. La réponse, en termes de régulation, à l'invalidation des cibles individuelles a été analysée au niveau de l'ensemble du transcriptome. Alors qu'il a été généralement considéré jusqu'à présent que les processus de régulation mitochondriaux chez les plantes se passent essentiellement au stade post-transcriptionnel, nos résultats sont fortement en faveur de mécanismes de coordination des ARNm dans les mitochondries et entre les organites et le noyau. / The complex genetic system of higher plant mitochondria could not be studied by transgenic approaches because conventional methods do not permit genetic transformation of these organelles. An alternative approach has been developed in the laboratory, thanks to the existence of a natural process of transfer RNA (tRNA) import from the cytosol into mitochondria. It was shown that a tRNA mimic can be used in vivo as a shuttle for importing into plant mitochondria passenger RNAsexpressed from nuclear transgenes. Taking a trans-cleaving ribozyme as a passenger sequence allowed to obtain the specific knockdown of a major messenger RNA (mRNA) in the mitochondria of transformed plant cells. We used this strategy to develop mitochondrial regulation studies. Five mitochondrial mRNAs (nad9, sdh3, cob, cox3 and atp9) were chosen as targets for specific transcleaving hammerhead ribozymes. After validating the in vitro activity of these ribozymes, the corresponding expression constructs served to transform Nicotiana tabacum cells, Arabidopsis thaliana plants (for nad9, cob, cox3 and atp9) and N. tabacum plants (for sdh3). Specific in vivo ribozyme-mediated knockdown of the targeted mitochondrial RNAs was established. The regulation response to the knockdown of the individual targets was analyzed at the whole transcriptome level.Whereas it has been generally considered so far that mitochondrial regulation processes in plants essentially occur at the post-transcriptional stage, our results strongly support mRNA coordination mechanisms within the organelles and between the organelles and the nucleus.
14

Oligonucléotides comme modulateurs de l'expression génique / Oligonucleotides as gene expression modulators

Rouleau, Samuel January 2017 (has links)
L’ARN est sans aucun doute la molécule biologique la plus versatile qui soit. Tout comme l’ADN, il peut contenir et transmettre de l’information génétique. Tout comme les protéines, il peut accomplir une multitude de fonctions biologiques. De plus, son rôle le plus connu demeure celui d’intermédiaire entre l’ADN et les protéines. L’ARN est donc au cœur d’un bon nombre de processus biologiques. Ceci lui confère un immense potentiel thérapeutique qui jusqu’à présent demeure largement inexploité. Pour accomplir ses fonctions, l’ARN doit adopter une structure tridimensionnelle précise qui est dépendante à la fois de sa séquence et de son environnement. Ainsi, en modifiant la structure d’un ARN, il est possible d’en moduler sa fonction. C’est l’objectif global des travaux présentés dans cette thèse. Pour y parvenir, de courts oligonucléotides antisens (OA) ont été utilisés. Cette stratégie revêt plusieurs avantages. Comme les OA s’apparient à leur cible en formant des paires de bases Watson-Crick, ils offrent une grande spécificité et leur design est facile. De plus, en se fiant aux données structurales et aux logiciels de prédictions de structures des ARN, on peut aisément identifier les régions à cibler avec les OA. Enfin, cette technique est versatile puisqu’on peut cibler différents motifs d’ARN. La première cible a été le ribozyme du virus de l’hépatite D. Cet ARN, qui catalyse une réaction d’auto-coupure, a été modifié afin que son activité devienne dépendante à la liaison d’OA. Plusieurs modules ont ainsi été créés et combinés afin d’obtenir des ribozymes qui répondaient à la présence d’un ou plusieurs OA. En insérant ces interrupteurs moléculaires dans les régions non traduites d’un ARNm, nous avons ainsi modulé l’expression de ce gène avec les OA. Cet outil a des applications intéressantes pour la régulation de gènes en biologie synthétique. Un autre motif ciblé a été le G-quadruplex (G4). Cette structure non canonique exerce de nombreuses fonctions biologiques et représente donc une cible thérapeutique intéressante. Lorsque présent dans la région 5’ non traduite d’un ARNm, le G4 mène généralement à une diminution de la traduction. En utilisant des OA qui empêchent la formation du G4, nous avons été en mesure d’augmenter la traduction du gène ciblé. De plus, il a été possible de développer des OA qui favorisent la formation d’un G4 dans le but de diminuer l’expression de la cible. Finalement, dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse, il est démontré que les G4 présents dans les microARN primaires influencent leur maturation en microARN matures. Des OA ciblant ces G4 ont été utilisés afin de favoriser la maturation de microARN suppresseurs de tumeurs, ce qui présente un potentiel thérapeutique intéressant. En bref, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse démontrent clairement que les OA sont un outil de choix pour cibler et modifier la structure de motifs d’ARN spécifiques. / Abstract : RNA is a versatile biological molecule. Like DNA, it can contain and transmit genetic information. Like proteins, it can accomplish multiple biological functions. Also, its most known role remains that of intermediary between DNA and proteins. RNA is thus a key player in many biological processes. This gives it an immense therapeutic potential which remains largely untapped. To fulfill its functions, RNA must adopt a precise threedimensional structure that is dependent on both its sequence and its environment. Thus, by modifying the structure of an RNA, it is possible to modulate its function. This is the overall objective of the work presented in this thesis. To achieve this, small antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) have been used. This strategy has several advantages. As ASO bind their target with Watson-Crick base pairs, they offer great specificity and their design is easy. Moreover, reliance on structural data and RNA structure prediction softwares makes it easy to identify the regions to be targeted with ASO. Finally, this technique is versatile since it is possible to target different RNA motifs. The first target was the HDV self-cleaving motif. This RNA, which catalyzes a self-cleaving reaction, has been modified so that its activity became dependent on the binding of ASO. Several modules were thus created and combined in order to obtain ribozymes which responded to the presence of one or more ASO. By inserting these molecular switches into an mRNA’s UTR, the expression of this gene was modulated with the ASO. This has interesting applications for the regulation of genes in synthetic biology. Another target motif was the G-quadruplex (G4). This non-canonical structure exerts many biological functions and therefore represents an interesting therapeutic target. When present in the mRNA’s 5’UTR, G4 generally lead to a decrease in translation. Using ASO that prevent G4 formation, we were able to increase the translation of the target gene. In addition, it has been possible to develop ASO which promote the formation of a G4 in order to decrease the expression of the target. Finally, in the last chapter of this thesis, it is demonstrated that the G4 present in the primary microRNAs influence their maturation in mature microRNAs. ASO targeting these G4 have been used in order to promote the maturation of tumor suppressor microRNAs, which has an interesting therapeutic potential. The work presented in this thesis clearly demonstrates that ASO are ideal for targeting and altering the structure of specific RNA motifs.
15

Développement d'une méthode SELEX pour l'identification de ribozymes pour l'aminoacylation et analyse d’ARN aminoacylés dans le transcriptome d'Escherichia coli / Development of a SELEX method to uncover auto-aminoacylating ribozymes and analysis of aminoacyl RNA from Escherichia coli transcriptomes

Wang, Ji 16 September 2016 (has links)
Les ribozymes sont des ARN naturels ou artificiels possédant une activité catalytique. Les ribozymes artificiels ont été identifiés in vitro par la méthode SELEX, et plusieurs d'entre eux ont été caractérisés par des études cinétiques. Ces molécules sont impliquées dans des réactions de clivage, de ligation, de modification d'extrémités d'ARN, de polymérisation, de phosphorylation et d'activation de groupements acyl. Parce qu'elle est nécessaire à la traduction, l'aminoacylation des ARN joue un rôle évolutif important dans la transition du monde de l'ARN vers le monde moderne de l'ADN et des protéines, et elle est centrale à l'établissement du code génétique. Plusieurs ribozymes catalysant le transfert d'acides aminés à partir de cofacteurs activants ont pu être isolés et caractérisés depuis une vingtaine d'années, ce qui a documenté la possibilité d'aminoacylation d'ARNt en l'absence des aminoacyl ARNt synthétases. En développant un nouveau protocole SELEX basé sur l'oxydation au périodate, le but de notre travail est de découvrir de nouveau ribozymes d'une taille de l'ordre d'une vingtaine de nucléotides pouvant combiner la catalyse de l'activation des acides aminé et la transestérification. Bien que des molécules catalysant l'une ou l'autre des deux réactions ont été identifiées, aucun ribozyme n'existe à ce jour qui puisse utiliser des acides aminés libres et un cofacteur activant pour réaliser l'aminoacylation en 3' dans un même milieu réactionnel. La sélection de molécules actives dans une approche SELEX exige la présence de régions constantes sur les deux extrémités des séquences pools aléatoires initiaux. Ces régions sont nécessaires pour l'amplification par PCR, mais elles imposent des contraintes importantes pour l'identification de ribozymes car elles peuvent complètement inhiber leur activité par interférence structurelle. Nous présentons un protocole optimisé qui minimise la taille de ces régions constantes. D'autre part, notre nouveau design est très spécifique pour la sélection d'ARN aminoacylés sur l'extrémité 3'. Ce protocole a été utilisé pour réaliser 6 à 7 cycles de sélection avec différents pools, et un enrichissement en séquences spécifiques a pu être mis en évidence. Bien que certains tests avec les pools sélectionnés a révélé une activité possible, des essais avec des séquences spécifiques de ces pools n'ont pour l'instant pas pu confirmer l'activité catalytique recherchée. Un protocole basé sur le même principe de sélection a été utilisé dans une étude parallèle pour identifier les ARN aminoacylés présents dans l'ARN total d'Escherichia coli. Dans ce deuxième travail, note but est d'identifier tous les d'ARN aminoacylés par séquençage massif, avec à la clé la découverte possible de molécules autres que les ARNt et ARNtm. En utilisant les ARNt comme modèle, nous nous sommes aperçus qu'un protocole RNAseq standard n'était pas adapté à cause des bases modifiées présentes sur ces molécules. Nous avons développé et mis au point un nouveau protocole pour l'identification de n'importe quelle séquence aminoacylée en 3'. La nouvelle approche présentée devrait permette l'étude exhaustive de l'aminoacylation de toutes les séquences présentes dans l'ARN total. / Ribozymes are natural or in vitro selected RNA molecules possessing a catalytic activity. Artificial ribozymes have been extensively investigated by in vitro SELEX experiments, and characterized by kinetic assays. Ribozymes are involved in RNA cleavage, ligation, capping, polymerization, phosphorylation and acyl activation. Because it is required for translation, RNA aminoacylation plays an important role in the evolution from the late RNA world to the modern DNA and protein world, and is central to the genetic code. Several ribozymes catalyzing amino acid transfer from various activating groups have already been selected and characterized in the past two decades, documenting the possibility of tRNA aminoacylation in the absence of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. With a newly designed SELEX protocol based on periodate oxydation, the aim of our investigation is to uncover small ribozymes of the order of 20 nucleotides that could catalyze both amino acid activation and transesterification. Although molecules catalyzing either reaction have been identified, no existing ribozyme could use free amino acids and activating cofactor(s) as substrates for 3' esterification in a single reactional context. The selection of active molecules in a SELEX procedure requires the presence of constant tracks on both ends of the sequences constituting the initial random pools. These tracks are required for PCR amplification, but they impose significant burden to the identification of ribozymes because they can prevent any activity through structural inhibition. We present an optimized protocol that significantly minimizes the size of these constant tracks. At the same time, our newly design protocol is very specific for the selection of 3'-end aminoacylated RNA. Working with this protocol, we performed 6 to 7 cycles of selection with different pools, and observed an enrichement with specific sequences. Although some experiments performed with entire pools did reveal a possible activity, no activity could be so far confirmed with specific sequences. A similar protocol was also applied in a parallel study to identify aminoacylated RNA from total RNA in Escherichia coli. In this other approach, our goal is to possibly identify new classes of aminoacylated RNA while using the deep sequencing technology. Using tRNA to validate our protocol, we realized that a standard RNAseq procedure could not work due to the presence of modified bases. We established a new method for bank preparation to identify any sequence aminoacylated at the 3' end. Ultimately, this new approach will allow us to study the level of aminoacylation of any sequence present in total RNA.
16

Étude du chemin réactionnel du ribozyme de l'hépatite D humaine

Reymond, Cédric January 2009 (has links)
Du fait de la complexité du repliement de l'ARN en général et des mécanismes impliqués dans ce processus, il est actuellement impossible de prédire la structure tridimensionnelle et encore moins le chemin réactionnel d'un ARN en se basant uniquement sur sa séquence primaire. Ces deux questions fondamentales doivent être adressées pour comprendre ce qui se passe dans une cellule et pouvoir un jour être capable de créer de novo des molécules d'ARN avec une structure et une activité précise. L'objectif de ce travail est de mieux comprendre les forces permettant d'obtenir une structure tridimensionnelle et les mécanismes impliqués dans le chemin réactionnel d'un ARN modèle hautement structuré: le ribozyme de l'hépatite D humaine (ribozyme HDV). L'idée est que s'il est possible de comprendre dans les moindres détails une structure complexe, ces informations pourront être utilisées pour la prédiction de structures plus simples. Premièrement, il s'agit de trouver quels sont les changements conformationnels du chemin réactionnel et dans quel ordre ils ont lieu. Une fois le chemin réactionnel connu, il devient possible de générer des mutants formant des intermédiaires stables entre chaque changement conformationnel. L'étude thermodynamique de ces mutants permet de dresser le profil énergétique du chemin réactionnel. Finalement, la modélisation permet de suivre l'évolution de la structure tertiaire et ainsi vérifier différentes hypothèses. Ensemble, ces approches ont permis de comprendre comment le ribozyme HDV atteint sa structure tridimensionnelle, quel chemin réactionnel il emprunte et quelle est l'étape limitante.
17

INHIBITING HEPATITIS B VIRUS GENE EXPRESSION WITH HAMMERHEAD RIBOZYMES THAT TARGET THE HBx OPEN READING FRAME

Weinberg, Marc Saul 28 October 2002 (has links)
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2002 / Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic to several populous regions and is often complicated by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Present treatment of chronic HBV infection is usually ineffective and novel therapeutic approaches are an important medical objective. The X open reading frame (ORF) of HBV, HBx, is a conserved sequence that overlaps with the polymerase ORF and viral c/'s-elements, and is present within all viral transcripts. In addition, the HBx ORF encodes a 17 kDa transactivator protein, HBx, which is required for the establishment of viral infection and has been implicated in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. The HBx sequence thus represents a compelling target for applying nucleic acid hybridisation-based therapeutic agents for the inhibition of HBV gene expression and replication. / IT2018
18

Model-driven engineering of nucleic acid catalysts

Chen, Xi, 1983- 14 February 2012 (has links)
Although nucleic acids primarily function as carriers of the genetic information in biology, their chemical versatility, replicability and programmability render them much more functions inside and outside of cells. Numerous nucleic acid catalysts (known as ribozymes and deoxyribozyme) and binding agents (known as aptamers) have been engineered through the combination of directed evolution and rational design. However, new technologies and theoretical frameworks are still in need to better engineer and utilize these functional nucleic acids in diagnostics and therapeutics. Aiming at engineering more powerful aptazyme-based genetic regulators, we first devised a scheme for direct selection of physiologically active ribozymes in mammalian cells. Model-driven analysis of the selection process showed that the stringency of the selection was strongly influenced by system variables such as degradation rate of un-reacted ribozymes. This analysis led to models that can be exploited to understand and predict the performance of aptazyme-based biosensors and genetic regulators. Several fundamental limitations of aptazymes-based systems were identified from the analyses of these models. As it became apparent that the signals generated by aptazymes need to be processed and amplified at molecular level to have satisfactory effects on the final readouts, we turned our focus to engineering nucleic acid-based signal processors using several newly invented schemes such as ‘entropy-driven DNA amplifier’ and ‘catalyzed DNA self-assembly.’ We first demonstrated a method to couple entropy-driven DNA amplifiers to allosteric deoxyribozymes, and then proved that the concept of catalyzed DNA self-assembly can be used to design efficient and versatile signal amplifiers for analytical applications on various platforms. These developments may potentially lead to sensitive, low-cost, and point-of-care diagnostic devices. Taken together, these works not only addressed several important issues regarding the engineering and application of nucleic acid catalysts, but also revealed a new theme in molecular engineering: In order to better engineer and utilize a part, one needs to characterize, model, and modify the system surrounding the part so that the potential of the part can be maximized. / text
19

Distal to Proximal—Functional Coupling in RNase P RNA-mediated Catalysis

Wu, Shiying January 2011 (has links)
RNase P is a ubiquitous ribonuclease responsible for removing the 5’ leader of tRNA precursor. Bacterial RNase P contains one RNA (RPR) and one protein (RPP) subunit. However, the number of protein variants depends on the origin. The RNA subunit is the catalytic subunit that in vitro cleaves its substrate with and without the protein subunit. Therefore RNase P is a ribozyme. However, the protein subunit is indispensable in vivo. The objective of this thesis was to understand the mechanism of and substrate interaction in RPR-mediated cleavage, in particular the contributions of the two domains of RPR and the roles of the base at the -1 residue in the substrate. As model systems I have used bacterial (Eco) and archaeal (Pfu) RPRs. The TSL (T-stem-loop) region of a tRNA precursor and the TBS (TSL-binding site) in the RPR S-domain interact upon RPR-substrate complex conformation. A productive TSL/TBS-interaction affects events at the cleavage site by influencing the positioning of chemical groups and/ or Mg2+ such that efficient and correct cleavage occurs consistent with an induced fit mechanism. With respect to events at the cleavage site, my data show that the identity of the residue immediately upstream the 5’ of the cleavage site (at -1) plays a significant role for efficient and accurate cleavage although its presence is not essential. My data also show that the RPR C-domain can cleave without the S-domain. However, the presence of the S-domain increases the efficiency of cleavage but lowers the accuracy. The structure of the S-domain of Pfu RPR differs from that of Eco RPR and my data suggest that the Pfu S-domain does not affect the accuracy in the same way as for Eco RPR. It also appears that the proteins that bind to the Pfu S-domain play a role in formation of a productive TSL/TBS-interaction. It is therefore possible that the proteins of Pfu RNase P have evolved to take over the role of the S-domain with respect to the interaction with the TSL-region of the substrate.
20

Ice as a medium for RNA-catalysed RNA synthesis and evolution

Attwater, James January 2011 (has links)
A critical event in the origin of life is thought to have been the emergence of a molecule capable of self-replication and evolution. According to the RNA World hypothesis, this could have been an RNA polymerase ribozyme capable of generating copies of itself from simple nucleotide precursors. In vitro evolution experiments have provided modern examples of such ribozymes, such as the R18 RNA polymerase ribozyme, exhibiting basic levels of this crucial catalytic activity; R18’s activity, however, falls far short of that required of an RNA replicase, leaving unanswered the question of whether RNA can catalyse its self-replication. This thesis describes the development and use of a novel in vitro selection system, Compartmentalised Bead-Tagging (CBT), to isolate variants of the R18 ribozyme with improved sequence generality and extension capabilities. CBT evolution and engineering of polymerase ribozymes, together with RNA template evolution, allowed the synthesis of RNA molecules over 100 nucleotides long, as well as the RNA-catalysed transcription of a catalytic hammerhead ribozyme. This demonstrates the catalytic capabilities of ribozyme polymerases. The R18 ribozyme was also exploited as an analogue of a primordial replicase, to determine replicase behaviour in different reaction environments. Substantial ribozyme polymerisation occurred at −7˚C in the liquid eutectic phase of water-ice; increased ribozyme stability at these low temperatures allowed longer extension products to be generated than at ambient temperatures. The concentration effect of eutectic phase formation could also yield RNA synthesis from dilute solutions of substrates, and provide quasicellular compartmentalisation of ribozymes. These beneficial physicochemical features of ice make it a potential protocellular medium for the emergence of primordial replicases. Ice also could serve as a medium for CBT, allowing the isolation of a polymerase ribozyme adapted to the low temperatures in the ice phase, demonstrating the primordial potential and modern feasibility of ribozyme evolution in ice.

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