The main motivation of this study is the design of a control strategy for semi-active vehicle suspension systems to improve ride comfort for road vehicles. In order to achieve this objective, firstly the damping characteristics of Magnetorheological dampers will be reviewed. Then an appropriate semi-active control strategy manipulating the inputs of the dampers to create suitable damping forces will be designed. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control strategy is the primary focus area on semi-active control throughout this study. Further, skyhook controllers are examined and compared with optimal LQR controllers. The semi-active controller is tuned using a linearized full (4 wheel) vehicle ride model with seven degrees of freedom. Some selected simulations are carried out by using a nonlinear model to tune LQR controller in an effort to optimize bounce, pitch, and roll motion of the vehicle. Time domain simulations and frequency response analysis are used to justify the effectiveness of the proposed LQR control strategy.

In this study, the efficiency of linear and rotational tuned mass dampers (TMD) and lever type vibration isolators (LVI) in improving ride comfort is investigated based on a vehicle quarter-car model. TMDs reduce vibration levels by absorbing the energy of the system, especially at their natural frequencies. Both types of TMDs are investigated in the first part of this study. Although linear TMDs can be implemented more easily on suspension systems, rotational TMDs show better performance in reducing vibration levels / since, the inertia effect of rotational TMDs is higher than the linear TMDs. In order to obtain better results with TMDs, configurations with chain of linear TMDs are obtained in the second part of the study without changing the original suspension stiffness and damping coefficient. In addition to these, the effect of increasing the number of TMDs used in the chain configuration is investigated. Results show that performance deterioration at lower frequencies than wheel hop is reduced by using chain of TMDs. In the third part of this study, various configurations of LVIs with different masses are considered and significant attenuation of vibration amplitudes at both body bounce and wheel hop frequencies is achieved. Results show that TMDs improve ride comfort around wheel hop frequency while LVIs are quite efficient around body bounce frequency. Finally, parameter uncertainty due to aging of components and manufacturing defects are investigated.

Technological improvements on wind energy systems with governmental supports have increased the penetration level of wind power into the grid in recent years. The high level of penetration forces the wind turbines stay connected to the grid during the disturbances in order to enhance system stability. Moreover, power system operators must revise their grid codes in parallel with these developments. This work is devoted to the modeling of variable speed wind turbines and the investigation of fault ride trough capability of the wind turbines for grid integration studies. In the thesis, detailed models of different variable speed wind turbines will be presented. Requirements of grid codes for wind power integration will also be discussed regarding active power control, reactive power control and fault ride through (FRT) capability. Investigation of the wind turbine FRT capability is the main focus of this thesis. Methods to overcome this problem for different types of wind turbines will be also explained in detail. Models of grid-connected wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator and permanent magnet synchronous generator are implemented in the dedicated power system analysis tool PSCAD/EMTDC. With these models and computer simulations, FRT capabilities ofvariable speed wind turbines have been studied and benchmarked and the influences on the grid during the faults are discussed.

Les signatures de la subduction de la ride de Nazca s'expriment sur le flanc est des Andes péruviennes: l'Arche de Fitzcarrald en est la réponse topographique dans le bassin d'avant-pays amazonien. La subduction horizontale de la ride de Nazca perturbe la flexion de la lithosphère sud-américaine depuis ~4 Ma. Ce soulèvement est responsable de la configuration N-S actuelle, foredeep-foreslope-foredeep, du bassin amazonien. L'élaboration de modèles analogiques lithosphériques adaptés au contexte régional de l'étude a permis de comprendre les effets de la subduction d'un plateau océanique sur la plaque continentale chevauchante: i) le processus de la subduction horizontale requiert la subduction de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de plateau; ii) la subduction horizontale augmente la friction interplaque et iii) s'accompagne de mouvements verticaux dans la plaque chevauchante, liés à son raccourcissement et à la flottabilité du plateau. L'architecture structurale du prisme orogénique andin au toit de l'Arche de Fitzcarrald correspond à deux prismes tectoniques superposés: un inférieur hérité de chevauchements carbonifères et un autre supérieur, la zone subandine, structuré par une tectonique de chevauchements de couverture. L'évolution structurale du système est liée aux variations d'épaisseur de la pile sédimentaire paléozoïque. Ce contrôle paléogéographique est marqué par le développement d'une zone de transfert héritée de la bordure nord du bassin paléozoïque. Les données de traces de fission sur apatites suggèrent une exhumation de cette région à ~110 Ma, liée à l'ouverture de l'Atlantique sud. La propagation des chevauchements au sud de la zone de transfert, est enregistrée à partir de ~6 Ma par les thermochronomètres remis à zéro par enfouissement lors du stade flexural du bassin de Camisea. Cependant, le sous-placage de la ride de Nazca ne semble pas avoir d'influence sur la déformation subandine à courte longueur d'onde.

La caractérisation des magmas primitifs des laves a pour objectif de mieux contraindre les conditions physico-chimiques de la fusion partielle, les modes d'extraction et de transport des magmas et la composition chimique et minéralogique du manteau terrestre. L'intérêt de l'étude des inclusions magmatiques piégées dans les phénocristaux précoces des basaltes réside dans l'isolation de ces liquides silicatés vis à vis des processus secondaires de différenciation et de mélange. Ce travail avait pour but la caractérisation des inclusions magmatiques dans des olivines primitives dans deux contextes géodynamiques distincts - les rides médio-océaniques et les points chauds océaniques – en s'articulant autour de deux exemples régionaux : la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord) et le point chaud de la Réunion.<br />Les inclusions magmatiques piégées dans un échantillon de la zone FAMOUS (ride médio-Atlantique Nord) se caractérisent par une variabilité importante de leurs teneurs en éléments majeurs et traces, qui excède largement la variabilité chimique des laves émises en surface dans la région. Les liquides inclus sont très primitifs (Mg# = 0.70-0.78) et présentent des similitudes de composition avec les liquides expérimentaux issus de la fusion partielle de lherzolites à spinelle à 1 GPa. Les compositions en éléments en traces évoluent depuis des compositions relativement appauvries ((La/Sm)N<0.75) jusqu'à des compositions légèrement enrichies ((La/Sm)N>1.2). Des modélisations géochimiques suggèrent qu'une grande part de la diversité chimique des inclusions résulte du processus de fusion polybare d'une source de composition homogène. Toutefois, une variation locale de la température potentielle et de la teneur en H2O du manteau semble requise pour reproduire certaines variations en éléments majeurs. Nous n'avons pas décelé de modifications chimiques des magmas liées à des interactions magma/roche (dissolution du clinopyroxène) lors de la ségrégation et l'ascension.<br />L'étude des inclusions magmatiques dans les olivines d'échantillons de l'île Maurice et l'île de la Réunion a mis en évidence une transition entre des liquides alcalins à transitionnels vers des basaltes à affinité tholéiitique. Cette évolution peut vraisemblablement être expliquée par une augmentation du degré de fusion d'une source péridotitique. D'autre part, la composition chimique et isotopique homogène au cours du temps du panache de la Réunion nous a autorisés à calculer la séquence d'incompatibilité des éléments traces lors du processus de fusion partielle à l'origine des liquides inclus. Les résultats indiquent un comportement très incompatible du Pb, alors que celui-ci est généralement considéré comme voisin du celui du Ce lors de la fusion dans un environnement océanique. Cette observation implique l'absence de sulfure résiduel dans la source du panache lors de l'extraction des magmas, ce qui singulariserait la source du panache de la Réunion des autres sources d'îles océaniques. Enfin, une modélisation de la source du panache suggère une composition relativement comparable à celle du manteau primitif, mais toutefois légèrement appauvrie en éléments les plus incompatibles. Ainsi, la source de la Réunion est constituée d'un manteau faiblement appauvri par l'extraction de la croûte continentale, qui, par la suite, n'a pas ou peu été modifié par les processus de différenciation ou de recyclage.

The question of animals and performance defines the crossroads of the academic fields of Critical Animals Studies and Performance Studies, giving rise to the proposition of inter-species performance. But are all performances that integrate animals into the production inter-species? Or are there different manners of collaboration? In 2008 and my horse, Katrina, and I rode across Canada. Though this event was not undertaken as a performance endeavour, the production that emerged can be understood as a uniquely collaborative human/equine performance – The Ride. The Ride presented a meeting through the middle of an inter-species partnership that was performance in its foundation of physical communication and learned cooperation between a human and a horse. The Ride was an event that “became” a performance due to its active, reciprocal human/equine exchange, and the experiential interaction of a host of audience/participators throughout the course of the journey. Through embracing the positive, expansive qualities of equine alterity, and recognizing both the human and equine perspectives at play within the event, The Ride presented a performance that was fundamentally inter-species.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à proposer des méthodes permettant de résoudre un problème de Transport à la Demande multicritère. Le premier travail réalisé dans cette thèse est l'étude d'un problème de Dial-a-Ride (DARP) statique multicritère. Trois critères qui peuvent être conflictuels ont été définis : le premier consiste à minimiser le coût de transport, le deuxième critère consiste à minimiser l'insatisfaction des passagers et enfin le troisième critère consiste à minimiser la quantité de CO2 émise par l'ensemble des véhicules. Nous avons développé une méthode évolutionnaire NSGA-II pour chercher un ensemble approximatif d'optimas de Pareto. Le second travail réalisé est l'étude d'un problème d'Optimal Timing dans une tournée. Ce problème consiste à calculer les dates de début de service optimales des points d'arrêts d'une tournée afin de minimiser l'insatisfaction des passagers. Le dernier travail de cette thèse a porté sur l'étude d'un problème de Transport à la Demande dynamique dans lequel de nouvelles requêtes à traiter arrivent en cours de journée. Deux méthodes ont été proposées pour résoudre ce problème : la première est une heuristique d'insertion rapide et la seconde est une méthode arborescente tronquée connue sous le nom de Recovering Beam Search. / The work presented in this thesis aims to propose methods to solve a multicriteria dial-a-ride problem (DARP). Three objective functions that have to be optimized in order to measure the potential efficiency of the DARP solution on different aspects : the cost for the transportation operator, the quality of service for users and the impact on the environment. The first work in this thesis is the study of static DARP for which a NSGA-II algorithm is developped to identify a good approximation of the Pareto optimal set. The second work deals with an optimal timing algorithm which computes pickup and delivery dates when the requests are sequenced on the vehicles, the objective is to minimize the total customer' dissatisfaction. The last problem studied in this thesis aims to solve the dynamic version of DARP for which two methods are proposed. The first one is a fast insertion heuristic based on an attractive index. However, the second methode uses a recovering beam search heuristic which unlike the insertion heuristic allows to modify the structure of the routes previously scheduled in order to schedule the new requests.

Les marges transformantes, formées par le coulissage des plaques lors des premières étapes de l’ouverture océanique, ont été peu étudiées relativement aux marges divergentes. La marge de Côte d’Ivoire-Ghana fait figure d’exemple-type, et l’absence d’inventaire exhaustif ainsi que le peu d’étude de marges transformantes conjuguées entraîne une méconnaissance de la véritable diversité de ce type de marge. Deux approches ont été abordées dans ce mémoire. La première a consisté à les inventorier dans le monde à partir d’une méthodologie simple. Elles ont ensuite été comparées (physiographie et structure). La deuxième s’est concentrée sur l’étude tectono-sédimentaire des marges transformantes conjuguées des plateaux de Demerara et de Guinée. L’inventaire des marges transformantes a montré que les marges transformantes représentent 30% des marges passives. Leur distribution au sein de domaines océaniques ouverts de façon très oblique ou à l’intersection entre grands domaines reflète des conditions d’initiation spécifiques. 30% des marges transformantes se trouvent notamment en bordure d’un plateau marginal ; un type de bassin à l’histoire double nouvellement défini, qui semble associé à un fort amincissement crustal. Par ailleurs, on montre que les marges transformantes présentent des architectures diverses et sont souvent segmentées. L’étude des plateaux marginaux de Demerara et Guinée a permis de montrer qu’elles se mettent en place au niveau d’un domaine pré-aminci, sans doute guidées par des structures préexistantes. La nature du soubassement des plateaux est discutée : éventails sédimentaires ou volcaniques type SDR. La formation et l’évolution des marges transformantes en bordure des deux plateaux a été accompagnée de déformations intenses à l’approche des frontière océan-continents ainsi que de plusieurs épisodes de soulèvement et subsidence successifs de la bordure transformante, dont les origines et mécanismes sont discutés. / Transform margins form by transform motion between plates during early stages of oceanic spreading. They have been poorly studied in comparison with divergent margins, at least for the last 15 years. The Côte d’Ivoire-Ghana margin represents the best known example of a transform margin and is often considered as a model. However, the lack of a global complete inventory of such margins may lead to underestimate their diversity. Two approaches have been developed in this work. The first one consisted in a compiling world transform margins using a systematic and simple methodology. Those margins have then been compared (physiography, structure). In a second approach we analysed the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Demerara and Guinea conjugated transform-derived plateaus. The worldwide review of transform margins shows that those represent 30% of the existing passive margins. Their distribution inside very oblique oceanic domains, and at the intersection between oceanic domains of contrasted ages, reflects specific initiation conditions. 30% of those transform margins locate on the edge of marginal plateaus —newly defined type of basins— that seem to be associated with important crustal thinning. Furthermore, this inventory shows that transform margins display a great variety of architectures. The Demerara and Guinea marginal plateaus are bounded by transform margins that occur on an already thinned crust, probably along a preexisting structure. The nature of these plateaus basement is discussed: sedimentary or volcanic SDRs fan-shaped units? During the Equatorial Atlantic opening, the formation and evolution of Demerara and Guinea transform margins were accompanied by intense deformations close to the continent-ocean boundary and by several successive uplift and subsidence phases along the plateaus borders. Their origin and mechanisms are discussed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis addresses the main issues regarding the operation of full power converters wind turbines connected to the grid under balanced and unbalanced voltage sags. In the past, the grid codes allowed wind turbines to be disconnected during voltage and frequency disturbances. However, recently, grid codes updates often require that wind turbines remain connected during voltage sags aiming to provide voltage back-up support. Furthermore, some specific criteria establish that wind turbines should be able to utilize part of its current capability to promote the voltage back-up during unbalanced voltage sags. To guarantee the grid connected converter operation, even with voltage sags that lead to zero-voltage situations and unbalanced voltage conditions, a synchronous frame PLL with a very low time constant is designed and adapted with a Kalmam filter synchronization system. This thesis propose a two stages synchronization for grid connected converters that is able to ensure proper operation of the converter even when voltage on the converter terminals has temporarily falling down to zero. This goal is meet with a synchronous frame PLL with a very low time constant adapted with a Kalmam filter synchronization system. This composed synchronization system allows the converter control system to get the positive and negative sequences voltages components, that are necessary to the output power control even under severe voltage dips. Moreover, an anti windup is adapted to operate with a resonant current controller enabling the minimization of the saturation in the control action during voltage transients. During unbalanced voltage dips, the injection of unbalanced currents to the voltage back-up support becomes a good alternative to reduce the imbalance factor of the grid voltages. However, it is necessary to limit the maximum current output of the converter to avoid undesirable protection trips. This thesis proposes a strategy that limite the output currents allowing the use of the converter full current capacity during unbalanced voltage sags support. To achieve this goal, the current references are divided into three parts. The former is associated with the active power reference synchronized with the positive sequence voltage. The second is the reactive power synchronized with the positive sequence voltage and the third is the reactive power synchronized with the negative sequence voltage. The strategy propose the computation of th reactive power references by the positive and negative sequence voltages on the PPC in order to not overpass the converter current limits. Experimental and simulation results corroborate the contributions of this thesis. / Esta tese trata do problema de operação de aerogeradores com conversores plenos conectados à rede durante afundamentos de tensão equilibrados e desequilibrados. Inicialmente, os códigos de rede permitiam a desconexão dos aerogeradores durante distúrbios de frequência ou durante afundamentos de tensão. Entretanto, a presente tendência dos requisitos de conexão em diversos países obriga os aerogeradores a permanecerem conectados a contribuição destes com injeção de corrente reativa visando dar suporte à tensão. Além disso, alguns critérios especifícos estabelecem que aerogeradores devem ser capazes de utilizar parte de sua capacidade de corrente para promover o suporte de reativos também durante afundamentos desequilibrados. Nesta tese é apresentado um método de sincronismo composto baseado em filtro de Kalman e aplicado para conversores conectados à rede durante afundamentos de tensão que possam levar a tensão a zero no ponto de conexão. Este possibilita a obtenção das componentes de sequência e as suas tensões em quadratura de maneira simples, além de apresentar um bom desempenho dinâmico durante afundamentos desequilibrados. Além disso, uma estrutura anti windup é adaptada para operar com um controlador ressonante de corrente possibilitando a minimização da saturação da ação de controle na síntese das correntes de saída. Uma vez que o conversor do lado da rede é capaz de operar em condições severas de maneira adequada, a injeção de corrente reativa de forma a minimizar a tensão se sequência negativa no ponto de conexão é uma possibilidade para a diminuição do fator de desequilíbrio. Entretanto é necessário limitar as correntes máximas de saída do conversor. Esta tese propõem uma estratégia de limitação de corrente para conversores conectados à rede que possibilita o uso da plena capacidade de corrente do conversor na injeção de correntes desequilibradas para o suporte de tensão. Para atingir esse objetivo, as referências de corrente são dividas em três partes e com objetivos distintos. A primeira é associada a potência ativa sincronizada com a tensão de sequência positiva. A segunda representa a parcela de potência reativa sincronizada com a tensão de sequência positiva e a terceira parcela representa a potência reativa sincronizada com a tensão de sequência negativa. Pelo cômputo da norma máxima das correntes por uma expressão genérica é possível determinar as correntes de referência que respeitam os limites de corrente do conversor. Resultados de simulação e experimentais corroboram as contribuições desta tese.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-23T14:30:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MiltonJulianodaSilvaJúnior.pdf: 2191207 bytes, checksum: c61cb0cb1750b1bc1634a5f13999d491 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-23T21:40:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MiltonJulianodaSilvaJúnior.pdf: 2191207 bytes, checksum: c61cb0cb1750b1bc1634a5f13999d491 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-23T21:40:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_MiltonJulianodaSilvaJúnior.pdf: 2191207 bytes, checksum: c61cb0cb1750b1bc1634a5f13999d491 (MD5) / Trata-se de uma pesquisa que buscou elucidar o panorama dos cursos Técnicos Subsequentes dentro da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional Científica e Tecnológica na Região de Integração para o Desenvolvimento Econômico do Distrito Federal e Entorno (RIDE-DF). Foi escolhida como metodologia para esse trabalho a pesquisa documental e exploratória, pautada em uma perspectiva de perfil quantitativo e qualitativo a partir de aplicação de formulário com alunos do 1° semestre dos cursos subsequentes da região(análise quantitativa), assim como a realização de entrevistas com gestores de campis da mesma região(análise qualitativa). Foi realizado um levantamento de dados internacionais sobre as escolhas tomadas sobretudo por países pertencentes a Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) no que diz respeito a oferta de cursos nas modalidades subsequentes e integrados, assim como uma análise sobre a demanda por curso superior em países em desenvolvimento. Também foi elaborado um site como produto técnico desse trabalho para disponibilização de dados e pesquisas sobre a Rede Federal de Educação, na Região delimitada. Como resultado da pesquisa documental grande parte dos países desenvolvidos estão ofertando cursos semelhantes aos cursos integrados e concomitante ao ensino médio, a oferta de subsequentes nesses mesmos países é reduzida, está acontecendo uma explosão de demanda por cursos superiores em todo o mundo sobretudo em países em desenvolvimento. Foi traçado um perfil do aluno ingressante nos cursos subsequentes a partir dos dados fornecidos pelo Sistema de Gerenciamento Acadêmico do Instituto Federal de Brasília. Como resultado da pesquisa de campo os alunos dos cursos técnicos subsequentes na região em sua grande maioria deixariam de fazer essa modalidade para cursar um curso superior. Houve problemas na organização da expansão na região que afetaram a escolha de modalidades de cursos existe uma preferência de oferta pelo curso integrado na região baseada em parâmetros legais e na necessidade de cumprir indicadores de gestão. Os cursos subsequentes na região têm alto índice de evasão e essa é uma grande preocupação dos estudantes e gestores. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / It is a survey that sought to clarify the panorama of the subsequent Technical courses within the Federal Scientific and Technological Professional Education in Network Integration Region for Economic Development of the Federal District and surrounding areas (RIDE-DF). It was chosen as methodology for such work documentary and exploratory research, based on a perspective of quantitative and qualitative profile from application form with students of the 1st semester of subsequent courses of the region (quantitative analysis), as well as conducting interviews Camper with managers from the same area (qualitative analysis). A survey of international data on the choices especially taken by countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) regarding the provision of courses in subsequent and integrated manner, as well as an analysis of the demand for higher education in developing countries. It was also developed a website as a technical product of this work for providing data and research on the Federal Education Network, the demarcated region. As a result of the great documentary research developed countries are offering courses similar to the integrated courses and concomitant to secondary education, the provision of subsequent in those countries is reduced, it is going on a demand explosion for higher education in the world particularly in countries development. It was traced a profile of new students in the following courses from the data provided by the Academic Management System of the Federal Institute of Brasilia. As a result of field research students of subsequent technical courses in the region for the most part no longer do this modality to study for a degree. There were problems in the organization's expansion in the region that have affected the choice of types of courses there is an integrated course by offering preferably in the region based on legal standards and the need to meet management indicators. Subsequent courses in the region have high dropout rate and this is a major concern of students and managers.