Thesis (Ph. D.)--Northeastern University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-127).

En el presente trabajo, el autor nos brinda una brillante perspectiva de los costos transaccionales y la problemática que los rodea en cuanto a la asignación de recursos y las reglas de responsabilidad que tenemos en nuestros ordenamientos legales. Con el motivo de dejar claro su planteamiento, el renombrado profesor Calabresi usa ejemplos empíricos para mostrar de qué manera se da la intervención gubernamental en la economía, cuando esta parece no poder regularse por sí misma. In the present paper, the author gives us a brighter perspective of transaction costs and the problems around them in terms of resource allocation and liability rules that we have in our legal systems. With the occasion to clarify its approach, the renowned Professor Calabresi uses empirical examples that show how government intervention in the economy occurs when this does not seem to regulate for itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:20:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5956_1.pdf: 769946 bytes, checksum: cf65fb921a77d5f66e37bea44af90956 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / O presente trabalho analisa o comportamento de moradores de uma comunidade carente da cidade do Recife, com o objetivo de verificar experimentalmente a ocorrência ou não do fenômeno descrito, na teoria econômica, como a hipótese do free rider. O autor elaborou uma situação-problema que simulava a obtenção de um bem público, o que era representado pela escolha econômica de aplicar determinada dotação inicial em um fundo público ou em um fundo privado de investimento. Os agentes foram abordados na própria comunidade e a amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de 20 jovens e dois de 20 adultos. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que os moradores da Comunidade do Pilar não agem precisamente de acordo com as previsões da hipótese do free rider, não obstante uma alta ocorrência de decisões pouco cooperativas 52% dos jovens doaram seus recursos num montante que não seria suficiente para adquirir os benefícios do bem público, enquanto entre os adultos essa porcentagem subiu para 60%. Além dos resultados quantitativos e qualitativos per se, esta dissertação contribuiu para um aprofundamento do método de pesquisa em um tipo de grupo amostral pouco explorado na literatura de Economia Experimental: agentes em precárias condições de sobrevivência, com pouco acesso ao mercado de trabalho formal, à renda, à educação, à saúde, ao saneamento básico

This study sought to explore the perceptions of social loafing held by post-graduate university students within a group work context. The study aimed to advance understanding of how such perceptions can impact group work endeavours. Specifically, the key tenets that guided the study were whether or not the participants had experienced the phenomenon of social loafing through the duration of their university careers; how prevalent it was; how the encounter had shaped their views on group work; how it impacted their motivational levels; whether they had personally engaged in social loafing or not; as well as how they dealt with social loafers within their groups. This purely qualitative study employed a phenomenological lens in deriving exploratory information from a purposive sample (eight post-graduate students enrolled in the University of Pretoria's Human Resource Management Department). The findings from the research illustrate that the whole sample had experienced social loafing within a group work context. What differed, were the subjective interpretations of the phenomenon held by the students. Students were readily able to provide specific examples and instances where they had been exposed to loafing by a peer or where they, themselves, had loafed. Students' applied various mechanisms to deal with loafers within their work groups, namely, direct confrontation; eliminating perceived loafers from in-group selection from the onset; peer review or evaluations/appraisals; as well complete conflict avoidance through no action at all. The presence of a loafer created feelings of frustration amongst most of the students. The phenomenon itself was more likely to occur when there was a lack of incentive or evaluation, disinterest in the topic or limited knowledge of the work content. Further, the larger the group size, the greater the likelihood of a loafer being present. From these findings it is evident that social loafing is common and leaves a lasting impression on those that have been exposed or engaged in the phenomenon. Recommendations include: the optimal size for a group work task be ideally set at 4 to 5 people; group work activities should have clearly defined goals and objectives; clear means of evaluation must exist to ensure that each group member's contribution can be appraised; prior exposure to the content of the task is important and group work should not take place before modular assessment; lecturers need to take on an active role in mitigating against loafing; realistic time frames for group task completion must be present; and increased focus on educating students on how to be constructive group members should be considered as part of a best practice group work approach. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

As part of a continuous trend of the space sector for obtaining higher performance space science and Earth observations, there is an increasing demand for higher requirements in pointing accuracy and disturbance prediction. The Space Rider System (SRS) is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) reusable vehicle that aims at answering to that demand. It is a real science platform for short orbital missions, and its service module is being developed for European Space Agency (ESA) by Italian company AVIO S.p.A. The module possesses several rotating parts such as the solar arrays and the reaction wheels, that both create vibration disturbances that might jeopardize the Micro-Gravity (MG) requirements set on the project. At the same time, these reaction wheels were found to be failing to complete certain slew maneuvers, although they are the preferred actuator for most attitude controls. In a perspective to studying these aspects and exploring possible enhancements, this study develops two generic models to simulate the vibration disturbances from Solar Array (SA) and Reaction Wheel (RW). Furthermore, the optimization routine of a different guidance approach using a quaternion shape method is developed to tackle the Reaction Wheels Assembly (RWA) saturation. Through extensive validation work coupled with research and simulations, the developed models were found to enable a good estimation of the vibrations on the spacecraft, and enhance the ability of the company to validate requirements in a more agile way. Furthermore, an optimization algorithm was developed and has shown great performance in desaturating all the problematic maneuvers using reaction wheels during orbital phases, with low computational requirements. / Som en del av rymdsektorns kontinuerliga strävan att uppnå högre prestanda inom rymdvetenskap och jordobservationer ökar kraven på högre precision i riktningen och störningsförutsägelser. Space Rider System (SRS) är en återanvändbar farkost för låg jordbana (LEO) som syftar till att uppfylla dessa krav. SRS är en vetenskapsplattform för korta rymduppdrag i omloppsbana, och dess servicemodul utvecklas för ESA av det italienska företaget AVIO S.p.A. Modulen har flera roterande delar, t.ex. solpanelerna och reaktionshjulen, som båda skapar vibrationsstörningar som kan äventyra de krav på mikrovibrationer som ställs på projektet. Samtidigt konstaterades det att reaktionshjulen inte klarar av att genomföra vissa svängningsmanövrar, trots att de är det föredragna manöverdonet för de flesta attitydkontroller. För att studera dessa aspekter och utforska möjliga förbättringar utvecklas i denna studie två generiska modeller för att simulera vibrationsstörningar från solpanelerna och reaktionshjulen. Dessutom utvecklas optimeringsrutinen för en annan styrningsmetod med hjälp av en kvaternion-formmetod för att hantera mättnaden av reaktionshjulen. Genom ett omfattande valideringsarbete med forskning och simuleringar visade sig de utvecklade modellerna möjliggöra en god uppskattning av vibrationerna på rymdfarkosten och förbättra företagets förmåga att validera krav på ett smidigare sätt. Vidare utvecklades en optimeringsalgoritm som har visat stor prestanda när det gäller att avmätta alla problematiska manövrar med hjälp av reaktionshjul under omloppsfaserna, med låga beräkningskrav.

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Background: Especially important in the transition process is the role of the providers and parents shifting from that of a manager of health to more of a coach. In group work, as in healthcare management, there is the opportunity for social loafing to occur, which could impede one’s competence in performing the desired task. Social loafing is the reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively compared with when they work individually. Specific to social loafing is the free rider effect —when a person lacks putting forth effort because they believe someone else will pick up the slack which has been demonstrated in parent-child and student-teacher relationships. Objective: In this study we examined the prevalence of social loafing as defined by whether youth report that they know how to perform specific transition readiness skills but report that others do the tasks for them (as opposed to doing it themselves). Design/Methods: We surveyed 161 youth from two different schools in South Central Appalachia about their transition readiness using anchors from the TRAQ with revised response categories. The response categories assessed 1) whether they know how to do the specific task or not and 2) whether youth perform the task themselves or if someone else does the task for them. Results: We were specifically interested in those who responded “No, someone else does it but I know how”. Of the 21 items on the TRAQ, the rate of endorsement of the “social loafing” response varied between 11% and 53%. For 14 of the 21 items, the rate of endorsement of the “social loafing” response was greater than 30%. Table 1 displays the rate of endorsement of the social loafing response for each TRAQ item. Conclusion(s): Our results demonstrate that although many youth “know” how to perform various transition related tasks, very frequently they allow someone else to perform the task for them. In order for transition to adulthood to be successful, youth should be challenged to accept responsibility for performing task with the support of adults—called scaffolding. This will enhance the youth’s competence and autonomy. Similarly, in healthcare settings, clinicians can implement a scaffolding approach to reduce social loafing and promote more autonomy and gain competence in managing their health.

Range Rider Programs (RRPs) are one example of a proactive non-lethal tool that has been implemented in western United States to mitigate gray wolf (Canis lupus) and livestock conflicts. Because RRPs are an emerging non-lethal tool that little is known about, I selected a qualitative research approach to examine participant perceptions to further contemporary understanding of how these efforts are implemented and potential benefits. I surveyed 51 participants from 17 Range Rider Programs (RRPs) in Montana, Washington, and Oregon to determine participant perceptions regarding effectiveness of RRPs as a non-lethal approach to mitigate wolf-conflicts. I developed a RRPs typology based on information provided by the participants interviewed. The typology identified 3 versions of RRPs programs that revolved around the role of the range rider. These roles included: 1) livestock monitoring, 2) wolf surveillance, and 3) livestock herding. The RRPs, although diverse in operations, shared traits exemplified by community-based conservation programs. Interview responses suggested a RRP’s primary contribution may not be a direct reduction in livestock depredation by wolves, but instead a collection of indirect technical and socio-political benefits. To improve current RRPs and develop future efforts, programs should be realistic in expectations and the sponsors must work closely with rancher participants to develop an adaptive program that meets their needs, maintains transparent and frequent communication, and provides a forum for feedback.

Herbert Morris argues in his influential retributivist paper, "Persons and Punishment," that criminals deserve punishment because their actions represent an unfair distribution of benefits and burdens in society. The proper distribution of benefits and burdens is important, in part, to restore law abiding citizens’ confidence that others will follow the law. In this paper I show that Morris's argument for why criminals deserve punishment morally requires us to set up an institution of rehabilitation in addition to the institution of punishment. Such an institution is morally required because neither pure punishment systems nor punishment systems that incorporate quasi-rehabilitative aspects have ever worked to uphold the necessary confidence that Morris tells us law abiding citizens must have in order to protect the social order. Moreover, we cannot abandon Morris's appeal to the duty to maintain social order without also abandoning a plausibly Morrisian framework.

Bus stops are interwoven into the urban landscape, providing direct access to the transit system and offering upfront information to users. This contact creates an ever-present opportunity for transit agencies to market their services to the public and attract ridership. The purpose of this thesis is to help transit agencies exploit this opportunity through the development and deployment of user information. The thesis examines how agencies are leveraging bus stop infrastructure in the United States and Canada. Site visits were conducted at twenty-nine transit agencies across the continent with observations photographed and processed into matrices. The photographs provide examples of innovative ways in which agencies have employed elements, while the matrices reveal the current state of the practice. The thesis concludes with recommendations for the conceptualization and development of bus stop signage that integrate many of these innovative elements as well as ADA regulations to improve user information at transit agencies. The findings of this thesis may be of interest to transit agencies that are seeking to construct a new or improve upon an existing user information system as well as to those interested in or studying public transit, wayfinding, or environmental graphic design. While there exists a large degree of difference as to the level of information that is made available to users in different transit agencies, all agencies have room to improve.