Melanin deficiency in persons with albinism predisposes them to significant health risks. Persons with albinism have varying degrees of low vision, and skin cancer has been identified as the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, persons with albinism face mental health issues due to discrimination, stigma, marginalisation and social exclusion. This study relied on a review of relevant national and international legal instruments, journal articles and media reports to assess the legal and institutional arrangements to respect, promote, protect and fulfil the right to health in Ghana and examine their conformity to the right to health of persons with albinism under international human rights law. The study showed that a lack of information and scientific understanding of the condition leads to myths, misconceptions and prejudices, fuelling discrimination, stigma, marginalisation and social exclusion. Consequently, these social factors negatively impact the level of participation of persons with albinism in decision making in all aspects of life including, political, social, civic and cultural life, with consequential effects on their access to healthcare. As a result, the study recommends legislative and administrative measures, provision of reasonable accommodation, and access to information to promote, protect and fulfil the rights to health of persons with albinism in Ghana in line with international human rights laws. / Mini Dissertation (MPhil (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))-University of Pretoria, 2021. / University of Pretoria / Centre for Human Rights / MPhil (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa) / Unrestricted

The aim of this study is to analyse the discourses drawn upon by community paediatric nurses in relation to children’s rights to health. The philosophy of Michel Foucault has been used to underpin the analysis of the interviews and exemplars of five experienced community nurses, revealing conflicting power relationships and discourses. Rights are formalised morality and so from a children’s rights perspective, discourses reflect both the moral and ethical positions of the nurses. Children are constructed as developing human beings whose moral status gradually changes and who, through a lack of developmental autonomy, entrust their decision-making to their representatives (parents and caregivers) as their trustees. Rights are correlative with the obligations and duties toward children by both families and society. Society constructs legislative and politically organised structures to govern raising children because children are an intrinsic social concern. Whilst representing society’s interest in children’s rights to health, nurses in the home act as a conduit for multiple governing structures. The nurses in this study construct their “truths” and knowledge about children’s health rights from nursing, medicine, law, education, and social policy. However, the values of individual parents can conflict with universal values for children’s health and wellbeing. Therefore representing society positions nurses as “agents of the state”, a role that potentially holds power over parents and children and leads to the epithet of “the health police”. Within the institution of the family, and in the privacy of the home, there are also mechanisms of power that can resist the mechanisms of the state and its representatives. Therefore the discourse “it takes a village to raise a child” competes with the “my home is my castle” discourse. Nurses negotiate a fine balance between these power relations. Nurses are challenged with using power productively to promote children’s rights whilst respecting the role of parents and families. I argue that children’s rights are central to the moral and ethical work of nurses but that such work is often obscured and invisible. I propose that children’s community nurses are excellent at negotiating networking and connecting at a micro level, but need to create a more sophisticated and cohesive entity at a macro level to become fully political children’s rights advocates.

The aim of this study is to analyse the discourses drawn upon by community paediatric nurses in relation to children’s rights to health. The philosophy of Michel Foucault has been used to underpin the analysis of the interviews and exemplars of five experienced community nurses, revealing conflicting power relationships and discourses. Rights are formalised morality and so from a children’s rights perspective, discourses reflect both the moral and ethical positions of the nurses. Children are constructed as developing human beings whose moral status gradually changes and who, through a lack of developmental autonomy, entrust their decision-making to their representatives (parents and caregivers) as their trustees. Rights are correlative with the obligations and duties toward children by both families and society. Society constructs legislative and politically organised structures to govern raising children because children are an intrinsic social concern. Whilst representing society’s interest in children’s rights to health, nurses in the home act as a conduit for multiple governing structures. The nurses in this study construct their “truths” and knowledge about children’s health rights from nursing, medicine, law, education, and social policy. However, the values of individual parents can conflict with universal values for children’s health and wellbeing. Therefore representing society positions nurses as “agents of the state”, a role that potentially holds power over parents and children and leads to the epithet of “the health police”. Within the institution of the family, and in the privacy of the home, there are also mechanisms of power that can resist the mechanisms of the state and its representatives. Therefore the discourse “it takes a village to raise a child” competes with the “my home is my castle” discourse. Nurses negotiate a fine balance between these power relations. Nurses are challenged with using power productively to promote children’s rights whilst respecting the role of parents and families. I argue that children’s rights are central to the moral and ethical work of nurses but that such work is often obscured and invisible. I propose that children’s community nurses are excellent at negotiating networking and connecting at a micro level, but need to create a more sophisticated and cohesive entity at a macro level to become fully political children’s rights advocates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SSO - Carla Agda Goncalves.pdf: 573475 bytes, checksum: 68d8bf4e2d978d3e7d9cc92e555b1fd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present dissertation has for objective the study of the social workers' practices in the Units of Municipal Services of Health of Sorocaba State of São Paulo and its contribution in the guarantee of the rights to health. This object of the research had for context the perspective Brazilian socio-historical, focusing the relationships among the Social Service, the Health and the Social Rights. The methodology included the bibliographical research about the central themes of the study, which are, Social Service, Health, Social Rights and Citizenship; more a documental research (laws, plans etc.), and the research of field with quantitative and qualitative character. It was used as methodological procedures, questionnaire and interviews semi-structured. The analysis of data was based in three nuclei: nucleus of conceptions, nucleus of guarantee of right and nucleus of limits and possibilities. For the nucleus of guarantee of right, three axles of insertion were used: actions of character of emergency; education and information in health; mobilization of the community and planning and assessorship. The results were obtained evidenced that the social workers know the rights to the health and try to execute them in their practices, with prominence to the rights the information. The results denoted still, fragility in the warranty of the rights the health, front the fragmented characteristics, punctual and focused in the social workers' practices, with emphasis in the individual actions due to internal and external factors. Those practices demand a collective commitment and shared among the many professionals that work with SUS (Unique System of Health) and the users of the services, making possible, like this, conditions to contribute in the construction, enlargement and warranty of the rights to the health, to the citizenship / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo o estudo das práticas dos assistentes sociais nas Unidades de serviços municipais de saúde de Sorocaba/ SP e sua contribuição na efetivação dos direitos à saúde, na perspectiva sócio-histórica brasileira, focando as relações entre o Serviço Social, a Saúde e os Direitos Sociais. A metodologia abrangeu a pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os temas centrais, quais sejam, Serviço Social, Saúde, Direitos Sociais e Cidadania, bem como a pesquisa documental (leis, planos etc.), e a pesquisa de campo, de caráter quanti-qualitativo. Foram utilizados como procedimentos metodológicos, questionário e entrevista semi-estruturada. A análise dos dados fundamentou três núcleos: núcleo de concepções, núcleo de efetivação e núcleo de limites e possibilidades. Para o núcleo de efetivação, foram utilizados três eixos de inserção: ações de caráter emergencial; educação e informação em saúde; mobilização da comunidade e planejamento e assessoria. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os assistentes sociais conhecem os direitos à saúde e buscam efetiva-los em suas práticas, com destaque ao direito à informação. Os resultados denotaram, ainda, uma fragilidade na efetivação dos direitos à saúde, face às características fragmentadas, pontuais e focalistas das práticas dos assistentes sociais, com ênfase nas ações individuais. Essas práticas exigem um compromisso coletivo e compartilhado entre os diversos profissionais que operacionalizam os SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde) e os usuários dos serviços, possibilitando, assim, condições para contribuir na construção, ampliação e efetivação dos direitos à saúde, à cidadania

The prevalence of the Constitution emphasizes the axiological hegemony of principles that become normative pedestal of the legal system, stopping the function of ensuring an interpretive and integrative criterion, a spongy, incomplete and imperfect system. On this track of thought, axiological validity of fundamental rights demand the legitimacy of state prerogatives with communication between state and citizen, in a dialectical relationship that requires democratic participation from the enjoyment of basic rights as defined from the notion of citizenship. This dissertation analyzes the fundamental right to health, through the public health system (SUS). Being a theoretical work, analyzes its guiding principles and corresponding laws. In the face of objective reality and fateful, critical and analytical approach is urgent and imperative to share some of the numerous existing problems, but also important it is to analyze and discuss possible solutions. In this respect, it is particularly highlighted public-private partnerships and its peculiarities. Therefore, to express the real potential of these analyzes to pharmaceutical assistance as a complementary activity object of the private sector through the model of publicprivate partnerships, implementation of the right policies to access to medicines and pharmaceutical patents and their relativity as form of effectiveness of the principle of efficiency in pharmaceutical care. It makes up this long journey in pursuit of making efficient and effective the fundamental right to health. / A prevalência da Constituição acentua a hegemonia axiológica dos princípios, que se convertem em pedestal normativo do sistema jurídico, detendo a função de assegurar um critério interpretativo e integrativo, num sistema lacunoso, incompleto e imperfeito. Nesta esteira de pensamento, a validade axiológica dos Direitos Fundamentais demanda a legitimação das prerrogativas estatais com a comunicação entre Estado e cidadão, numa relação dialética que pressupõe a participação democrática a partir da satisfação dos direitos fundamentais, definidos a partir da noção de cidadania. A presente dissertação analisa o direito fundamental à saúde, passando pelo sistema público de saúde (SUS). Sendo um trabalho teórico, analisa-se seus princípios norteadores e leis correspondentes. Diante da realidade fática e fatídica, a abordagem crítica e analítica se torna premente e imprescindível para externar alguns dos inúmeros problemas existentes, mas também, importante se torna analisar e discutir as soluções possíveis. Neste aspecto, assume especial destaque as parcerias público privadas e suas peculiaridades. Portanto, para exprimir o real potencial destas, analisa-se a assistência farmacêutica como objeto de atuação complementar da iniciativa privada por meio do modelo das parcerias público privadas, as políticas de implementação do direito ao acesso a medicamentos e as patentes farmacêuticas e sua relativização como forma de efetividade do princípio da eficiência na assistência farmacêutica. Faz-se este longo caminho, na busca de tornar eficiente e efetivo o direito fundamental à saúde. / Mestre em Direito Público

Introdução - A obesidade infantil está pautada como assunto de saúde pública e exige a análise, implementação e avaliação de novas intervenções. O marketing é apontado como um dos fatores que interferem no aumento do índice de sobrepeso e de obesidade da população. As estratégias de comunicação publicitária se utilizam de processos cognitivos para determinar, através de elementos emocionais do receptor, a escolha e o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, já que os publicitários respondem à demanda das empresas que buscam lucrar com seus produtos. Já se afirma que a regulamentação legal do marketing dos alimentos infantis não saudáveis deve ser adotada como instrumento de política pública na prevenção da obesidade. Assim, justifica-se a investigação de quais seriam as formas mais apropriadas para regular esse tipo de marketing no Brasil, de forma a garantir o direito à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável. Objetivo - Analisar o papel do marketing como um dos determinantes da obesidade infantil, buscando apontar, no campo jurídico, estratégias para a sua regulamentação no Brasil. Métodos - Revisão de literatura, análise de textos legislativos e de programas adotados para controle da obesidade infantil, além de entrevistas com representantes de entidades e profissionais diretamente ligados à implementação de políticas públicas, nacionais e internacionais, de controle da nutrição e saúde infantil, bem como de proteção dos direitos do consumidor infanto-juvenil. A interpretação dos dados levantados deu-se através do método científico dedutivo. Resultados - O crescente índice de obesidade no Brasil está demonstrado através de pesquisa nacional. A presença de alimentos no mercado com excesso de sal, gordura e açúcar precisa ser controlada. As teorias de comunicação explicam a influência do marketing na decisão emocional do consumidor. Os direitos à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável estão previstos na Constituição Federal. Conclusão - A regulamentação legal do marketing de alimentos não saudáveis é juridicamente possível e suas diretrizes devem focar os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, além dos fatores que facilitam a persuasão da criança, impedindo o uso de elementos emocionais. / Introduction - Childhood obesity is considered a public health issue and requires the analysis, implementation and evaluation of new interventions. Marketing is considered as one of the factors that play a role in the increase of overweight and obesity rates in the population. Advertisement strategies use cognitive processes to determine, by means of emotional elements of the receptor, the choice and consumption of unhealthy foods, since advertisement professionals respond to the demand of companies willing to make a profit by selling their their products. The regulation of the marketing of unhealthy foods for children must be adopted as a public policy instrument for the prevention of obesity. Thus, we should investigate what are the most appropriate ways to regulate this kind of marketing in Brazil to guarantee the right to health and to adequate and healthy foods. Objective - Analyze the role of marketing as one of the determinants of childhood obesity, and try to identify legal strategies for its regulation in Brazil. Methods - Literature review, analysis of legal texts and programs implemented for the control of childhood obesity and interviews with representatives of institutions and professionals directly related to the implementation of public national and international policies for the control of childhood nutrition and health, as well as the protection of children and youth consumer rights. Deductive scientific method was used to interpret data. Results - Increasing obesity rates have been demonstrated by national surveys. The presence of foods with excessive salt, fat and sugar in market must be controlled. Communication theories explain the influence of marketing in the emotional decision of consumers. The right to health and to adequate and healthy foods is determined by the Federal Constitution. Conclusion - It is possible to regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods according to the law. The guidelines for regulation must focus on processed and ultra processed foods and the factors that facilitate persuasion of children, by prohibiting the use of emotional elements.

Introdução - A obesidade infantil está pautada como assunto de saúde pública e exige a análise, implementação e avaliação de novas intervenções. O marketing é apontado como um dos fatores que interferem no aumento do índice de sobrepeso e de obesidade da população. As estratégias de comunicação publicitária se utilizam de processos cognitivos para determinar, através de elementos emocionais do receptor, a escolha e o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, já que os publicitários respondem à demanda das empresas que buscam lucrar com seus produtos. Já se afirma que a regulamentação legal do marketing dos alimentos infantis não saudáveis deve ser adotada como instrumento de política pública na prevenção da obesidade. Assim, justifica-se a investigação de quais seriam as formas mais apropriadas para regular esse tipo de marketing no Brasil, de forma a garantir o direito à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável. Objetivo - Analisar o papel do marketing como um dos determinantes da obesidade infantil, buscando apontar, no campo jurídico, estratégias para a sua regulamentação no Brasil. Métodos - Revisão de literatura, análise de textos legislativos e de programas adotados para controle da obesidade infantil, além de entrevistas com representantes de entidades e profissionais diretamente ligados à implementação de políticas públicas, nacionais e internacionais, de controle da nutrição e saúde infantil, bem como de proteção dos direitos do consumidor infanto-juvenil. A interpretação dos dados levantados deu-se através do método científico dedutivo. Resultados - O crescente índice de obesidade no Brasil está demonstrado através de pesquisa nacional. A presença de alimentos no mercado com excesso de sal, gordura e açúcar precisa ser controlada. As teorias de comunicação explicam a influência do marketing na decisão emocional do consumidor. Os direitos à saúde e à alimentação adequada e saudável estão previstos na Constituição Federal. Conclusão - A regulamentação legal do marketing de alimentos não saudáveis é juridicamente possível e suas diretrizes devem focar os alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, além dos fatores que facilitam a persuasão da criança, impedindo o uso de elementos emocionais. / Introduction - Childhood obesity is considered a public health issue and requires the analysis, implementation and evaluation of new interventions. Marketing is considered as one of the factors that play a role in the increase of overweight and obesity rates in the population. Advertisement strategies use cognitive processes to determine, by means of emotional elements of the receptor, the choice and consumption of unhealthy foods, since advertisement professionals respond to the demand of companies willing to make a profit by selling their their products. The regulation of the marketing of unhealthy foods for children must be adopted as a public policy instrument for the prevention of obesity. Thus, we should investigate what are the most appropriate ways to regulate this kind of marketing in Brazil to guarantee the right to health and to adequate and healthy foods. Objective - Analyze the role of marketing as one of the determinants of childhood obesity, and try to identify legal strategies for its regulation in Brazil. Methods - Literature review, analysis of legal texts and programs implemented for the control of childhood obesity and interviews with representatives of institutions and professionals directly related to the implementation of public national and international policies for the control of childhood nutrition and health, as well as the protection of children and youth consumer rights. Deductive scientific method was used to interpret data. Results - Increasing obesity rates have been demonstrated by national surveys. The presence of foods with excessive salt, fat and sugar in market must be controlled. Communication theories explain the influence of marketing in the emotional decision of consumers. The right to health and to adequate and healthy foods is determined by the Federal Constitution. Conclusion - It is possible to regulate the marketing of unhealthy foods according to the law. The guidelines for regulation must focus on processed and ultra processed foods and the factors that facilitate persuasion of children, by prohibiting the use of emotional elements.