The forestry is the main use of forests in Sweden which results in a number of positive aspects but also a number of negative effects on our nature. Aquatic ecosystems are specifically exposed to land use by the forest industry. The problem areas that arise are mainly discharge of nutrients, mercury, change in hydromorphology and local environment, sludge transport, absence of dead wood in streams and altered solar radiation. In order to reduce negative impact and protect natural populations of species but also to protect important ecosystems, there are a number of national prospective objectives and laws. From the year 2014, a number of prospective aims have been introduced to get a common view of the problem factors, but also to get a common representation of how the forestry measures should be carried out.  This work evaluated the width of the riparian buffer zone left along the 138 streams at final clearcutting in the Vindelälven catchment, comparing three periods: period 1 (year 2001-2007), period 2 (year 2008-2013) and period 3 (year 2014-2018).  The work also included a count of the number of dead wood objects that occur in 16 of the 138 streams in the study area. The method of the study is based on remote sensing using ArcGIS software, along with a field inventory to verify the remote sensing with reality. The results found from the study were that a significant increase in average minimum-width was shown between periods 1 and 3 (ANOVA, n = 138, df = 2, F = 5.083 and p = 0.007). The results from the average width were not significantly different but suggest a positive correlation between lower age of final clearcutting and the average width of the riparian zone. The density of dead wood in the streams of the study site did not give any significant differences or correlations depending on time period. What could be explained from the result was that the presence of beaver (Castor fiber) positively affected the amount of dead wood. To conclude, positive effects of the introduction of new objectives for riparian buffer zone management were indicated.  This is a sign that the forestry industry is moving towards implementing more sustainable methods. In addition, a method based on remote sensing for measuring riparian buffer zone widths was found to provide reliable estimates in the Vindelälven catchment, Västerbotten County. / Grip on Life IP

Several studies in high-latitude catchments have demonstrated the importance of near-stream riparian zones as hydrogeochemical hotspots with a substantial influence on stream chemistry. An adequate representation of the spatial variability of riparian-zone processes and characteristics is the key for modeling spatio-temporal variations of stream-water quality. This thesis contributes to current knowledge by refining landscape-analysis techniques to describe riparian zones and by introducing a conceptual framework to quantify solute exports from riparian zones. The utility of the suggested concepts is evaluated based on an extensive set of hydrometric and chemical data comprising measurements of streamflow, groundwater levels, soil-water chemistry and stream chemistry. Standard routines to analyze digital elevation models that are offered by current geographical information systems have been of very limited use for deriving hydrologically meaningful terrain indices for riparian zones. A model-based approach for hydrological landscape analysis is outlined, which, by explicitly simulating groundwater levels, allows better predictions of saturated areas compared to standard routines. Moreover, a novel algorithm is presented for distinguishing between left and right stream sides, which is a fundamental prerequisite for characterizing riparian zones through landscape analysis. The new algorithm was used to derive terrain indices from a high-resolution LiDAR digital elevation model. By combining these terrain indices with detailed hydrogeochemical measurements from a riparian observatory, it was possible to upscale the measured attributes and to subsequently characterize the variation of total organic-carbon exports from riparian zones in a boreal catchment in Northern Sweden. Riparian zones were recognized as highly heterogeneous landscape elements. Organic-rich riparian zones were found to be hotspots influencing temporal trends in stream-water organic carbon while spatial variations of organic carbon in streams were attributed to the arrangement of organic-poor and organic-rich riparian zones along the streams. These insights were integrated into a parsimonious modeling approach. An analytical solution of the model equations is presented, which provides a physical basis for commonly used power-law streamflow-load relations. / At the time of doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press; Paper 4: Manuscript. / Swedish Research Council (VR, grant no. 2005-4289)

Forests surrounding streams affect aquatic communities in numerous ways, contributing to energy fluxes between terrestrial and lotic ecosystems. The five papers in this thesis focus on woody debris, terrestrial invertebrates and light, three factors influenced by riparian zone structure, potentially affecting streams and brown trout (Salmo trutta). The individual strength of these stressors and their interactions with each other are not well studied, and their qualitative effects may differ both spatially and temporally as well as with the size-structure of specific fish populations. Using a combination of laboratory and field experiments, I examined the effects of woody debris, terrestrial invertebrates and light on prey availability and on the growth rates, diets and behavior of different size-classes of trout. My field experiments showed that addition of high densities of large wood affected trout growth in a positive way. This positive effect of large wood on trout growth may be related to prey abundance, as indicated by the high standing crop of aquatic macroinvertebrates on the wood. The positive effects on trout may also be related to decreased energy expenditures in wood habitats, as trout increased the ratio between numbers of prey captured and time spent active and that swimming activity and level of aggression decreased as wood densities were increased in a laboratory experiment. Terrestrial invertebrates are generally assumed to be a high quality prey resource for fish and my field experiments showed that reduction of terrestrial invertebrate inputs had a negative effect on trout growth. The availability of terrestrial prey in the stream was also coupled to trout diet and linked to growth, as fish with high growth rates had high proportions of terrestrial prey in their diets. Light, measured as PAR, did not have an effect on chlorophyll biomass, nor was there an effect on aquatic macroinvertebrates or trout. Hence, even if light levels were sufficient for increased photosynthesis, other factors such as low nutrient content may have limited the effects. Many of my results were dependent on fish-size. I observed, for example, that large trout had higher capture rates on surface-drifting terrestrial prey than small trout when prey densities were intermediate or high, but at low prey densities, the consumption of terrestrial prey by large and small trout were similar. Moreover, although large wood and terrestrial invertebrates affected growth of both small and large trout, the effects were generally more consistent for large trout. Although changes in riparian forests typically induce an array of interacting effects that certainly call for further research, the overall conclusion from this thesis is that many of the factors I have studied have profound effects on stream biota and trout. The positive effects from large wood also propose that adding trees to streams may partly compensate for negative effects associated with riparian deforestation.

Understanding relationships between large herbivores and plant species diversity in dynamic riparian zones, and more specifically sodic zones, is critical to biodiversity conservation. Sodic patches form an integral part of savanna ecosystems because of the ecosystem services and functions they provide, i.e. accumulation of nutrients, provision of open spaces for predator vigilance and formation of wet season wallowing points. Furthermore, these key resource areas sustain body condition for dry season survival and support reproduction through nutritional benefits, making them „nutrient hotspots.‟ The Nkuhlu research exclosures in the Kruger National Park (KNP) provide a unique opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal heterogeneity patterns within riparian zones, and how these patterns are affected by fire and herbivory. A monitoring project was initiated to answer questions pertaining to the dynamics of the herbaceous layer and was aimed at determining (a) whether there exists meaningful variance in herbaceous plant species richness and diversity across different treatments of fire and herbivory in the ecologically sensitive sodic zone, (b) if temporal shifts in plant species composition and diversity occurs, (c) whether an increase in herbaceous biomass, an artifact of herbivory and fire exclusion, suppresses herbaceous plant species diversity and richness, and (d) whether there exists a significant relationship between herbaceous biomass and species richness/diversity. The Nkuhlu exclosures consist of three herbivory treatments, each divided into a fire and no-fire treatment, hence six treatment combinations overall. Herbivory treatments consisted of, (1) a partially fenced area designed to specifically exclude elephants (giraffes are also excluded due to body size), (2) an open, unfenced area and (3) a fully fenced area, designed to exclude all herbivores larger than a hare. Herbaceous vegetation was sampled in two 1 m2 circular sub-plots in the eastern and western corners of each of the 82 fixed plots. Biomass of each plot was estimated with a Disc Pasture Meter (DPM) by sampling ten points diagonally within each plot. DPM-readings were converted to kg/ha according to latest conversions for the Lowveld Savanna. Species richness and biomass showed significant variance across treatments for the 2010 dataset, whereas no significant variation in herbaceous species diversity was perceived. Combined treatment of fire absence and herbivore presence contributed to higher forb species richness in the sodic zone. Biomass was significantly higher in fully fenced areas where herbivores were excluded, opposed to the open and partially fenced areas. Although no significant variation was recorded for diversity across treatments, lowest diversity was recorded in the absence of all herbivores, especially in combination with fire treatment. After nine years of herbivory exclusion, diversity of herbaceous species varied significantly. Herbaceous species composition changed over time in areas exposed to herbivory, while composition of fully fenced treatments did not reveal change. A hump-shaped relationship exists between herbaceous species richness/diversity and field biomass, at least for areas with biomass levels not exceeding 2500 kg/ha. Herbivores are therefore considered essential in sustaining herbaceous plant species richness and system heterogeneity in the sodic zone, since herbaceous species richness/diversity was higher in herbivore presence and herbaceous species composition changed over time in areas exposed to herbivory. Although statistically non-significant, fire seems to suppress species richness. Conservation implications: This study could be used as framework to advance and develop sciencebased management strategies for, at least, the sodic zones of the KNP. Research in these exclosures contributes to our understanding of these landscapes and benefit ecosystem conservation planning. It also provides valuable long-term data for key ecological processes. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Understanding relationships between large herbivores and plant species diversity in dynamic riparian zones, and more specifically sodic zones, is critical to biodiversity conservation. Sodic patches form an integral part of savanna ecosystems because of the ecosystem services and functions they provide, i.e. accumulation of nutrients, provision of open spaces for predator vigilance and formation of wet season wallowing points. Furthermore, these key resource areas sustain body condition for dry season survival and support reproduction through nutritional benefits, making them „nutrient hotspots.‟ The Nkuhlu research exclosures in the Kruger National Park (KNP) provide a unique opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal heterogeneity patterns within riparian zones, and how these patterns are affected by fire and herbivory. A monitoring project was initiated to answer questions pertaining to the dynamics of the herbaceous layer and was aimed at determining (a) whether there exists meaningful variance in herbaceous plant species richness and diversity across different treatments of fire and herbivory in the ecologically sensitive sodic zone, (b) if temporal shifts in plant species composition and diversity occurs, (c) whether an increase in herbaceous biomass, an artifact of herbivory and fire exclusion, suppresses herbaceous plant species diversity and richness, and (d) whether there exists a significant relationship between herbaceous biomass and species richness/diversity. The Nkuhlu exclosures consist of three herbivory treatments, each divided into a fire and no-fire treatment, hence six treatment combinations overall. Herbivory treatments consisted of, (1) a partially fenced area designed to specifically exclude elephants (giraffes are also excluded due to body size), (2) an open, unfenced area and (3) a fully fenced area, designed to exclude all herbivores larger than a hare. Herbaceous vegetation was sampled in two 1 m2 circular sub-plots in the eastern and western corners of each of the 82 fixed plots. Biomass of each plot was estimated with a Disc Pasture Meter (DPM) by sampling ten points diagonally within each plot. DPM-readings were converted to kg/ha according to latest conversions for the Lowveld Savanna. Species richness and biomass showed significant variance across treatments for the 2010 dataset, whereas no significant variation in herbaceous species diversity was perceived. Combined treatment of fire absence and herbivore presence contributed to higher forb species richness in the sodic zone. Biomass was significantly higher in fully fenced areas where herbivores were excluded, opposed to the open and partially fenced areas. Although no significant variation was recorded for diversity across treatments, lowest diversity was recorded in the absence of all herbivores, especially in combination with fire treatment. After nine years of herbivory exclusion, diversity of herbaceous species varied significantly. Herbaceous species composition changed over time in areas exposed to herbivory, while composition of fully fenced treatments did not reveal change. A hump-shaped relationship exists between herbaceous species richness/diversity and field biomass, at least for areas with biomass levels not exceeding 2500 kg/ha. Herbivores are therefore considered essential in sustaining herbaceous plant species richness and system heterogeneity in the sodic zone, since herbaceous species richness/diversity was higher in herbivore presence and herbaceous species composition changed over time in areas exposed to herbivory. Although statistically non-significant, fire seems to suppress species richness. Conservation implications: This study could be used as framework to advance and develop sciencebased management strategies for, at least, the sodic zones of the KNP. Research in these exclosures contributes to our understanding of these landscapes and benefit ecosystem conservation planning. It also provides valuable long-term data for key ecological processes. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Models of climate change predict that temperature will increase during the 21th century and the largest warming will take place at high northern latitudes. In addition to warming, predictions for northern Europe include increased annual precipitation and a higher proportion of the precipitation during winter falling as rain instead of snow. These changes will substantially alter the hydrology of rivers and streams and change the conditions for riverine communities. The warming is also expected to result in species adjusting their geographic ranges to stay within their climatic tolerances. Riparian zones and wetlands are areas where excess water determines the community composition. It is therefore likely that these systems will be highly responsive to alterations in precipitation and temperature patterns. In this thesis we have tested the predicted responses of riparian vegetation to climate-driven hydrologic change with a six year long transplant experiment (I). Turfs of vegetation were moved to a new elevation with shorter or longer flood durations. The results demonstrate that riparian species will respond to hydrologic changes, and that without rare events such as unusually large floods or droughts, full adjustment to the new hydrological regime may take at least 10 years. Moreover, we quantified potential effects of a changed hydrology on riparian plant species richness (II) and individual species responses (III) under different climate scenarios along the Vindel River in northern Sweden. Despite relatively small changes in hydrology, the results imply that many species will become less frequent than today, with stochastic extinctions along some reaches. Climate change may threaten riparian vegetation along some of the last pristine or near-natural river ecosystems in Europe. More extensive loss of species than predicted for the Vindel River is expected along rivers in the southern boreal zone, where snow-melt fed hydrographs are expected to be largely replaced by rain-fed ones. With a seed sowing experiment, we tested the differences in invasibility between open wetlands, forested wetlands and riparian zones (IV). All six species introduced were able to germinate and survive in all habitats and disturbance levels, indicating that the tested wetlands are generally invisible. Germination was highest in open wetlands and riparian zones. Increasing seed sowing density increased invasion success, but the disturbance treatments had little effect. The fact that seeds germinated and survived for 2 to 3 years in all wetland habitats indicates that wetland species with sufficiently high dispersal capacity and propagule pressure would be able to germinate and establish here in their respective wetland type. Our results clearly demonstrate that a changed climate will result in substantial changes to functioning, structure and diversity of boreal wetland and riparian ecosystems. To preserve species rich habitats still unaffected by dams and other human stressors, additional protection and management actions may have to be considered.

Os ecossistemas aquáticos, além de suas complexas relações internas, são intrinsecamente influenciados pelos ambientes terrestres. Baseando-se na hipótese de que a cobertura do solo influencia as dietas de caracídeos nectônicos de córregos, este trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar, através de conteúdos gástricos e da utilização de isótopos estáveis (13C e 15N), como os padrões alimentares de duas espécies de caracídeos nectônicos (Astyanax paranae e Bryconamericus iheringii) são influenciados pela composição da cobertura de microbacias do rio Corumbataí (SP). Nove córregos desta bacia foram selecionados, através de diferentes proporções de floresta ripária para pastagem, em um trecho de 500m. Estes córregos foram separados em três categorias: Floresta Ripária (> que 90% de floresta ripária), Vegetação Mista (entre 30 e 60%) e Pastagem (< 29% de floresta ripária). As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos distintos: seco e chuvoso. As espécies apresentaram dietas distintas entre si, mas não houve diferença entre as dietas nos períodos seco e chuvoso. Houve diferença espacial significativa entre as dietas nas diferentes categorias de córregos. A dieta de A. paranae foi baseada em recursos alóctones nos córregos de Floresta Ripária e Vegetação Mista e em recursos autóctones nos córregos de Pastagem. A dieta de B. iheringii foi constituída por recursos autóctones nos córregos de Floresta Ripária e por recursos mistos nos córregos de Vegetação Mista e Pastagem. As dietas foram correlacionadas com variáveis abióticas, principalmente estrutura dos canais e substrato e com as todas as escalas espaciais estudadas. As análises isotópicas indicaram fortes correlações dos sinais das fontes alimentares e dos caracídeos com as porcentagens de florestas nas escalas correspondentes às zonas ripárias (Trecho, Montante e Rede Hidrográfica). Apesar das maiores contribuições de 13C de plantas C4 para os caracídeos nos córregos com Vegetação Mista e Pastagem, os córregos com Floresta Ripária apresentaram valores expressivos de sinais isotópicos mais pesados, indicando também que a cobertura do solo em toda área da microbacia influencia as cadeias alimentares dos córregos. Os valores de 15N encontrados nos caracídeos e nas fontes alimentares nos córregos de Pastagem foram mais enriquecidos, demonstrando a influência das alterações da cobertura do solo das vertentes das microbacias. A perda de florestas ripárias ou mesmo a fragmentação destas áreas desestruturam as cadeias alimentares nos córregos. Desta forma, a recuperação e preservação das florestas ripárias e manejo do solo das microbacias são fundamentais para a manutenção da integridade e da qualidade ambiental desses ecossistemas. / Aquatic ecosystems not only comprise complex internal interactions but are inherently influenced by terrestrial environments. Based on the postulation that watershed soil cover influences diets of stream fish, this work aimed at investigating feeding patterns of two species of nektonic Characidae (Astyanax paranae and Bryconamericus iheringii) under influence of soil cover types in nine stream watersheds, during dry and wet seasons. Dietary patterns and stream food web chain links were assessed through analysis of fish gastric contents and stable isotopes signals (13C and 15N). Nine streams in Corumbataí river basin (State of São Paulo) were chosen taking into account their proportions of riparian forest to pastures, measured along 500 m stretch, and assigned into three categories: Riparian Forest (>90% riparian forest), Mixed Vegetation (30 to 60%) and Pasture (< 29% riparian forest). For the analysis of interactions soil cover and stream fish diets, four spatial watershed portions were defined: 30 m wide riparian corridor along the 500 m sampling reach SR; SR plus a 500 m upstream reach UR; all watershed Riparian Corridor RW, and all watershed area -AW. Diets of both species differed, but no difference was observed between dry and wet seasons. For each species and season, there were significant differences between fish diet among stream categories. Diet of A. paranae was based on allochthonous sources in streams of Riparian Forest and Mixed Vegetation and autochthonous sources in Pasture streams. Diet of B. iheringii consisted of autochthonous sources in streams of Riparian Forest and mixed sources (sediment/debris) in Mixed Vegetation and Pasture streams. Diets were correlated to abiotic variables related to channel structure and streambed substrate, and the percent of forest in all studied spatial scales. The isotopic analysis indicated strong correlations of the signals of food sources and fish with the percentages of forests in areas corresponding to the riparian scales (SR, UR and RW). Despite the major contributions of 13C of C4 plants for diets of both species in Mixed Vegetation and Pasture streams, Riparian Forest streams showed heavier and significant isotopic signals, indicating that the soil cover throughout the watershed area (AW) influenced streams food webs. The values of 15N found in both species and the food sources in Pasture streams were more enriched, demonstrating the influence of watershed soil cover proportions (either forest or pasture cover). Riparian forests loss and fragmentation impacts stream food web in different ways. Thus, the recovery and preservation of riparian forests and proper soil management throughout any given watershed are essential for maintaining the integrity and the environmental quality of these lotic ecosystems.

In the 1850s when the timber floating began in Sweden many streams were channelized, which meant that the streams were straightened out, side channels were closed, and stones, trees and boulders were moved out to the banks of the streams. These measures altered the morphology of the streams, causing impediments to water moving in from the stream to the riparian zone, and reduced flooding frequency. When the era of timber floating was over humans began to restore the channelized streams to restore the damaged systems, mainly to improve fish habitats. Channelization and restoration involve major disruptions to the stream ecosystem, and the purpose of this study was to investigate how the bryophyte communities in the riparian zone differed in diversity, species richness and areal coverage, depending on the form of disturbance they were exposed to and the time passed since the disturbance occurred. This study was conducted along tributaries to the Vindel River in northern Sweden. There were three types of tributaries: partly channelized streams, best-practice restored streams and demonstration restored streams. At all tributaries included in the study, bryophyte samples were collected at two heights from the water surface, 0 and 40 cm. These samples were then identified to family or species level and their areal coverage was estimated. The results show that the demonstration restored streams had the lowest species richness and, there were no significant differences in diversity and species richness between the channelized streams and the best-practice restored streams. Regarding areal coverage, there was no significant difference between the stream types. The results also show that the time plays an important role for recovery of the bryophyte communities since diversity and species richness increased with the time since the disturbance occurred. / Under 1850-talet då flottning av timmer påbörjades i Sverige startade kanaliseringen av många vattendrag, vilket innebar att vattendragen rätades ut, sidokanaler stängdes, och stenar, träd och stenblock flyttades ut till vattendragens kanter. Dessa åtgärder förändrade vattendragens morfologi, orsakade fördämningar mellan vatten och strandzon och minskade översvämningsfrekvensen. När timmerflottningens era var slut började människan restaurera de kanaliserade vattendragen, främst för att det visat sig att fisket försämrats. Kanalisering och restaurering innebär stora störningar för ekosystemet de utförs i och denna studie syftar till att titta hur mossamhällen i strandzonen skiljer sig åt i diversitet, artrikedom och täckning beroende på vilken form av störning de utsatts för och tiden sedan de utsattes för störningen. Studien är gjord längs biflöden till Vindelälven i norra Sverige. Biflödena är dels kanaliserade vattendrag, bästa-praxis restaurerade vattendrag och demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendrag. Vid samtliga sträckor som ingår i studien har mossprover samlats in på två höjder från vattenytan, 0 och 40 centimeter. Dessa prover har sedan identifierats till lägsta möjliga taxonomiska nivå (art eller familj), och deras täckningsgrad har uppskattats. Resultaten visade att de demonstrationsåtgärdade vattendragen hade lägst artrikedom och diversitet och mellan kanaliserade vattendrag och bästa-praxis vattendrag kunde ingen signifikant skillnad i diversitet eller artrikedom påvisas.  Gällande täckningsgraden fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan vattendragstyperna. Resultatet visade också att tiden spelar en viktig roll för återhämtningen hos mossamhällena då artrikedom och diversitet ökar med tiden sedan inträffad störning.

Os ecossistemas aquáticos, além de suas complexas relações internas, são intrinsecamente influenciados pelos ambientes terrestres. Baseando-se na hipótese de que a cobertura do solo influencia as dietas de caracídeos nectônicos de córregos, este trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar, através de conteúdos gástricos e da utilização de isótopos estáveis (13C e 15N), como os padrões alimentares de duas espécies de caracídeos nectônicos (Astyanax paranae e Bryconamericus iheringii) são influenciados pela composição da cobertura de microbacias do rio Corumbataí (SP). Nove córregos desta bacia foram selecionados, através de diferentes proporções de floresta ripária para pastagem, em um trecho de 500m. Estes córregos foram separados em três categorias: Floresta Ripária (> que 90% de floresta ripária), Vegetação Mista (entre 30 e 60%) e Pastagem (< 29% de floresta ripária). As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos distintos: seco e chuvoso. As espécies apresentaram dietas distintas entre si, mas não houve diferença entre as dietas nos períodos seco e chuvoso. Houve diferença espacial significativa entre as dietas nas diferentes categorias de córregos. A dieta de A. paranae foi baseada em recursos alóctones nos córregos de Floresta Ripária e Vegetação Mista e em recursos autóctones nos córregos de Pastagem. A dieta de B. iheringii foi constituída por recursos autóctones nos córregos de Floresta Ripária e por recursos mistos nos córregos de Vegetação Mista e Pastagem. As dietas foram correlacionadas com variáveis abióticas, principalmente estrutura dos canais e substrato e com as todas as escalas espaciais estudadas. As análises isotópicas indicaram fortes correlações dos sinais das fontes alimentares e dos caracídeos com as porcentagens de florestas nas escalas correspondentes às zonas ripárias (Trecho, Montante e Rede Hidrográfica). Apesar das maiores contribuições de 13C de plantas C4 para os caracídeos nos córregos com Vegetação Mista e Pastagem, os córregos com Floresta Ripária apresentaram valores expressivos de sinais isotópicos mais pesados, indicando também que a cobertura do solo em toda área da microbacia influencia as cadeias alimentares dos córregos. Os valores de 15N encontrados nos caracídeos e nas fontes alimentares nos córregos de Pastagem foram mais enriquecidos, demonstrando a influência das alterações da cobertura do solo das vertentes das microbacias. A perda de florestas ripárias ou mesmo a fragmentação destas áreas desestruturam as cadeias alimentares nos córregos. Desta forma, a recuperação e preservação das florestas ripárias e manejo do solo das microbacias são fundamentais para a manutenção da integridade e da qualidade ambiental desses ecossistemas. / Aquatic ecosystems not only comprise complex internal interactions but are inherently influenced by terrestrial environments. Based on the postulation that watershed soil cover influences diets of stream fish, this work aimed at investigating feeding patterns of two species of nektonic Characidae (Astyanax paranae and Bryconamericus iheringii) under influence of soil cover types in nine stream watersheds, during dry and wet seasons. Dietary patterns and stream food web chain links were assessed through analysis of fish gastric contents and stable isotopes signals (13C and 15N). Nine streams in Corumbataí river basin (State of São Paulo) were chosen taking into account their proportions of riparian forest to pastures, measured along 500 m stretch, and assigned into three categories: Riparian Forest (>90% riparian forest), Mixed Vegetation (30 to 60%) and Pasture (< 29% riparian forest). For the analysis of interactions soil cover and stream fish diets, four spatial watershed portions were defined: 30 m wide riparian corridor along the 500 m sampling reach SR; SR plus a 500 m upstream reach UR; all watershed Riparian Corridor RW, and all watershed area -AW. Diets of both species differed, but no difference was observed between dry and wet seasons. For each species and season, there were significant differences between fish diet among stream categories. Diet of A. paranae was based on allochthonous sources in streams of Riparian Forest and Mixed Vegetation and autochthonous sources in Pasture streams. Diet of B. iheringii consisted of autochthonous sources in streams of Riparian Forest and mixed sources (sediment/debris) in Mixed Vegetation and Pasture streams. Diets were correlated to abiotic variables related to channel structure and streambed substrate, and the percent of forest in all studied spatial scales. The isotopic analysis indicated strong correlations of the signals of food sources and fish with the percentages of forests in areas corresponding to the riparian scales (SR, UR and RW). Despite the major contributions of 13C of C4 plants for diets of both species in Mixed Vegetation and Pasture streams, Riparian Forest streams showed heavier and significant isotopic signals, indicating that the soil cover throughout the watershed area (AW) influenced streams food webs. The values of 15N found in both species and the food sources in Pasture streams were more enriched, demonstrating the influence of watershed soil cover proportions (either forest or pasture cover). Riparian forests loss and fragmentation impacts stream food web in different ways. Thus, the recovery and preservation of riparian forests and proper soil management throughout any given watershed are essential for maintaining the integrity and the environmental quality of these lotic ecosystems.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study investigates the hydrological functioning of a riparian zone in central Indiana in a glaciated valley with concave topography (16% slope gradient) and ground water seeps on the valley walls. Unlike sites found in most riparian zone studies with lateral ground water inputs (Clement et al., 2003; Jordan et al., 1993; Blicher-Mathiesen and Hoffman, 1999; Hoffman et al., 2000), the site in this study is connected to thin, permeable upland sediments (≈2 m). The objectives of this research include: 1) understanding the influence of the hydrogeomorphic (HGM) setting on riparian hydrology (including determining the sources of water to the site), 2) determining how the HGM setting influences riparian zone water quality functioning, and 3) comparing the results from this site with conceptual models of riparian zone hydrologic functioning. Water chemistry and hydrometric data were collected over a 16-month period. Three factors influence riparian zone hydrological functioning at the site: 1) the nature of water contributions from upland sources, 2) riparian zone soil texture, and 3) the location of a preWisconsinan till unit. When the uplands are contributing water to the riparian zone a shallow water table is found near the hillslope and ground water flows from the hillslope to the stream. Conversely, when upland contributions cease a large water table drop occurs and ground water flows in a downvalley direction. Fine textured soils near the hillslope result in shallow water tables and small ground water fluxes. Hydrometric data, water chemistry, and statistical analyses suggest water from an intertill layer adjacent to the site is the primary source of water to the site. NO3- concentrations decreased in ground water flow in the riparian zone suggesting the site is removing nutrients. A preWisconsinan glacial till deposit at shallow depths in the riparian zone limits ground water flow to horizontal flow paths. Overall, the hydrologic functioning of the site agrees well with riparian zone conceptual models (Vidon and Hill, 2004a; Vidon and Hill, 2004b; Devito et al., 1996; Hill, 2000; Baker et al., 2001; Burt et al., 2002). The results of this study are important additions towards conceptualizing riparian zone hydrologic functioning.