Kondomanvändning vid sexuella kontakter har en betydande roll för att hindra utbredningen av sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar. I föreliggande studie har fokus legat på att undersöka högskolestudenters attityder till kondomanvändning. För att finna svar på frågeställningarna genomfördes en enkätundersökning på den utvalda högskolan. Totalt deltog 287 studenter som besvarat enkäten vilken bestod av frågor kring kondomanvändning vid sexuellt umgänge med sin partner samt vid tillfälliga sexuella relationer. Resultatet från enkätundersökningen har sammanställts och analyserats statistiskt. Undersökningen visade att studenter hade överlag en positiv attityd till att använda kondom samt ansåg att en diskussion bör föras tillsammans med sin partner om kondomanvändning. Studenterna ansåg att den främsta anledningen till att kondom inte användes var att den var avtändande i den sexuella situationen och resultatet visade även att studenterna använde kondom huvudsakligen för att förhindra sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar. Studenters attityder till kondomanvändning var positiv men för att minska spridning av sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar krävs en beteendeförändring som kan ske genom en förändring av normer och värderingar. / Condom use during sexual contacts has a significant role in preventing expansion of sexual transmitted diseases. The focus in this study has been to examine collegestudents attitudes towards condom use. A survey was performed on 287 students at the chosen college. The survey contained questions regarding condom use during sexual relations with a partner and during casual sexual relations. The results from the survey were statisticly analyzed and showed that students had a positive attitude towards condom use. They also thought it was important to have a discussion between the two partners regarding condom use. The students thought that the main reason that condoms were not used during sexual relations was because it led to a sexual turn off. The study also showed that if a condom was used it was primarily to prevent sexual transmitted diseases. Students attitudes towards condom use were positive, but to reduce sexual transmitted diseases from spreading there has to be a change in behavior and this can only be change through a change in norm and values.

This thesis consists of an introductory part and four self-contained papers related to individual financial behavior and risk-taking in financial markets. In Paper [I] we estimate within-family and community social interaction effects upon an individual’s stock market entry, participation, and exit decision. Interestingly, community sentiment towards the stock market (based on portfolio outcomes in the community) does not influence individuals’ likelihood to enter, while a positive sentiment increases (decreases) the likelihood of participation (exit). Overall, the results stress the importance of accounting for family social influence and highlight potentially important differences between family and community effects in individuals’ stock market participation. In Paper [II] novel evidence is provided indicating that the influence from family (parents and partners) and peer social interaction on individuals’ stock market participation vary over different types of individuals. Results imply that individuals’ exposure to, and valuation of, stock market related social signals are of importance and thus, contribute to the understanding of the heterogeneous influence of social interaction. Overall, the results are interesting and enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of social interaction on individuals’ financial decision making. In Paper [III] the impact of divorce ­­­on individual financial behavior is empirically examined in a dynamic setting. Evidence that divorcing individuals increase their saving rates before the divorce is presented. This may be seen as a response to the increase in background risk that divorce produces. After the divorce, a negative divorce effect on individual saving rates and risky asset shares are established, which may lead to disparities in wealth accumulation possibilities between married and divorced. Women are, on average, shown to not adjust their precautionary savings to the same extent as men before the divorce. I also provide tentative evidence that women reduce their financial risk-taking more than men after a divorce, which could be a result of inequalities in financial positions or an adjustment towards individual preferences.   Paper [IV] provides novel empirical evidence that gender identity is of importance for individuals’ financial risk-taking. Specifically, by use of matching and by dividing male and females into those with “traditional” versus “nontraditional” gender identities, comparison of average risk-taking between groupings indicate that over a third (about 35-40%) of the identified total gender risk differential is explained by differences in gender identities. Results further indicate that risky financial market participation is 19 percentage points higher in groups of women with nontraditional, compared with traditional, gender identities. The results, obtained while conditioning upon a vast number of controls, are robust towards a large number of alternative explanations and indicate that some individuals (mainly women) partly are fostered by society, through identity formation and socially constructed norms, to a relatively lower financial risk-taking.

Early engagement in sexual activities amongst adolescents has become a worldwide concern, with studies finding them to begin as early as 12 or earlier (Booysen & Summerton, 2000; Dowsett & Aggleton, 1999). The behaviour becomes even more concerning when youths engage in sexual relationships which are considered as “risky”, that is, that put their health and wellbeing in danger. According to Trends (2010), such behaviour increases one’s risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, this study investigated risky sexual behaviours amongst adolescents living in the rural areas. The motivation was twofold, namely: to change the behaviours and to strengthen school sexuality education programme. The study aligned itself to qualitative paradigm and adopted a case study design. Data was collected using focus interviews with 20 adolescents (10 boys and 10 girls) in the age range of 15-17 years, who were selected following purposive sampling. The findings revealed adolescents’ tendencies of engaging in risky sexual behaviours such as: sexual relationship with older people, involvement with multiple partners, unstable relationship, pornography, sex in exchange of money. Factors contributing to these behaviours include: limited sexuality education, parents not teaching about sexuality education, lack of good role models, poverty, and fear to disclose problems to teachers, ostentatious lifestyles, peer pressure, and myths about sex. Suggestions put forth for preventing involving risky sexual behaviours include: appropriate school programmes, good learner-teacher relationship, effective communication with parents, strengthening of the learning content of Life Orientation, discipline at home, good friends, closing down of illegal taverns, illegalising sex with young boys and girls and restricting access to pornography on the internet. In conclusion, I suggest that the problem be addressed ecosystematically. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

This diploma thesis is focused on solution of educational problem of students. Its character is theoretically-empirical. The first part is theoretical and is focused on explaining technical terms of this thesis topic. Furthermore it summarizes theoretical knowledge from area of teachers, especially junior, in addition education of schoolmasters and law regulation, regarding to their work. The last part of theoretical part is dedicated to authority, its establishing, education and practices in case of unappropriate student behaviour. Furthermore to discipline, its causes and to most common discipline problems in elementary schools. In the empirical part is described procedure of qualitative research investigation of this diploma thesis. There are also listed research questions as well as description of data collection and its analysis. Methodological part is followed by research investigation and answer to question, if junior teacher are ready to deal with educational problem of their students.

Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa demorbimortalidade nacional. Nesse sentido realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar o perfil para riscos cardiovasculares em motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas que trafegam pela Br-116. Casuística e Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório com 258 motoristas profissionais de transporte de cargas com obtenção de informações socioeconômicas; avaliações antropométricas: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal e medida da pressão arterial; realização de exames laboratoriais: triglicérides, colesterol total e frações, proteína C reativa e creatinina. Analisou-se o risco para doenças cardiovasculares pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelo Alcohol Use Disorders Identification-AUDIT, distúrbios psiquiátricos comuns pelo Self Report Questionnaire-SRQ-20, Síndrome Metabólica e angina pectoris pelo Teste de Rose. Os dados foram processados no sistema SPSS v.7.5. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05, utilizou-se análise univariada e multivariada. Resultados: A caracterização os motoristas estudados mostrou idade 37,5±10,1 anos, 91% de etnia branca, renda mensal 1.431,3±644,4 reais, 19% tabagistas, 55% referiram ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, 74% não realizavam atividade físicas, 14% relataram uso de medicamentos inibidores do sono, tempo profissão de 14±10 anos e percorriam 782,9±229,6 km/dia, dirigiam 10 horas por dia e repousavam 06 horas diárias. Verificou-se pelos dados antropométricos que 46% tinham sobrepeso, 36% obesidade e 58% circunferência abdominal alterada (_94 cm). Os exames laboratoriais mostraram 33% com nível de colesterol total _ 200mg/dL, 10% LDL-c _ 160 mg/dL; HDL-c < 40 mg/dL 23%, triglicérides acima de 150 mg/dL 38%, glicemia _ 110mg/dL 7% e proteína C reativa > 0,5 mg/dL 19%, creatinina >1,5 mg/dL 1%. A prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi de 37% e da Síndrome metabólica 24%. O Questionnaire Rose foi positivo em 8,0% dos motoristas, Escore de Risco de Framingham médio/alto em 9%, presença de distúrbios psiquiátricos comuns em 33% e AUDIT 16% no escore que sugere intervenção e aconselhamento. A análise de regressão logística indicou associação independente para as seguintes variáveis (OD Odds ratio, IC intervalo de confiança a 95%): 1-Síndrome Metabólica: IMC (OR=1,40 IC 1,192-1,661); hábito de verificar o colesterol total (OR= 0,102 IC 0,017-0,589); e escore de risco de Framingham médio/alto (OR= 26,389 IC 2,520-276,374). 2-Hipertensão arterial: IMC (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glicemia (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); e hábito de ingerir medicamento para inibir o sono (OR= 0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). 3- Colesterol Total (_ 200 mg/dL): LDL-c (OR=1,157 IC 1,100-1,216);triglicérides (OR=1,012 IC 1,004-1,021) 4- Glicemia (_ 110 mg/dL): IMC (OR=1,153 IC 1,024-1,298); maior tempo de profissão (OR=1,154 IC 1,057-1,259) 5-Proteína C reativa (>0,5 mg/dL): escore de risco de Framingham médio/alto (OR=4,692 IC 1,912-11,515). Conclusão: Verificou-se presença expressiva de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, nesse sentido os profissionais de saúde devem implementar estratégias para estimular mudanças de estilos de vida nos motoristas de transporte de cargas, visando a prevenção primária e secundária / Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Therefore, a study aiming at characterizing the cardiovascular risk profile observed in professional truck drivers who work on Highway Br-116 was carried out. Population and Method: An exploring, descriptive and transversal study with 258 professional truck drivers, social economical information, both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference evaluations, blood pressure measurement, as well as laboratory test performance: triglycerides, total and fraction cholesterol, and C reactive protein. The risk for cardiovascular diseases was assessed by Framingham scores; alcohol intake by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification-AUDIT; common psychiatric disorders by Self Report Questionnaire-SRQ-20; and angine pectoris by Rose´s test Data were processed in the SPSS system v.7.5, considering that the significance level adopted was 0,05, and univaried and multivaried analyses were used. Results: The characterization of the drivers studied revealed age of 37.5±10.1 years, 91% of them were white, monthly income 1.431,3 ± 644,4 reais (Brazilian currency), 19% were smokers, 55% referred alcohol intake, 74% did not make physical exercises, 14% referred using sleeping inhibitor drugs, professional time 14±10 years and used to drive 782,9±229,6 Km/day. It was observed that 46% of them were overweight and 36% were obese and 58% had altered waist circumference (_ 94 cm) by the anthropometric data. The lab tests showed 33% with total cholesterol level _200 mg/dL, 10% LDLc _160 mg/dL, HDL-c <40 mg/dL 23%, triglycerides over 150 mg/dL 38%, glycemy _110mg/dL 7%, and C reactive protein >0.5 mg/dL 19%. The prevalence of hypertension was 37% and of Metabolic Syndrome, 24%. Rose’s test was positive for 8% of the drivers, Medium/High Framingham scores for 9%, presence of common psychiatric disturbs in 33% and 16% with AUDIT score suggesting intervention and advisory. The logistical regression analysis indicated independent association for the following variables: (OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval at 95%): 1- Metabolic Syndrome: BMI (OR=1,40 CI 1,192-1,661); the habit of checking the total cholesterol (0,102 IC 0,017-0,589); Medium/high Framingham score (OR=26,389 IC 2,520-276,374); 2-Hypertension: BMI (OR=1,183 IC 1,065-1,314); glycemy (OR=1,039 IC 1,004-1,076); the habit of taking sleeping pills (OR=0,322 IC 0,129-0,801). 3- Total Cholesterol (_ 200 mg/dL): LDL-c (OR=1,157 IC 1,100-1,216); triglycerides (OR=1,012 IC 1,004-1,021). 4- Glycemy (_ 110 mg/dL): BMI (OR=1,153 IC 1,024-1,298); professional time (OR=1,154 IC 1,057-1,259). 5- C reactive protein (>0,5 mg/dL): Medium/high Framingham score (OR=4,692 IC 1,912-11,515). Conclusion: It was observed an expressive presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore health professionals should implement strategies to stimulate changes in truck drivers’ lifestyle, aiming at primary and secondary prevention

Ce travail a pour objectif d’interroger l’influence de l’identité sexuée sur les comportements à risque au volant des jeunes conducteurs. Il s’organise autour de trois axes. Le premier porte sur la validation des outils de mesure et d’activation de l’identité sexuée (études 1-4). Le deuxième porte sur la validation d’outils de mesure des comportements à risque au volant, de la prise de risque et de la perception du risque et des bénéfices dans différents domaines, et sur la mise en relation de la conformité aux stéréotypes de sexe avec ces différentes variables chez des tout-venants (études 5 & 6). Le troisième axe (étude 7) vise à tester l’effet de l’identité sexuée dans sa multidimensionnalité (i.e., conformité aux stéréotypes de sexe et identification à son groupe de sexe) sur les comportements à risque déclarés et le risque perçu chez les jeunes conducteurs. Les effets de l’identité sexuée dans le domaine routier et dans différents domaines sont comparés et la relation de causalité entre identité sexuée et comportements à risque, testée. Les résultats montrent un lien entre l’identité sexuée et la prise de risque et le risque et les bénéfices perçus qui varie en fonction du domaine et du sexe. Toutefois, ils ne permettent pas de conclure à un effet plus marqué de l’identité sexuée dans le domaine routier, ni de montrer la relation de causalité entre identité sexuée et comportements à risque chez les jeunes conducteurs. Si les liens entre identité sexuée et prise de risque apparaissent complexes, ce travail montre l’intérêt de l’approche psychosociale pour comprendre les différences de sexe et intragroupes de sexe dans les comportements à risque. / The objective of this thesis is to study the influence of gender identity on the risk-taking behaviour of young drivers. The work is laid out in three main sections. The first one focuses on the validation of measurement tools and the activation of gender identity (studies 1-4) The second one focuses on the validation of tools designed to measure driver risk-taking behaviour, risk and benefits perception in various fields, and on the link between gender stereotype conformity and the aforementioned variables in a broad range of subjects (studies 5 & 6). The third section of this thesis (study 7) aims to test the effect of gender identity in the multi-dimensional sense (i.e., conformity to gender stereotypes and identification to one’s gender group) on declared risk-taking behaviour and risk perception among young drivers. The effects of gender identity on driving and on various other fields are compared and the causality between gender identity and risk-taking behaviour is tested. The results show a link between gender identity and risk-taking, risk perception and benefits perception, which varies according to the domain and gender. However, the results leave us unable to ascertain the existence of a stronger effect of gender identity on driving behaviour. They also impede the highlighting of a causality effect between gender identity and risky behaviour among young drivers. Even if the link between gender identity and risk-taking seems to be complex, this work demonstrates the importance of a psychosocial approach in understanding gender differences and differences within a gender group in risk-taking behaviour.

This work develops some simple models to study risky corporate debt using first passage-time approach. Analytical valuation expression derived from different models as functions of firm’s values and the short-term interest rate with time-dependent parameters governing the dynamics of the firm values and interest rate. We develop some numerical approximation of the analytical valuation, which is given implicitly through Voltera integral equation related to the density of the first-passage- time that a firm reaches some specified default barrier. For some appropriate default barrier arising from financial considerations we obtain a closed-form solution, which is more flexible for numerical calculation. / Doctorat en sciences de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The diploma thesis Comparison of primary prevention at the second level of elementary schools in Most and Prague discusses the implementation of primary prevention at the second level of elemetary school in these two selected locations. The diploma thesis is thematically divided into six chapters. The first part defines the basic terminology related to the topic of primary prevention. This section also contains information about particular topics of risky behavior and counsulting services of elementary schools. The second part follows a survey among school prevention methodologists in Most and Prague. The objective of the following practical part is to identify and compare what form and under what conditions is implemented primary prevention of risky behavior among pupils of the second level of elementary schools. For the survey was used quantitative method, in the form of a questionnaire divided between school prevention methodologists in both cities. In the final part there are interpreted the data obtained in the survey, which confirmed that in both areas there are different approaches to the implementation of primary prevention at the second levels of elementary schools. KEYWORDS: Primary prevention, risky behavior, the second level of elementary school, school advisory department, minimal...

La relation conjugale a longtemps été étudiée afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes impliqués entre la dyade parentale et leur influence sur le développement socio –affectif de l’enfant. Cependant, le concept de l’alliance parentale en est un plus proximal permettant de qualifier le niveau de coopération et d’engagement au niveau de l’éducation de l’enfant. Cette relation peut avoir une influence déterminante sur la dyade père-enfant, notamment en ce qui a trait à la relation d’activation. La présente étude vise à vérifier la présence d’un lien entre l’engagement paternel dans sa fonction d’ouverture au monde et le niveau d’activation de l’enfant âgé entre 12 et 18 mois et à vérifier si l’alliance parentale a un rôle modérateur sur ce lien. Des données sont recueillies auprès de 58 dyades père-enfant. Les résultats montrent que l’engagement paternel dans sa fonction d’ouverture au monde n’est pas lié au niveau d’activation de l’enfant. De plus, l’alliance parentale ne modère pas ce lien. Les résultats présentent néanmoins des différences en fonction du sexe de l’enfant, soit que les pères s’engagent davantage auprès de leur fille, et que les garçons sont activés de manière plus optimale. / The conjugal relationship between parents has been studied profusely as to better understand its influence on the socio-affective development of the child. However, a better proxy to conceptualise the level of cooperation and the involvement of the parents in the education of the child is the parental alliance. This alliance could have an important influence on the father-child dyad, or more specifically the activation relationship. The present study is designed to verify the existence of a link between the paternal involvement in regard to its function of openness to the world and the activation score of the child, aged from 12 to 18 months, as well as the possible moderator effect of the parental alliance on this link. Data was collected among 58 father-child dyads. Results show no link between father involvement in its function of openness to the world and the activation score. Furthermore, the parental alliance does not moderate this link. The results also show some differences between boys and girls. Fathers are more engaged with their daughter and boys are more optimally activated than girls.

Bien que la conduite d’un véhicule motorisé soit une activité des plus usuelles, les accidents routiers font partie des dix premières causes mondiales de décès. Au cours des dernières années, les programmes canadiens et québécois de prévention en sécurité routière ont montré une certaine efficacité, observable notamment par une baisse des décès sur la route. Ces progrès sont toutefois insuffisants, et de meilleures stratégies d’intervention et de prévention doivent être développées. Une meilleure connaissance des personnes susceptibles d’être impliquées dans des accidents routiers permettrait le développement de campagnes plus ciblées et pertinentes. Ainsi, il est déjà reconnu que le fait d’être un homme, le fait d’être âgé entre 15 et 29 ans, et la consommation d’alcool ou de substances psychoactives, augmentaient le risque d’être impliqué dans un accident routier. De ce fait, l’un des objectifs de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle de la fréquence de consommation de cannabis dans la conduite automobile risquée chez les jeunes conducteurs de sexe masculin. D’autre part, des études se sont déjà intéressées au rôle joué par les parents dans les comportements routiers de leurs jeunes. Aucune étude ne semble toutefois s’être attardée au rôle du soutien à l’autonomie prodigué par les parents dans la prise de risques au volant des jeunes. Le second objectif de cette thèse est donc d’investiguer l’impact du soutien parental de l’autonomie dans la conduite automobile des jeunes consommateurs de cannabis. Dans cette optique, l’Article 1 traite de l’association entre la fréquence de consommation de cannabis et la prise de risques au volant auto-rapportée auprès d’un échantillon de conducteurs masculins âgés entre 18 et 25 ans. De plus, il évalue le rôle du niveau de soutien parental de l’autonomie dans cette prise de risques auto-rapportée. Les résultats indiquent que la fréquence de consommation de cannabis est positivement associée à la prise de risques au volant, telle que mesurée par la variable de conduite sous l’influence du cannabis, et en est un prédicteur. Les résultats de cet article n’ont cependant pu démontrer que le soutien parental de l’autonomie était un prédicteur de la conduite automobile risquée auto-rapportée. L’Article 2 étudie la conduite automobile risquée à travers des données comportementales de conduite automobile risquée, observées dans un contexte de simulation de conduite. Les résultats de ce deuxième article révèlent que la fréquence de consommation de cannabis contribue à prédire la conduite automobile risquée observée. En outre, les résultats indiquent un effet significatif des niveaux de fréquence de consommation sur la prise de risques au volant. Finalement, les résultats révèlent une contribution du niveau de soutien parental à l’autonomie dans la prise de risques au volant observée en simulation. Enfin, la discussion porte sur les contributions théoriques de cette thèse aux connaissances scientifiques en sécurité routière, ainsi que ses implications pratiques pour la prévention et l’intervention. / Although driving a vehicle is one common activity, road accidents are one of the top ten causes of death in the world. In recent years, a decrease of on road deaths in Canada and Quebec have shown that road safety prevention campaigns can be effective. However, these advances are insufficient, and there is a need for better intervention and prevention strategies. A better knowledge of individuals likely to be involved in road accidents would allow the development of more targeted and relevant prevention campaigns. Thus, it is already known that men, individuals aged between 15 and 29, and users of alcohol or psychoactive substances before driving have an increased risk of being involved in a road accident. Therefore, one of the objectives of this thesis is to have a better understanding of the role of frequency of cannabis use in young males’ risky driving. Also, studies have already examined the role of parents in the road behaviors of their children. However, no study seems to have focused on the role of parental autonomy support in young drivers’ risky driving. The second objective of this thesis is to investigate the impact of parental autonomy support on risky driving among young cannabis users. In this line of thinking, Article 1 investigates the association between frequency of cannabis use and self-reported risky driving among a sample of male drivers aged between 18 and 25 years old. In addition, it evaluates the role of parental autonomy support in self-reported risky driving. Results indicate that frequency of cannabis use is positively associated with risky driving (measured with self-reported measure of driving under the influence of cannabis), and is a predictor of this measure. However, results did not show that parental autonomy support is a predictor of self-reported risky driving. Article 2 studies risky driving through behavioral measures. These behavioral measures are observed in a driving simulator. Results of this article reveal a contribution of frequency of cannabis use in predicting observed risky driving in a driving simulator. In addition, results indicate a significant effect of the frequency of use levels on risky driving behaviors observed in the simulated driving task. Finally, results show a contribution of parental autonomy support in observed risky driving in the simulator. The theoretical contributions of this thesis to the scientific literature on road safety, as well as its practical implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.