As inundações periódicas na bacia hidrográfica do rio Cuiabá levaram a população a buscar meios para controlar as ocorrências de inundação, o que estimulou a construção da UHE Manso, atualmente sob responsabilidade da empresa Eletrobrás Furnas, em importante afluente desse rio. A partir de então, muito se tem discutido sobre a segurança proporcionada pela contenção de cheias do Aproveitamento Múltiplo de Manso (APM Manso) nas comunidades a jusante, especialmente na região metropolitana do Vale do Rio Cuiabá. O presente trabalho se propõe a avaliar a influência do reservatório de Manso na atenuação das cheias na bacia do Cuiabá. Foram analisados cenários hidráulicos a fim de comparar o impacto dos eventos extremos que ocorreram antes e após a operação da usina nas hipóteses da existência e inexistência do reservatório, e de cheias de projeto com diversos períodos de retorno na sub-bacia do rio Manso. O amortecimento hipotético do APM Manso foi simulado pelo método de Puls, e a translação da onda de cheia foi calculada pelo modelo hidrodinâmico CLiv. Em suma, foi constatado que o reservatório evitou uma cheia que atingiria grandes magnitudes em 2006. Quanto às inundações de maior prejuízo observadas anteriormente à construção da usina, duas delas seriam substancialmente atenuadas com a existência do reservatório; no entanto, uma terceira atingiria os níveis de alerta definidos pela Defesa Civil Estadual. Por fim, concluiu-se que, nas condições ideais de simulação, o APM Manso é capaz de reduzir a frequência das cheias consideradas de risco para as comunidades a jusante para períodos de retorno entre 50 e 100 anos. Apesar do amortecimento verificado, para que haja mitigação dos impactos de maneira racional, diversos outros cuidados devem ser tomados, em especial os relacionados ao planejamento para a ocupação apropriada das áreas de planície de inundação, a fim de que a segurança da população não dependa exclusivamente do reservatório. / The constant floods in Cuiabá river basin had led population to seek ways to control the overflow occurrences, encouraging the construction of Manso hydroelectric power plant, nowadays under responsibility of Eletrobras Furnas Company, in an important tributary of this river. Much has been discussed about the safety provided by the flood attenuation of Manso Multiple Use reservoir (MMU) in downstream communities, mainly in the metropolitan region of Cuiabá River Valley. In this context, this dissertation reports on the evaluation of the influence of Manso reservoir on the flood attenuation in Cuiabá basin. Hydraulic scenarios were analyzed in order to compare the impact of extreme events that occurred before and after hydroelectric power plant operation in the case of existence and non existence of the reservoir, and the impact of design flood with many return periods in Manso river sub-basin. The hypothetical flood-control of the MMU was simulated by level pool routing method, and the wave propagation was calculated by CLiv hydrodynamic model. It was verified that the reservoir avoided an inundation of great magnitudes in 2006. Regarding the major inundations that occurred before the hydroelectric power plant construction, two of them would have been substantially attenuated by the existence of the reservoir, and a third one would have reached the alert levels defined by the State Civil Defense. Finally, it was concluded that, under perfect simulated conditions, MMU is able to reduce the flood frequency considered risky to communities downstream in return periods between 50 and 100 years. Despite the verified flood-control, for the purpose of mitigating the impacts in wise manners, many other precautions must be taken, especially those related to planning for appropriate occupation in flood plain areas, so that population safety does not depend exclusively on the reservoir.

Submitted by Danilo José Brandao Vitor Silva null (danilojbrandao@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-02-03T15:40:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DANILO BRANDÃO.pdf: 1732370 bytes, checksum: 2cb226321b60bf10a72d6f5d86091dfb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-07T11:31:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_djbv_dr_guara.pdf: 1732370 bytes, checksum: 2cb226321b60bf10a72d6f5d86091dfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T11:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_djbv_dr_guara.pdf: 1732370 bytes, checksum: 2cb226321b60bf10a72d6f5d86091dfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / Este trabalho analisou os parâmetros hidroclimatológicos, buscando encontrar o padrão de precipitação em uma abordagem espaço-temporal para a porção paulista da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul, empregando o interpolador geoestatístico krigagem. Além disso, verificou a existência de tendência de precipitação e de vazão em séries históricas nesta mesma bacia, utilizando o teste estatístico de Mann-Kendall. Com relação a espacialização da precipitação, foi constatada uma significativa variação espacial para os períodos analisados (verão, outono, inverno e primavera). No verão, período de recarga dos reservatórios, foram registrados os menores índices de precipitação na área de contribuição das sub-bacias que abastecem os reservatórios do Paraibuna e do Jaguari, implicando em uma possível redução na vazão afluente. Não se constatou tendência de precipitação estatisticamente significativa em escala de tempo interanual para os postos pluviométricos, entretanto, foi identificada tendência de diminuição para o outono. Para os postos fluviométricos das sub-bacias do rio Paraibuna, do rio Paraitinga e do rio Jaguari-Buquira, em um período interanual, houve tendência de aumento de vazão para séries históricas de 1930 a 1970 e de diminuição para séries de 1930 a 2015. As estações de medição de vazão utilizadas foram aquelas localizadas a montante dos reservatórios, não estando submetidas assim ao efeito de regularização de vazão. A tendência de diminuição de vazão encontrada para a região pode levar a uma alteração na disponibilidade hídrica e a um possível impacto no abastecimento e na geração de energia. / This research analyzed the hydroclimatological parameters, seeking to find the precipitation pattern in a space-time approach for the São Paulo portion of the Paraíba do Sul river basin, using the geostatistical interpolator kriging. In addition, it verified the existence of precipitation and streamflow trends in historical series for the same basin, using the statistical test of Mann-Kendall. Regarding the precipitation pattern, a significant spatial variability was observed for the periods analyzed (summer, autumn, winter and spring). In the summer, reservoir recharge period, the lowest precipitation rates were recorded in the sub-basin contribution area that supply the Paraibuna and Jaguari reservoirs, implying a possible reduction in the inflow. There was no statistically significant precipitation trend in the interannual time scale for the pluviometric stations, however, a decrease trend was identified for the autumn. For fluviometric stations in the sub-basins of the Paraibuna, Paraitinga and Jaguari-Buquira rivers, in the interannual time scale, there was a trend towards an increase in streamflow for historical series from 1930 to 1970 and decrease for series from 1930 to 2015. The streamflow stations used were those located upstream of the reservoirs and were not subject to the effect of flow regulation. The downward trend in streamflow found in the region can lead to a change in water availability and a possible impact on the supply and energy generation.

A crescente preocupação com questões ambientais, contemporaneamente, pode ser entendida como uma tendência nebulosa, resultado de uma expressão muito rica de significado e muito mais conveniente para nós, que vivemos sem o distanciamento histórico, pois torna menos definitiva, sob uma perspectiva futura, às adjetivações realizadas, expressão esta identificada como globalização. A globalização conduz a uma natureza propagandista, direcionada à preservação e não à conservação da porção bio-geo-física do meio ambiente, que se refere, em especial, neste trabalho às águas contidas nos rios. A natureza propagandista das questões ambientais, nos faz crer que muitos dos impactos ambientais em um curso d’água, são devidos ao uso das águas e, principalmente quando este uso é para a navegação. A contenda do impacto ambiental, devido ao uso d’água para navegação, não é assunto esgotado quando se aborda somente o Gerenciamento do Recurso Hídrico, ele vai muito além, tem sua origem na Bacia Hidrográfica e, portanto é abordado no Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica. No desenvolvimento desta tese, será possível perceber, que entre os vários modais de transporte, a navegação fluvial, é a menos impactante ambientalmente, pois, até a via é de origem natural e não antropogênica, como em alguns outros modais. A necessidade da execução de obras hidroviárias, pode ser entendida em algumas situações como parte integrante de um Programa de Mitigação de Impactos Ambientais, não no rio, mas sim na bacia hidrográfica, que pelo não atendimento ou pela inexistência de um plano diretor, sofreu uma ocupação desordenada, resultando em inúmeros impactos ambientais nas porções do meio ambiente. Os capítulos apresentados a seguir, no corpo desta tese, estão vinculados entre si, pois, entendemos que só o estudo simultâneo nos permitirá obter a minimização dos impactos ambientais na bacia hidrográfica, bem como a minimização dos impactos ambientais quando da execução das obras hidroviárias. / The growing concern about the environmental questions nowadays, can be understood as a nebulousness tendency, a result of a very rich expression of meaning and more convenient to us, who live without the historical distance, because it makes less definite under a future perspective, such expression is identified as globalization. Globalization conducts to a propagandist nature, towards preservation and not the conservation of the bio-geo-physics of the environment, that refers specially in this work about the water in rivers. The propagandist nature of the environmental questions, make us believe that most of the environment impacts in a flow of water, are due to water usage and mainly when this usage is navigation. The dispute of the environmental impact, due to the usage of water to navigation, is not a exhausted subject when talking only about the Hydric Resources Management, it is beyond, it has its origin at the River Basin and is discussed at the River Basin Management. In this theses it will be possible to notice that among the several means of transportation, the fluvial shipping is the less impactant because even the mean is natural and not anthropogenic like in other means. The necessity of hydrographic basin can be understood in some situations as a part of a Environmental Impacts Mitigation Program, not only in the river but in the river basin, that by the no consideration or because it does not exist a director plan, they suffered a disordered occupation, resulting in several environmental impacts. The chapters presented here are all interconnected, because we understand that only the simultaneous study will allow us to get the decrease of impacts at the river basin, as well as the decrease the environmental impact when performing the hydrographic basin.

O modelo atual de gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil é descentralizado, participativo e integrado, e tem como unidade de planejamento a bacia hidrográfica. Baseia-se na atuação de comitês de bacia, sendo que cada comitê possui composição e regras de funcionamento próprias, regidas por seu estatuto. Os princípios básicos desta gestão foram ditados pela Constituição Brasileira de 1988 e detalhados pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, instituída por meio da Lei Federal nº 9433/97. Porém, já em 1991, São Paulo promulgou sua Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, através da Lei Estadual nº 7663/91, que também prevê a implementação de instrumentos de gestão. Atualmente, decorridos quase 20 anos da promulgação da lei estadual, críticas são feitas a este modelo de gestão. Esta pesquisa analisou o processo de participação nos comitês de bacia do Estado de São Paulo por meio de um estudo de caso no Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Tietê Jacaré, adotando como metodologia a aplicação de questionários aos seus membros da gestão 2009 - 2011. Os resultados encontrados, além de apontar para a necessidade de revisão do estatuto deste comitê, evidenciaram as distorções causadas pelas divergências entre a legislação estadual e a federal, principalmente quanto aos segmentos participantes e atores envolvidos. Mostraram também a necessidade de uma maior divulgação das questões de recursos hídricos nesta bacia e no Estado de São Paulo, como um todo / The current model of water resources management in Brazil is decentralized, participative and integrated, and adopted the river basin as a planning unit. Its based on the performance of basin committees; each Committee has its own composition and rules of procedure, governed by its statute. The basic principles of this management have been established by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and detailed by the National Water Resources Policy, established by Federal Law nº. 9433/97. However, already in 1991, São Paulo State promulgated its Water Resources Policy, through State Law nº. 7663/91, which also provides for the implementation of management instruments. Nowadays, after almost 20 years of the enactment of State law, comments about this water resources management model have been made. This research examined the participatory process in basin committees of the São Paulo State through a case study in the Tiete - Jacare Basin Committee, based on the application of questionnaires to the Committees members. The interviews results have pointed that the Committees statute need to be reviewed, and showed the differences between the Federal and the State legislations, mainly regarding the participating sectors and representatives involved. They also showed that a greater disclosure of water resource issues in this basin and in the State of São Paulo, as a whole, is necessary

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-22T15:59:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Nayda Rocha.pdf: 4573500 bytes, checksum: b80c49f66c8b1cd85865a2ad652e95f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-22T15:59:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Nayda Rocha.pdf: 4573500 bytes, checksum: b80c49f66c8b1cd85865a2ad652e95f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The effect of urbanization and insufficient supervision of the use of natural resources by the government has led to increasing degradation of the environment in Brazil. This can be seen by the suppression of riparian vegetation, which is essential for the survival and maintenance of the quality of water sources. In this sense, the actions of development of land, housing provision and sanitation in Brazil must have, among other objectives, to ensure an environment conducive to ecosystems and human life support. This research aimed to identify the characteristics of occupation of Córrego Samambaia Basin in Goiânia, used for public water supply, correlating land use with hydrological processes. The methodology adopted consisted in: identifying the theoretical framework from literature and choose a basin to develop a case study; select and gather information from the object of study contained in published documents, restricted texts, satellite imagery, site visits, to generate the necessary data for modeling, and apply the hydrologic model Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) in three distinct periods and three proposed scenarios to understand the hydrological responses in the study area due to different levels of human occupation. The results obtained with this research indicate that the hydrological watershed responses can vary widely if the waterproofing process continue to increase. Results shown that between 1992 (with impervious area of 7%) and the proposed Scenario 3 (with impervious area of 70%) the increase in runoff is approximately 24 times while the infiltration becomes 70% smaller. If the basin achieves an index greater than 50% of impervious area, it will probably become unviable for public supply purposes. In order to preserve the watershed for its main purpose to continue supplying the municipality this study proposes an appropriated urban planning, with the construction of a Linear Park along the creek and the adoption of new levels of urban occupation. This planning model may be used in other urban basins, taking into account the characteristics of each site. / O efeito da urbanização e a insuficiente fiscalização do uso dos recursos naturais pelo poder público têm provocado crescente degradação do meio ambiente no Brasil. Isto pode ser constatado na supressão da vegetação ciliar, indispensável para a sobrevivência e manutenção da qualidade dos mananciais. Neste sentido, as ações de parcelamento do solo, provisão habitacional e saneamento no país devem ter, entre outros objetivos, o de assegurar um meio ambiente favorável aos ecossistemas e à vida humana. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo principal identificar as características de ocupação da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego Samambaia em Goiânia, utilizada para abastecimento público de água, correlacionando o uso do solo com os processos hidrológicos. A metodologia adotada consistiu em: identificar o referencial teórico a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e escolher uma bacia para estudo de caso; selecionar e reunir informações do objeto de estudo contidas em documentos publicados, textos restritos, imagens de satélite, visitas in loco, para a geração dos dados necessários para realizar a modelagem; e aplicar o modelo hidrológico Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) em três períodos distintos e outros três cenários propostos para se conhecer as respostas hidrológicas na área de estudo frente a diferentes níveis de intervenção e ocupação urbana. Os resultados obtidos com esta pesquisa indicam que a bacia pode apresentar grandes variações hidrológicas caso o processo de impermeabilização continue aumentando. Com relação ao escoamento superficial na bacia, entre 1992 (com área impermeável de 7%) e o Cenário 3 proposto (com área impermeável de 70%) o aumento é de aproximadamente 24 vezes enquanto no mesmo período a infiltração tornou-se 70% menor. Se a bacia obtiver um índice maior que 50% de área impermeável, provavelmente irá se tornar inviável ao abastecimento público. Para que ela continue abastecendo o município, propõe-se neste estudo um planejamento urbano adequado, com a construção de um Parque Linear ao longo do córrego e a adoção de novos índices de ocupação urbana. Este modelo de planejamento poderá ser utilizado em outras bacias urbanas, levando em consideração as características de cada local.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NASCIMENTO, Jackgrace Dutra.pdf: 6230677 bytes, checksum: 46e9e564468fb8691f712ad1805e9b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-20 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / A hydrographic basin is a complex environmental system, resulting from the interrelations between the physical-natural and socioeconomic subsystems. It s identity as the unifying of environmental processes and human interference is leading to its adoption as a research unit. It allows from the analysis of the physical-chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors the evaluation of the quality and sustainability of the environment. This works aim is the composition of an Index of Sustainable Use of Water (ISW) which may subsidize the adoption of public policies towards sustainable use of water resources. For the construction of the ISW were analyzed two dimensions: the ecological one and socioeconomical one. Physico-chemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate), biological indicators (phytoplankton) and the index of environmental preservation (EP) were used to analyze the Ecological Dimension (ED); to analyze the Socioeconomic Dimension (DS) were used as indicators income, education and sanitation. This way was generated an index for the five sub-basins of the Bacanga river basin and the basin as a whole. Past data published by Martins (2008) and Costa (2008) were used for the physico-chemical and biological indicators. The results of applying the ISW are lined not only on the proposal of a tool in assessing the sustainability of the Bacanga river basin, but also on the ability to identify the main responsible for the advances and setbacks in the quest for sustainability. The 5 ((Jambeiro) sub-basins studied had significant impairment of sustainability. The lowest index, 0.29 was found for the sub-basin 5, revealing a weak sustainability. The sub-basins 3 (Mamão) and 4 (Gapara) both had the value of 0.36, demonstrating a committed environmental quality of these environments. Only the subbasins 1 (Barragem) and 2 (Bicas) had a higher rate compared to the others with 0.43 and 0.42 respectively. These sub-basins despite having an older population growth and therefore a greater impacted area, has good services like water supply and provision of schools. The ISW for the Bacanga river basin was 0.37 indicating it as a polluted environment. Thus the assessment of environmental quality of the Bacanga river basin reveals the consequences of a mode of urbanization governed by private economic interests over the welfare of the community, a process that creates and reinforces social inequality and exclusion (which is reflected in sociospatial segregation and vulnerabilities differentiated to natural hazards) and degrades the physical nature. As complementary and opposite sides of this form of urbanization the basin shows on one side the saturation of the carrying capacity of the physical-natural subsystem in areas in which it promotes urban occupation, a situation caused mainly by high soil sealing and high population density, on the other hand, it appears that the areas of greatest natural vulnerability tend to be occupied by the socially excluded and most vulnerable to environmental risks, feeding a dynamic in which lower quality of life and low environmental quality are mutually reinforced. As mitigation measures to modify this reality one can measure the local economic development with its generating jobs and income, the digital divide with the deployment of telecentres , the articulation of social protection network (family register), the expansion and improvement in services water supply, garbage collection and sewage treatment as well as urban drainage, rehabilitation of the sewage plant (ETA) of Batatã, the recovery of the Bacanga dam to regulate the water flow, preventing flooding, the relocation of residents in the areas of risk, the respect to the limits of the Bacanga State Park and the adopting of solutions that contribute to the recovery and preservation of protected areas and environmental interest. ISW has proved to be an appropriate tool to support decision makers and policy makers in the process of building more sustainable ways to the society. / A hydrographic basin is a complex environmental system, resulting from the interrelations between the physical-natural and socioeconomic subsystems. It s identity as the unifying of environmental processes and human interference is leading to its adoption as a research unit. It allows from the analysis of the physical-chemical, biological and socioeconomic factors the evaluation of the quality and sustainability of the environment. This works aim is the composition of an Index of Sustainable Use of Water (ISW) which may subsidize the adoption of public policies towards sustainable use of water resources. For the construction of the ISW were analyzed two dimensions: the ecological one and socioeconomical one. Physico-chemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate), biological indicators (phytoplankton) and the index of environmental preservation (EP) were used to analyze the Ecological Dimension (ED); to analyze the Socioeconomic Dimension (DS) were used as indicators income, education and sanitation. This way was generated an index for the five sub-basins of the Bacanga river basin and the basin as a whole. Past data published by Martins (2008) and Costa (2008) were used for the physico-chemical and biological indicators. The results of applying the ISW are lined not only on the proposal of a tool in assessing the sustainability of the Bacanga river basin, but also on the ability to identify the main responsible for the advances and setbacks in the quest for sustainability. The 5 ((Jambeiro) sub-basins studied had significant impairment of sustainability. The lowest index, 0.29 was found for the sub-basin 5, revealing a weak sustainability. The sub-basins 3 (Mamão) and 4 (Gapara) both had the value of 0.36, demonstrating a committed environmental quality of these environments. Only the subbasins 1 (Barragem) and 2 (Bicas) had a higher rate compared to the others with 0.43 and 0.42 respectively. These sub-basins despite having an older population growth and therefore a greater impacted area, has good services like water supply and provision of schools. The ISW for the Bacanga river basin was 0.37 indicating it as a polluted environment. Thus the assessment of environmental quality of the Bacanga river basin reveals the consequences of a mode of urbanization governed by private economic interests over the welfare of the community, a process that creates and reinforces social inequality and exclusion (which is reflected in sociospatial segregation and vulnerabilities differentiated to natural hazards) and degrades the physical nature. As complementary and opposite sides of this form of urbanization the basin shows on one side the saturation of the carrying capacity of the physical-natural subsystem in areas in which it promotes urban occupation, a situation caused mainly by high soil sealing and high population density, on the other hand, it appears that the areas of greatest natural vulnerability tend to be occupied by the socially excluded and most vulnerable to environmental risks, feeding a dynamic in which lower quality of life and low environmental quality are mutually reinforced. As mitigation measures to modify this reality one can measure the local economic development with its generating jobs and income, the digital divide with the deployment of telecentres , the articulation of social protection network (family register), the expansion and improvement in services water supply, garbage collection and sewage treatment as well as urban drainage, rehabilitation of the sewage plant (ETA) of Batatã, the recovery of the Bacanga dam to regulate the water flow, preventing flooding, the relocation of residents in the areas of risk, the respect to the limits of the Bacanga State Park and the adopting of solutions that contribute to the recovery and preservation of protected areas and environmental interest. ISW has proved to be an appropriate tool to support decision makers and policy makers in the process of building more sustainable ways to the society.

A Geografia desde a sua concepção como ciência tem no espaço geográfico, o seu principal objeto de estudo, o que nos permite analisar a dinâmica existente entre as relações que se estabelecem entre os diferentes grupos sociais, ao longo do tempo, e a sua materialização no espaço. Através de sua evolução histórica, a ciência geográfica contribuiu de forma significativa para a compreensão das consequências das ações que o homem como agente atuante e modificador do espaço pode acarretar sobre o ambiente natural, buscando analisar e orientar o seu planejamento. Sobre essa perspectiva, esta pesquisa toma como unidade de análise as Bacias Hidrográficas dos Arroios Juá e Caracol. A área de estudo está localizada na região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a Sub-Bacia do Arroio Juá possui uma área de 12487,27 ha, com altitudes que variam entre 200 e 980 metros, abrange os municípios de Caxias do Sul e São Francisco de Paula. O arroio Juá é afluente direito do Rio Caí. O Arroio Caracol, com uma área total de 6631,89 ha, também integra a Bacia hidrográfica do Caí tem sua sub-bacia estendida pelos municípios de Canela e Gramado. Área de estudo desse projeto insere-se na região do Alto Caí sob influência dos remanescentes do Bioma Mata Atlântica no nordeste do estado Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar e comparar, através da análise de fragilidade ambiental, o nível de intervenção antrópica e a situação ambiental das sub-bacias do Arroio Juá e Caracol, afluentes do Rio Caí, RS. Dessa forma a pesquisa busca fornecer, através de técnicas cartográficas, uma caracterização detalhada das fragilidades de cada sub-bacia. Fez-se uso dos procedimentos operacionais descritos por Ross (1994), quanto ao estudo das fragilidades potencial e emergente. O mapa de fragilidade ambiental gerado é resultado da interpolação dos mapas de uso da terra, declividade e tipo de solo. Por meio desse produto cartográfico pretende-se fornecer subsídios para identificação das áreas com fragilidade potencial e emergente e dessa forma, colaborar com um melhor planejamento do uso dor recursos naturais. / Geography since its conception as science has in geographic space, its main object of study, allowing us to analyze the dynamics between the relationships established between different social groups, over time, and its materialisation in space. Through their historical, geographical science has contributed significantly to the understanding of the consequences of actions the man acting as an agent and modifier of space can have on the natural environment, seeking to analyze and guide your planning. About this perspective, this research takes as its unit of analysis of the Basin Streams Juá and Caracol, a systemic and integrated approach of the various elements, processes and interactions. The study area is located in the northeastern state of Rio Grande do Sul, the Sub-Basin Brook Juá covers the cities of Caxias do Sul and São Francisco de Paula. It has an area of 12487.27 ago, with altitudes ranging between 200 and 980 meters. Juá The stream is a tributary of the River Fall. Arroyo Caracol which also includes the Fall River Basin sub-basin has its extended by the municipalities of Gramado and Canela, with a total area of 6631.89 for. Study area is part of this project in the Upper Fall under the influence of the remnants of Atlantic Forest biome in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul state goal of this study is to evaluate and compare, through analysis of environmental fragility, the level of intervention anthropogenic and environmental situation of the sub-basins and Juá Arroyo Caracol, Fall River tributaries, RS. Thus the research seeks to provide mapping techniques through a detailed characterization of the weaknesses of each sub-basin. Was use of the operating procedures described by Ross (1994), and the study of emerging and potential weaknesses. The map of environmental vulnerability is the result of interpolation generated maps of land use, slope and soil type. Through this cartographic product is intended to provide a basis for identifying areas with potential and emerging weakness and therefore, collaborate with a better plan to use pain natural resources.

O modelo atual de gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil é descentralizado, participativo e integrado, e tem como unidade de planejamento a bacia hidrográfica. Baseia-se na atuação de comitês de bacia, sendo que cada comitê possui composição e regras de funcionamento próprias, regidas por seu estatuto. Os princípios básicos desta gestão foram ditados pela Constituição Brasileira de 1988 e detalhados pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, instituída por meio da Lei Federal nº 9433/97. Porém, já em 1991, São Paulo promulgou sua Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, através da Lei Estadual nº 7663/91, que também prevê a implementação de instrumentos de gestão. Atualmente, decorridos quase 20 anos da promulgação da lei estadual, críticas são feitas a este modelo de gestão. Esta pesquisa analisou o processo de participação nos comitês de bacia do Estado de São Paulo por meio de um estudo de caso no Comitê da Bacia Hidrográfica do Tietê Jacaré, adotando como metodologia a aplicação de questionários aos seus membros da gestão 2009 - 2011. Os resultados encontrados, além de apontar para a necessidade de revisão do estatuto deste comitê, evidenciaram as distorções causadas pelas divergências entre a legislação estadual e a federal, principalmente quanto aos segmentos participantes e atores envolvidos. Mostraram também a necessidade de uma maior divulgação das questões de recursos hídricos nesta bacia e no Estado de São Paulo, como um todo / The current model of water resources management in Brazil is decentralized, participative and integrated, and adopted the river basin as a planning unit. Its based on the performance of basin committees; each Committee has its own composition and rules of procedure, governed by its statute. The basic principles of this management have been established by the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and detailed by the National Water Resources Policy, established by Federal Law nº. 9433/97. However, already in 1991, São Paulo State promulgated its Water Resources Policy, through State Law nº. 7663/91, which also provides for the implementation of management instruments. Nowadays, after almost 20 years of the enactment of State law, comments about this water resources management model have been made. This research examined the participatory process in basin committees of the São Paulo State through a case study in the Tiete - Jacare Basin Committee, based on the application of questionnaires to the Committees members. The interviews results have pointed that the Committees statute need to be reviewed, and showed the differences between the Federal and the State legislations, mainly regarding the participating sectors and representatives involved. They also showed that a greater disclosure of water resource issues in this basin and in the State of São Paulo, as a whole, is necessary

The Cretaceous Mowry Shale is an organic-rich, siliceous marine shale, and as such is a known source rock in the Western United States. Studies have documented that total organic carbon (TOC) in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming increases to the southeast. These studies cover large areas with limited sample sets. In this study, over 250 samples were collected near Lander, Wyoming to address spatial heterogeneity of TOC within the Mowry Shale at a much finer scale than previously examined. Samples were collected along five vertical sections at three localities, and following correlation of the vertical sections, which was strongly aided by the presence of regional bentonite horizons, samples were collected laterally from the same unit at regular 25-foot intervals. These samples were analyzed using pyrolysis and x-ray diffraction techniques. Average TOC values are fairly consistent within the study area (1.65%, with a range of 2.10% to 1.15%). Average Tmax values for vertical and lateral samples is 433 °C with a standard deviation of 7.25 °C suggesting immature to very early oil window thermal maturity. Kerogen types are determined to be dominantly type III, suggesting a dominance of terrestrial input, becoming slightly more mixed type II/III to the southeast. Redox-sensitive trace metals such as uranium, thorium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum values all suggest a slightly oxygenated sediment water interface during time of deposition. These pyrolysis and trace metal data suggest that the study area was in a prograding proximal marine/prodeltaic depositional environment during Upper Mowry time with influences from higher energy bottom flows. Lateral homogeneity of strata and the low variability in geochemical character across the study area suggest that the local basin in the study area was not segmented by structural or oceanographic conditions. While efforts were made to collect unaltered outcrop samples (digging back into what appeared to be unfractured, unaltered rock), alteration or weathering of organic material is a concern for source rock evaluation of near-surface outcrops. In order to address this concern, a 5-foot-deep trench was dug back into the outcrop at the target horizon in one locality. Samples were taken at regular three-inch intervals from this trench as it was excavated to determine the effect of weathering on TOC in the study area. Based on pyrolysis results, TOC was affected by weathering only along fracture sets (several samples intersected fractures in the shallow subsurface) and did not appreciably increase from the surface to a depth of five feet. Due to the impermeable nature of shale rock, decreases of TOC due to weathering appear to be limited to the immediate surface of samples and along fracture sets.

A comprehensive model named the Cooperative Water Allocation Model (CWAM) is developed for modeling equitable and efficient water allocation among competing users at the basin scale, based on a multiperiod node-link river basin network. The model integrates water rights allocation, efficient water allocation and equitable income distribution subject to hydrologic constraints comprising both water quantity and quality considerations. CWAM allocates water resources in two steps: initial water rights are firstly allocated to water uses based on legal rights systems or agreements, and then water is reallocated to achieve efficient use of water through water transfers. The associated net benefits of stakeholders participating in a coalition are allocated by using cooperative game theoretical approaches. <br /><br /> The first phase of the CWAM methodology includes three methods for deriving initial water rights allocation among competing water uses, namely the priority-based multiperiod maximal network flow (PMMNF) programming, modified riparian water rights allocation (MRWRA) and lexicographic minimax water shortage ratios (LMWSR) methods. PMMNF is a very flexible approach and is applicable under prior, riparian and public water rights systems with priorities determined by different criteria. MRWRA is essentially a special form of PMMNF adapted for allocation under the riparian regime. LMWSR is designed for application under a public water rights system, which adopts the lexicographic minimax fairness concept. The second step comprises three sub-models: the irrigation water planning model (IWPM) is a model for deriving benefit functions of irrigation water; the hydrologic-economic river basin model (HERBM) is the core component of the coalition analysis, which searches for the values of various coalitions of stakeholders and corresponding optimal water allocation schemes, based on initial water rights, monthly net benefit functions of demand sites and the ownership of water uses; the sub-model cooperative reallocation game (CRG) of the net benefit of the grand coalition adopts cooperative game solution concepts, including the nucleolus, weak nucleolus, proportional nucleolus, normalized nucleolus and Shapley value, to perform equitable reallocation of the net benefits of stakeholders participating in the grand coalition. The economically efficient use of water under the grand coalition is achieved through water transfers based on initial water rights. <br /><br /> Sequential and iterative solution algorithms utilizing the primal simplex method are developed to solve the linear PMMNF and LMWSR problems, respectively, which only include linear water quantity constraints. Algorithms for nonlinear PMMNF and LMWSR problems adopt a two-stage approach, which allow nonlinear reservoir area- and elevation-storage relations, and may include nonlinear water quality constraints. In the first stage, the corresponding linear problems, excluding nonlinear constraints, are solved by a sequential or iterative algorithm. The global optimal solution obtained by the linear programming is then combined together with estimated initial values of pollutant concentrations to be used as the starting point for the sequential or iterative nonlinear programs of the nonlinear PMMNF or LMWSR problem. As HERBM adopts constant price-elasticity water demand functions to derive the net benefit functions of municipal and industrial demand sites and hydropower stations, and quadratic gross benefit functions to find the net benefit functions of agriculture water uses, stream flow demands and reservoir storages, it is a large scale nonlinear optimization problem even when the water quality constraints are not included. An efficient algorithm is built for coalition analysis, utilizing a combination of the multistart global optimization technique and gradient-based nonlinear programming method to solve a HERBM for each possible coalition. <br /><br /> Throughout the study, both the feasibility and the effectiveness of incorporating equity concepts into conventional economic optimal water resources management modeling are addressed. The applications of CWAM to the Amu Darya River Basin in Central Asia and the South Saskatchewan River Basin in western Canada demonstrate the applicability of the model. It is argued that CWAM can be utilized as a tool for promoting the understanding and cooperation of water users to achieve maximum welfare in a river basin and minimize the damage caused by water shortages, through water rights allocation, and water and net benefit transfers among water users under the regulated water market or administrative allocation mechanism.